by Peter Watson
harmaline, 196, 210
harmine, 177, 196, 253
Harner, Michael J., 207–8, 208–9, 210, 211
harness, 296, 455
Hasan Dag, 161
Haynes, C. Vance, 65–6
Haynes, Gary, 65, 66, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77
Hebrew, 368
Hebrews see Jews/Israelites/Hebrews
Hebron, 341
Hegel, Georg, 536, 537
Hegel, Wilhelm, 99, 504
Heinsohn, Gunnar, 159, 160, 162, 260–1, 263
Hellenistic world see Greece/Greeks/Hellenistic world
Hell Gap, 239
helminthic infections, 542
hemiones, 142
hemp, 107, 165, 167, 507
hen, 353
henbane, 211
Henbury impact crater, 156, 157
henges, 153
Henry VII, King, 449
hepatitis, 542
Heraclitus, 374, 375
Herder, J. G. 536
Hermes, 175
Hernández, Dr Francisco, 528
Herodotus, 165, 166, 173, 347, 367, 378, 451
heroes, 285, 297
Hero Twins/Ancestral Twins, 393, 426
Hesiod, 134, 359, 371, 375
Hidalgo Province, 468
hieroglyphics, 366, 397, 437–8, 440, 502
Higham, Charles, 32
Higuey, 525
Hillel, Daniel, 348, 349–50, 510
Himalayas, 82, 83, 89, 114
Himavan, 97
Hinduism, 35, 97, 98, 99, 178, 292, 324, 332–3, 447, 459
Hindu Kush, 277, 287
Hispaniola, 525
Hittites, 281
Hoabinhian culture, 32
Hochdorf Hallstatt D wagon-burial, 166
Hodder, Ian, 169
hoe cultivation, 141, 147
Hohokam people, 407
Hohler Fels caves, 121
Holdt, Bridgett M. Von, 122, 133
holly, 204
Holocene, 27, 69, 76, 83, 88, 260, 390
Homer, 174, 346, 359, 360, 377
Honduras, 200, 220, 221, 396, 436
Hong Kong, 32
hookworm, 129, 543
Hope Seavalley, 63
Hopewell culture, 408, 409
Hopi, 404
Hopkins, David M., 61–2, 64
hoplites, 359–60. 361, 362, 363
Horden, Peregrine, 103, 512
Horizon Eight, 241–2
horse, 60, 63–4, 65, 111, 115, 122, 123, 141, 142, 171, 280, 281, 285, 288, 289, 292, 293, 294, 296, 297, 353, 358, 455, 456, 466, 509, 511, 543 see also riding
horse bit, 142, 295, 325, 328
horse collar, 455
horseshoe, 455
Hosea, 342
Hosiah, 343
‘hot spots’, 125
House of Tobacco Smoke, 217
Hoxney, 449
Hsiung-nu, 293
Huaca la Florida, 267, 310
Huaca de los Idolos, 266–7
Huaca de los Reyes, 311
Huaca del Sol, 386, 389
Huaca Prieta, 252, 268
huacas, 493, 515
Hualca Indians, 216
Huánuco, 321
huarango trees (Psosopis pallida), 384
Huari, 403, 429
Huascar, 494, 495
Huaxtecs, 478
Huayna Capac, 494, 495
Hudson Bay, 31, 58
Hudson Strait, 31
Huemac, 474
Huichols, 202–3, 207, 218
huilca, 207, 216
Huitzilopochtli, 217, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 481, 490
Hultén, Eric, 57, 60–1
human sacrifice, 26, 159, 160–1, 162, 168–9, 232, 233–4, 236, 284, 306–7, 333–4, 342–3, 348, 349, 350, 367, 385, 386–7, 388, 389, 395, 402, 405, 408, 410, 411, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 426, 427, 429, 430, 431, 433, 434, 436–7, 467–8, 472, 473, 475, 477, 478, 480, 481, 482–3, 484, 485, 490–2, 513, 515, 516, 517, 519
Humboldt, Alexander von, 536, 537, 538, 540
Hunab-Ku, 414
Hungary, 170, 286, 294
Huns, 460
hunter-gatherers, 127, 128, 134, 135, 138, 192, 244, 287
hunting, 52, 54, 69, 71, 72, 77, 106, 107, 122, 123, 229, 237, 238–40, 287
Huron, 39
hurricanes, 95–6, 154, 160, 235, 443
Hutton, Ronald, 54
Hypnos, 175
Hypsistos/Hypsistarian worship, 346, 347
Iberian Moment, 499–501
Ica, 321
Ice Ages, 57, 59, 60, 62, 75, 81
last Ice Age, 6, 8, 12, 27, 28, 29, 33, 40, 58, 65, 69, 76, 78, 94, 122, 126, 127
Iceland, 13
identity, 355–6
Ife, Barry, xxviii
Ignateva cave, 119
Iliad, 296
Illapa, 490
Illinois River, 410
Illinois River Valley, 241
Inanna, 284
Incas, 99, 188, 197, 213, 214–15, 229, 232, 312, 381, 389, 429, 433, 467, 487–95, 515, 516, 517–18, 525, 531, 532, 541, 545
incest, 43, 495
India, 4, 5, 6, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35–7, 44, 46, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89, 90, 93, 95, 98, 101, 102, 104, 107, 126, 146, 156, 161, 177, 178, 217, 255, 257, 282, 287, 290, 291–2, 294, 324, 327–33, 350, 351, 381, 459, 463, 465
Indian Ocean, 34, 460, 461, 462
Indian Space Research Organisation, 36
Indigirka River, 14
Indo-China, 29, 43
Indo-European languages, 147, 328
Indo-Europeans, 289
Indonesia, 24, 44, 93, 100, 101
Indra, 326, 327, 328
Indus River, 35, 36, 87, 103
Indus script, 87
Indus Valley, 85, 86, 100, 101, 108, 284, 291, 296
civilisation, 36, 87, 114, 283, 327–8
infantry, 296, 299, 325, 338, 358–60
influenza, 523, 542, 543
Ingold, Tim, 370
inheritance, 147, 492–3
initiation rites, 51, 53, 203–4, 215
Inland Niger Delta, 146
Inquisition, 211
insects, 81
Inti, 490, 493
Inuit, 11, 135–6
Ionians, 370–5, 376
Ipomoea, 425
violacea, 198
Iran, 4, 5, 24, 85, 124, 137, 176, 273, 287, 294, 295
Iranian plateau, 147
Iraq, 26, 124, 145, 271, 273, 282, 285, 460, 464
Ireland, 149, 154
iron, 277, 278, 280, 331, 334
Iron Age, 166, 281, 285, 293, 294, 296, 298, 300, 324, 325, 326, 334, 348, 356, 358, 359, 421
Iroquois, 39
irrigation, 86, 255, 257, 258, 260, 261, 263, 311, 386, 407, 487 see also canals
Isaac, 340
Isabella, Queen, xvi, 500
Isaiah, 324
Ishtar, 284
Isis, 44, 284
Islam, 98, 347, 447, 450, 451, 459, 499 see also Muslims
Isles of the Blessed, 134
Israel, Rabbi Manasseh, 533
Israelites see Jews/Israelites/Hebrews
Italy, 81, 92–3, 163, 174, 451, 465
Itzamná 414
Itzcoatl, 477
Ivory Coast, 124
Jacob, 340
jade, 307
jaguar, 53, 180, 183, 197–8, 205, 220, 221, 223, 226–30, 231, 232–4, 235, 236, 303–4, 305, 311, 313, 315, 317, 318, 319, 322, 323, 353, 388, 393, 394, 395, 399, 402, 414, 421, 430, 432, 437–8, 469, 474, 512, 513, 514
Jainism, 324
Jalisco, 185
Japan, xxv, xxviii, 29, 46, 93, 100, 157, 161, 205
Jaspers, Karl, 324, 345
javelin, 296
Jebel Faya, 4
Jefferson, Thomas, 534–5
Jeremiah, 153, 324
Jericho, 126, 132–3
Jerusalem, 344, 350, 354, 355, 379
Jesus, 44, 379, 444, 445, 450
Jews/Israelites/Hebre
ws, 296, 324, 340–5, 348–50, 352, 368, 369, 444, 510 see also Judaism
jimsonweed see Datura
Jina, 331
Jivaro, 208, 209, 231, 312, 317
Johnson, Paul, 448
Johnson, W.A., 57
Jones, Eric, 450
Jones, William, 17, 177
Jordan, 131
Jordan Valley, 124, 126, 130
Joyce, Arthur, 484
Judaism, 98, 324, 340–5, 347, 354, 355 see also Jews/Israelites/Hebrews
Juderiás, Julián, 524
Jung, Carl, 26
Jupiter, 99
Juracan, 95
Jura mountains, 117
Kadesh, 281, 295
Kaelbar, Lutz, 449
Kalahari, 181
Kamchatka Peninsula, 11, 15, 50, 53, 93, 533
Kant, Immanuel, 534
Karacadağ, 126
karma, 331
Karnak annals, 282
Karwa, 320–1
Kauyumarie, 202
kava, 178
Kaypacha, 311
Keane, John, 363–4
Kelvin waves, 83
Kentucky, 58
Kenya, 389
Kets, 11–12
Khazanov, A.M., 288, 292, 293
Khiamian culture, 130–1, 132, 164, 249
Khoisan, 115, 143
Khwarzim Turks, 460
Kieri, 202–3
Kings, Book of, 296
kingship, 335, 390, 391, 393, 395, 422
Ki-Ninhursag, 284
Kircher, Athanius, 539–40
kivas, 404–5, 406
Knossos, 161, 284
knot grass/knotweed, 108, 130
Kobuk River, 63
Kogo, 228
Kolyma basin, 50
Kong Qiu see Confucius
Korea, 46, 100
Koryaks, 53–4
Kosok, Paul, 382
Koster, 241, 242
Kotosh, 311
koumish, 143, 172
Kramer, Samuel Noah, 271
Krishna, 333
Kroton, 373
Kubilai Khan, 462
Kubler, George, 402
Kukulkan, 436
Kumbh Mela, 98
!Kung, 74, 181
Kuzmina, Elena, 286, 295
Kwakiutl, 441
Kyrgystan, 114
La Barre, Weston, 193
La Brea, 67
labyrinth, 284
La Centinela, 186
lactose tolerance/intolerance, 143, 145, 146
Lady Xoc, 417, 418
La Farge, Oliver, 301
Lafiteau, Joseph-François, 526, 531
Lagash, 266, 274
Laguna de los Cerros, 302
Lahn, Bruce, 12
Lake Agassiz, 66
Lake Baikal, 11, 123, 295
Lake Lunkaransar, 87
Lake Michigan, 529
Lake Missoula, 66
Lake Texcoco, 474, 476–7
Lake Titicaca, 185–6, 249–50, 253, 312, 384, 487
Lake Toba, 24
Lakota, 54
Lambayeque/Lambayeque Valley, 321, 386, 389
lances, 295, 296
Landa, Friar Diego de, 545
land diver/land raiser myths, 39–40, 41
Land of Five Rivers, 36
Land of Seven Rivers, 35–6
land ownership, 456
landslides/mudslides, 94, 389
land-splitting myths, 43–4
languages, 11, 17–21, 35, 37, 46, 101–2, 109, 147, 186, 188–9, 526
Lanzón, 314, 319
Laozi (Lao-tzu), 339
Lapita Ware, 178
Lapps, 50
Laptev Sea, 14
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, xvi, 524, 526, 527, 530, 531
Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 8, 17, 19, 20, 59
Late Classic period, 223
latex, 424–5
Lathrap, Donald, 310
Latin, 17, 18, 291, 451–2, 459
Laurentide Ice Sheet, 31, 58, 59, 65
La Venta, 234, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 541
law/law codes, 276–7, 291, 336, 361, 368
Layard, Austin Henry, 285
lead, 278
Lebanon, 124
Lemos, 103
Lena River, 60, 123
lentils, 107, 125
Lentz, David, 395
Le Roy, Louis, 524
Lesure, Richard G., 308–9
Leucippus of Miletus, 374
Levant, 130, 131, 137
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 26
Lewis, Bernard, 450
Lewis-Williams, David, 53, 117–18, 198
LGM (Last Glacial Maximum), 8, 17, 19, 20, 59
L’Helgouach, Jean-Yves, 151–2
li, 335, 336 337
libraries, 275–6
Libyans, 359
lightning, 399
Lima Geographical Society, 84
Lindberg, David, 444, 445, 459
Lindenmeier, 238
Linnaeus, 220
lions, 60, 67
Lipari Islands, 103
liptoterns, 67
lists, 274–5
literacy, 274, 275, 276, 342, 350, 354, 365, 366, 369, 439–40, 502 see also alphabet; writing
Little, Lester K., 449
llama, 100, 101, 111, 112, 140, 148, 182, 183, 187, 313, 385, 487, 512, 539, 543
Lloyd, Geoffrey, 370–1, 376, 447
Locke, John, 526
Locmariaquer, 151–2
Logan, chief of the Mingoes, 535
Logan, Robert K., 368–9
logic, 368, 369
Logos, 360
Loma Alta, 186
‘long count’, 434–5
Longhena, Maria, 437
Longshan culture, 88
looms, 148, 454, 456
Lopez, Robert, 454, 455, 459
Lophophora williamsii see peyote
Lord of the Storm/Master of Lightning, 306, 513
Löwenmensch, 117
Lower Casma Valley, 310
Lu, 335, 336
Lucca, 451
Lucian of Samosata, 351
Luisen˜o Indians, 203
Lumbreras, Luis, 318
Lupaca, 488
Lurín River, 320
Lydia, 360, 377–8
Lyell, Charles, 159
Maapitz, 44
Machu Picchu, 541
McCormick, Michael, 454
Macedonia/Macedonians, 347, 364
Mackenzie River, 60
McManus, Dean, 63
McNeill, William, 463, 542, 543
Madagascar, 34, 213, 389
Madrid Codex, 217
Magadha, 331
Magdalena River, 103, 227, 229
Magdalénian culture, 77–8
‘magic mushrooms’, 173, 199–201, 400
maguey plant, 400
Mahabharata, 282, 296
Mahakam delta, 31, 104
Maine, University of: Climate Change Institution, 269
Mair, John, 530
maize/corn, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184–91, 221, 222, 223, 300, 303, 307, 308, 309, 311, 313, 323, 384, 399, 403, 404, 409–10, 419, 437, 469, 470–1, 487, 505–6, 543
maize god, 222, 307, 403, 419
Majiayao culture, 88
Makara, 97
Makú, 228
Malacca, 462
malaria, 129, 542
Malay peninsula, 34, 44
Malaysia, 25, 37, 44
male role, growing importance of, 144, 148, 174, 285, 297
Malinalco, 233
Mal’ta, 7, 119
Malta, 149
mammoths, 59–60, 63, 65, 67, 71–2, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 122–3, 535
management system, meritocratic, 448
Manasseh, 343
Manchuria, 286
Manchus, 294
Mandan, 196
Mandarin Chinese language, 459
Mandragora (mandrake), 211
manioc, 303
manzanita, 219
Marathon, 362
Marcus, Joyce, 233, 399, 438–40, 502
Marduk, 285, 297, 347
maritime hypothesis, 254–9
markets, 377, 378, 379
marriage, 135, 148, 398–9
Mars, 155
Martin, Paul, 74, 75
martyrdom, 355
Massachusetts, 78
Masse, Bruce, 156
Master M (Mozi), 338
‘Master of the Animals’, 51–2, 227
Master of Lightning/Lord of the Storm, 306, 513
Master Yang, 339
mastodons, 67, 71–2, 73, 75
mathematics, 368, 373
Matimbamba, 317
Mato Grosso, 186
Matthews, W.D.,62
Mauss, Marcel, 441
Maya civilisation, xxxi, 99, 101, 112, 186, 188, 190, 191, 196, 199–200, 206, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 222, 229, 232–3, 301, 304, 389–97, 401, 413–14, 415–22, 425, 426–8, 432, 433, 434–6, 437–8, 470–1, 502, 513, 514, 515, 531, 545
Mayahuel, 479
maygrass, 108
Mazda see Ahura Mazda
Mazatecs, 198, 207
Meacham, William, 32
mead, 172
measles, 463, 542, 543
Medio Mundo, 269
Mediterranean region, 27, 29, 44, 46, 82, 83, 92, 93, 98–9, 107, 143, 148, 150, 165, 172, 173–4, 178, 260, 291, 296, 347, 350, 351, 365, 367, 378, 379, 381, 460, 462, 463, 464, 465, 501, 511 see also names of places
Mediterranean Sea, 102–3
megaliths, 149–54, 156, 158–9, 167, 180, 286
mega-mammals, 66–7, 68, 73, 74–6, 78, 127, 129 see also names of animals
Megaros, 161
Megiddo, 281
Mehrgarh Culture, 86–7
Melanesia, 143, 178, 518
Mellart, James, 131
Melos, 103
Mencius (Meng Ke), 324, 339
menhirs, 149, 153
Menominees, 218
menstruation, 132
Mercado, Fray Tomásde, 529
Mercury, 373–4
Merlin, Mark, 175
Mesa Verde, 406
mescal bean (Sophora secundiflora), 194–5, 207
mescaline, 201–2, 315, 317
Meshwesh, 359
Mesoamerica/Central America, 9, 18, 41, 53, 92, 93, 95–6, 97, 100, 101, 107, 110, 112, 124, 125, 147, 156, 181, 186, 188, 191, 192, 194, 198–9, 200–1, 204, 221, 222, 226, 227, 228, 234, 300–10, 381, 389–403, 407, 411, 413–28, 429–30, 431–40, 442, 467–87, 502, 505, 506, 513, 514, 517 see also names of civilisations; names of countries
Mesopotamia, 27, 29, 30, 33, 44, 85–6, 102, 104, 124, 141, 143, 144, 156, 160, 173, 174, 255, 259, 260–2, 263–4, 265–6, 274, 275, 276, 280, 284, 289, 295, 300, 350, 377, 438, 440 see also names of places
metals/metallurgy, 113, 114, 115, 141, 174, 277–80, 386, 387, 459 see also names of metals
meteorites, 75, 155, 156, 157, 161, 374
meteor storms, 155, 158
Mexica, 532
Mexico, 56, 83, 92, 95, 100, 101, 108, 124, 172, 185, 186, 188, 189, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 205, 206, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 223–4, 230, 255, 259, 302, 304, 390, 402, 407, 411, 423, 429, 436, 467–8, 476, 486, 524, 530, 539, 540, 541 see also names of civilisations; names of places
