by Peter Watson
Mexico City, 95
Miahuatlán, 399
microcephalin, 12, 13
Micronesia, 518
Middle Ages, 446, 453, 454–5, 455–6
Middle East, 12, 28, 34, 43, 46, 98, 100–1, 107, 110, 111, 122, 124, 125, 126, 129–30, 131, 132–3, 147, 164, 249, 264, 278, 286, 289, 348, 463, 464 500 see also names of places
Middle Senegal Valley, 146
Midwest, 408, 411
midwinter solstice, 153, 154
Milan, 451
Miletus, 362
milk, 111, 113, 143, 144, 145, 148, 289, 290, 294
Milky Way, 210, 390–1, 435
Miller, Mary Ellen, 416, 417, 420, 421, 422, 427
millet, 105, 107, 113, 115
Milpa cultivation, 105–6
Mimbres people, 406
mimosa, 204
Ming, 462
Minoa/Minoans, 174, 282, 283
Minotaur, 284
mirrors, 279
Mississipian culture, 410–11
Mississippi drainage, 242–3
Mississippi River, 96, 101, 103, 410
Mississippi Valley, 189, 410
Missouri, 241
mit’a tax, 493
Mithra, 326
Mithraism, 352–3
mitochondrial DNA see mtDNA
Mixe-Zoque language, 188
Mixtecs, xxxi, 198, 218–19, 398–9, 400, 420, 437, 439, 440, 477, 484, 495, 502, 513, 515
Mochanov, Yuri, 14
Moche, 99, 200, 201, 216, 384, 386–9, 403, 420, 429, 513
Moche Valley, 492
Mochica, 229, 231
Moctezuma I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina), 477, 478, 514
Moctezuma II, 476, 486
Mogollon people, 406–7
Mohave, 54
Mohenjo-daro, 36, 87, 102, 103, 292, 328
Mohists, 338
Molina, Giovanni Ignazio, 536
Molina, Luis de, 530
Moloch, 367
Moluccan myth, 44
Monardes, Nicolás, 528
monasteries, 355, 448–9, 455
money, 280, 360, 377–9, 449, 460
Mongolia, 11, 52, 114, 123, 142, 286, 288, 293, 295
Mongoloid peoples, 143
Mongols, 294, 453, 461, 462, 463–4
‘Mongol spot’, 11
Monk’s Mound, 410
monogamy, 135
monotheism, 98, 99, 324–50, 368, 369, 444, 510
monsoon, xxi, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 97–9, 137, 180, 234, 260, 263, 269, 461, 504, 508, 509–10, 519
Montana, 65
Monte Albán, 397–8, 429, 484
Monte Verde, 16, 68n, 181
monumental architecture, 255–6, 265–8, 390 see also pyramids
moon, 132, 155, 163
‘moon/lake tryst’ myths, 44
Moors, 453
moose, 60, 66, 75
morality, 326, 332, 334
Moravia, 77
Morelos, 230, 304
Morgan, Lewis H., 538–9
Morning Glory, 198, 199, 199, 219, 400, 425, 428
Morpheus, 175
Morris, Colin, 458
mortars, 317, 321
mortgages, 449
Mortimer, W. Golden, 213
Moseley, Michael, 255, 256, 257, 258, 265, 268, 269, 318, 386, 389
Moses, 341, 368, 445
Mosna River, 319
Mother Goddess, 120, 198–9, 199, 205, 206, 284, 285, 297 see also Great Goddess
mounds, 408–9, 410, 411
Moundville, 411
Mount Tlaloc, 478
Mozi (Master Mo), 338
mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), 3–4, 8, 65
mucus, nasal, 316
Muhammad, 445
Muisca, 316
mules, 142
mummification/mummies, 250–4, 268, 492, 493, 495, 515
Mundaic tribes, 34, 38
mushrooms see ‘magic mushrooms’
music, 373
Muslims, 161, 447, 453, 499, 500 see also Islam
Mycenae/Mycenaeans, 174, 282, 283
Myers, T.P., 189
myths, 21–2, 23–4, 25, 26–7, 32, 35–6, 37–47, 102, 114, 121, 134–5, 156, 160–1, 205–6, 227–8, 262, 285, 375, 404, 426, 438, 440, 480
Na-Dene language, 9, 11, 18, 19, 38
Na-Dene speakers, 9, 12, 21, 37, 38, 39
nahualism, 414
Nahuatl/Nahua, 220, 425, 468, 527
Nammu, 284
Namu, 241
Nanaboush, 161
Nanna, 85
Napier, W.M., 155
Naranjo, Claudio, 210, 506
narcotics see drugs/narcotics/hallucinogens
NASA, 36
Natal Province, 100
Natchez, 408
natema¨, 208–9, 211, 212
National Geographic, 8
Native American Church, 201
Natufian culture, 130, 131, 132, 164, 249
natural/environmental factors, xxx, 79–245, 502–3, 504–5, 519
‘natural slaves’, 529–30
Nature, 74–5
nature, concept of, 369–70, 376, 377, 458, 510
Navajo, 54
naval warfare, 362
Naxos, 362
Nazca culture, 201, 231, 381–4
Nazca lines, 382–3
Nazca Plate, 97
Neanderthals, 68, 69
Near East, 130, 142, 172, 272, 282, 291, 341, 348, 349, 350, 351, 361, 379, 381, 460 see also names of places
Nebraska, 156, 157
Nebuchadnezzar, King, 344
Nectandra (espingo), 387
Needham, Joseph, 446, 447
Negroid peoples, 143, 303
Nenana culture, 71
Neo-Assyrian period, 174
Neolithic period, 28–9, 32, 133, 137, 149, 150, 165, 166, 167, 175, 194, 289, 507–8
Nepena Valley, 386
Nephthys, 284
Neptunea, 61
Netherlands, 157, 501
Netiv Hagdud, 126
Nettle, Daniel, 17
Newark, Ohio, 409
New Britain, 44
Newgrange, 154
New Guinea, 13–14, 20, 33, 39, 41, 44, 93, 100, 124, 518
New Mexico, 70, 73, 189, 404, 406
New Testament, 347, 379, 445, 450
New Zealand, 23–4, 157
Niah Cave, 33
Nicaragua, 485
Nichols, Johanna, 19–20, 28, 35, 45–6
Nicolet, Jean, 529
Nicotiana
rustica, 216
tabacum, 199
see also tobacco
nicotine, 216
Nieremberg, Juan Eusebio, 539
Nigeria, 124
Nile, River, 103, 104, 375
Nile Valley, 114
Nin˜a,xxv
9–bp deletion (Asian 9–base-pair deletion), 39
Nineveh, 285
Nippur, 275, 276
Nissen, Hans, 272
Noah, 161
Noatak River, 63
nomads/nomadism, 128, 180, 181, 288–9, 292, 293, 294–5, 296, 297–8 see also pastoralism/pastoral nomadism
norpseudoephedrine, 176
Norse myths, 41, 44
Norte Chico, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 269, 300, 310, 311
North, Douglas, 455–6, 457
North America, 8, 9, 10, 15, 17, 18, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, 52–3, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 78, 84, 96, 100, 101, 110, 111, 115, 157, 161, 172, 181, 189–90, 195–6, 205, 216, 218, 219, 226, 237–43, 244, 259, 287, 403–12, 440–2, 518 see also Canada; United States; names of states
North Asia, 28, 46 see also names of countries
North East Asia, 11, 43, 71, 72, 193 see also names of countries
North-South orientation/movement, 45, 100–2, 114, 115, 503, 504
North West Pacific coast, 441, 442, 518
Nowell, April, 78
numbers/numerals, 101, 373 see also counti
ng system
Nut, 284
Nuzi, 273, 282
Nymphaea caerula, 165
Nyx, 175
oats, 105, 113
Oaxaca/Oaxaca Valley, 185, 207, 397, 398, 484
observatories, 153
obsidian, 94, 306, 401
oca, 182
Oceania, 33, 37, 115, 178, 441
Odin, 44
Ogalde, Juan P., 253
Olgala Sioux, 196
Ohio, 189, 408, 409
Oklahoma, 239
Old Babylonian period, 142
Old Crow site, 15
Old Irish, 18
Old Testament, 296, 349, 368, 369 see also Deuteronomy; Genesis; Jeremiah; Kings, Book of; Pentateuch
Olman, 301
Olmec civilisation, 99, 112, 190, 205, 206, 219–20, 226, 228, 229–30, 301–10, 319, 321, 322–3, 381, 392, 397, 401, 402, 413, 423, 434, 437, 513, 515, 541
Ololiuhqui, 198
Olsen-Chubbock, 238
Olympiodorus, 346
Oman, 33
onagers, 142
Onion Portage, 15
Ontario, 39, 189
opium/opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), 165–6, 167, 171, 175, 176, 177, 507
Oppenheimer, Stephen, 30, 32, 35, 41, 42
Opuntia (prickly pear cactus), 424
Oquilluk, William, 61, 62
oracles, 320, 346
Oregon, 201, 441
Orinoco Plain, 228
Orinoco region, 188, 218
Orinoco River, xxvii, 103, 229
Orion, 190
Ortiz, Ponciano, 306
Osiris, 44, 165
Otomanuean language, 188
Ottoman Turks, 499–500
Ovando, Juan de, 528
Ovid, 352
Oviedo, Fernández de, 529
oxen, 122, 280, 288, 291, 292, 456
wild see aurochs
Oxford, 58, 346, 457
Oxtotitlán, 306
Pacal, 396
Pachacamac, 320
Pachakuti (formerly Yupanqui), 488, 490, 492
Pachamac, 430
Pachamama, 215
Pacific Ocean, 17, 20, 37, 41, 61, 82, 83–4, 89, 95, 96–7, 157, 268, 505
Pacific Plate, 92, 96, 97
Pacific Rim, 9, 20, 21, 23, 29, 34, 35, 37, 40, 66, 91–5
Pacopampa, 311, 312, 321
Páez Indians, 227–8
pagan monotheism, 345–7
Pagden, Anthony, 525, 526
Pagels, Elaine, 134, 135
pain, 416, 417, 419, 429–34, 516
Paine, Thomas, 535
Pakistan, 4, 5, 24, 82, 85, 86
Palaeo-Arctic, 16
Palaeolithic era, 11, 14, 53, 119
Palenque, 233, 396, 439
Palestine, 132, 145, 156, 341, 368, 464
Palido, Dionisius, 94
Palpa, 382
Pamirs, 287
Pampa Grande, 389
Panama, 67, 124, 200, 429
panaqa, 492–3, 494
Pancha-gavya, 292
Panther Cave, 227
papacy, 450, 451
Papaver somniferum see opium/opium poppy
papaya (Carica candicans), 387
paper, 455, 460
Paracas peninsula, 312
Paraguay River, 103
Paris, University of, 458
Parmenides, 347, 376, 447
parrot, 206
Parry, J. H., 500
Parthians, 296
Pasquier, Etienne, 525
pastoralism/pastoral nomadism, 138, 140, 141, 145–6, 147, 148, 151, 180, 181, 270, 286, 288–90, 292, 293–4, 297, 325, 326, 327, 336, 337–8, 340, 341, 348–50, 358, 381, 460, 461, 462, 507, 508, 509–10, 511, 518
Patagonia, 538
Paul, 445, 450
Pauw, Abbé Corneille/Cornelius de, 532–3, 534
Pax Mongolica, 462
peas, 107, 125
Peganum harmela (Syrian rue), 177, 196
Peking, 461
pellagra, 543
pelvic canal, female, 133–4, 508
Pennsylvania, 70, 78, 534–5
Pentateuch, 342
Peralta, Pedro, 536
‘Perforator God’, 419
Peripatetics, 347
Pernety, Joseph, 534
Persephone, 175, 283
Perseus, 161
Persia/Persians, 174, 178, 291, 362, 363, 459
Persian Gulf/Arabian Gulf, 33, 34–5, 44, 102, 260, 460, 462, 464
Peru, 56, 83, 84, 90, 92, 95, 101, 172, 186, 187, 200, 201, 205, 208, 209, 216, 249, 250, 252, 253, 255–9, 310–23, 381–4, 386–9, 403, 430, 432, 467, 487–95, 513, 519, 539, 545 see also names of civil-isations; names of places
Petén, 394, 416, 421
Petrov, A. M., 287
Petzinger, Genevieve von, 78
peyote (Lophophora williamsii), 201–2, 203, 207, 219
phalanx, 359–60, 361
Pharisees, 345
Philip II, King, 528
Philippines, 29, 82, 83, 93, 101
philosophy, 355, 376–7, 458
Phoenicians, 367
Physalis, 305
Piedras Negras, 421
Piggott, Stuart, 281
pigs, 110, 111, 126, 146, 148
Pinta,xxv,xxvi
Pinzón, Martin Alonso, xxvi-xxvii
Pinzón, Vicente Yán˜ez, xxvi-xxvii
Piper betel, 178
Piper methysticum, 178
pipes, 216–17
Pirenne, Henri, 444
Pisa, 451
Pizarro, Francisco, 490, 495
Pizarro, Pedro, 493
plague, bubonic (Black Death), 463–5, 501, 511, 542
Plains Indians, 196, 237, 518
Planchón-Peteroa, 94
plants
domestication, 100, 105–19, 113, 124–6, 135, 136, 137, 138, 160, 504, 505–6, 512
psychoactive, 165–7, 175, 176, 177, 178, 193, 194–5, 196–9, 201–5, 207, 208–12, 213–25, 252–3, 305, 315, 317, 326, 387, 400, 428, 506, 512, 519
Plata River, 103
Plato, 134, 347, 377
Platonists, 346, 347, 355, 447
Pleistocene, 27, 58, 61, 62–3, 68, 76, 127, 195, 207
Plotinus, 346
ploughs/ploughing, 109–10, 140–1, 145, 146, 147, 148, 180, 181, 455
Plumb, Alan, 86, 87, 88, 89, 98, 159, 260, 263, 269
Plumed Serpent see Feathered Serpent/Plumed Serpent
pneumonia, 543
Pointe St Mathieu, 45
Point Hope, 61, 63
poison, 206, 432
Poland, 77, 167, 389
polio, 542
Polos, the, 462
polygamy, 13–14
Polykrates, 373
Polynesia, 41, 43, 44, 101, 518
Pontic region, 147
Popacatapetl, 93, 95, 485
Popol Vuh, 200, 394, 413, 425, 426
poppy see opium/opium poppy
porcelain, 174
Porphyry, 351, 353
Portugal, 81, 149
Portuguese, the, 501
potato, 100, 180, 181–4, 188, 191, 313, 385, 487, 543
potlatch, 441–2
pottery see ceramics/pottery
Potts, Malcolm, 122, 135
prairies, 287
Pratz, Le Page du, 408
Preceramic Period, 267, 268
Pribilof Islands, 57
prickly pear cactus (Opuntia), 424
priests/priesthood, 471, 473, 475, 477–8
printing, 460
prophets, 341–2
protein, 106, 107, 108, 111, 148, 191, 268
Protagoras of Abdera, 363, 377
Proto-Chimu, 183
Proto-Indo-European language, 17, 185
Proto-Italic language, 17
Proto-Nasca, 183
Proto-Otomanguean speakers, 188
Proto-Siniatic, 368
proto-writing, 163
Psosopis pallida (huarango
trees), 384
psychoactive substances see alcohol; drugs/narcotics/hallucinogens
Psylocybe, 200, 400
aztecorum, 199
Mexicana, 200–1
Ptolemy, 501
Puebla area, Mexico, 423
Pueblo Bonito, 404, 405
pueblos, 403–7
Puget Sound, 58
Pukcha River basin, 312
pulque, 400
pulses, 106, 107
puma, 183, 232, 311, 313, 488
Pumallacta, 232
Puncuri, 311
punishment, 387–8
Purcell, Nicholas, 103, 512
pyramids, 256, 257, 258, 266–7, 301, 302, 304, 310, 312, 383, 386–7, 390, 391, 393, 394, 396, 397, 401, 402, 467, 474, 481
Pyramid of the Moon, Teotihuacan, 402
Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan, 401
Pythagoras, 373, 375
qi, 339
Qijia culture, 88
Qilian Shan mountains, 114
Quechua (people), 488
Quechua language, 197
Quercy, 119
quetzal, 307, 469
feathers, 307, 308
Quetzalcoatl, 219, 230, 233, 322–3, 401–2, 421, 436, 469–71, 473, 474, 487
Quichés, 470
quinoa, 182, 188, 487
quipus, 215, 494, 545
Quito, 490
Qu’ran, 445
Radin, Paul, 42
raffia, 107
Rain Priest Fraternity, 203
Rampino, Michael, 24
Ramses II, 276
Ras Shamra, 368
Ravi River, 35
Ray, Nicholas, 11
reason/rationalism, 324, 363, 444, 445, 446, 458, 459, 510, 530–1
Red Sea, 4, 6, 27, 260, 461, 464
Reiche, Maria, 382
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 197, 227, 228, 229
reindeer, 51, 77, 111, 122–3
Reindeer Tungus, 207
Reinhard, Johan, 383
reins, 295, 325
religion, 97–9, 107, 116, 117, 130, 131, 132, 136–7, 137–8, 149, 154, 164, 181, 192, 194, 222, 224–5, 235, 239, 249, 254, 261, 262, 283–6, 297, 324–57, 366–7, 369, 379, 385, 390, 400, 414–15, 426–7, 443, 478–9, 484, 490–3, 506–8, 510, 511–12, 512–17 see also goddesses; gods; sacrifice; shamanism; temples; names of gods and goddesses; names of religions
ren, 339
Renaissance, 465, 525
Renfrew, Colin, 155
renouncers (samnyasins), 329
Repenning, Charles, 62
reproduction (sexual intercourse/birth link), 42, 120, 122, 123–4, 132, 133, 135, 136, 507
Rhine, River, 456, 464
Rhineland, 166
Rhône, River, 456, 464
rice, 34, 105, 106, 107, 108, 113, 124
Rick, John W., 319
riding, 142, 145, 180, 292, 293, 295, 358, 509
Rift Valley, 93
Rig Veda, 36, 87, 165, 177, 282, 291, 329
Ring of Fire, 40, 92, 93–5 see also Pacific Rim
Rio Balsas region, 185
Rio Carter string of craters, 155–6
Rio Negro, 229
Rio Seco, 268
