Tecumseh and Brock

by James Laxer

  Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 30, 31.

  William Hull, Memoirs of the Campaign of the North Western Army of the United States, A. D. 1812: In a Series of Letters Addressed to the Citizens of the United States (Boston: True and Greene, 1824), 47.

  Ibid., 44.

  Gilbert Collins, Guidebook to the Historic Sites of the War of 1812 (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2006), 47.

  Ibid.

  Ferdinand Brock Tupper, Esq., ed., The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B. (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1847), 209–11.

  Brock to Sir George Prevost, York, 4 August 1812, in The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B., ed. Ferdinand Brock Tupper, Esq. (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1847), 232–33.

  Prevost to Brock, 31 July 1812, Sir Isaac Brock Papers, M.G. 24, A1, vol. 1, NAC Reel C-4621, National Archives of Canada.

  Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 34–35.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 409.

  Prevost to Brock, Quebec, 31 July 1812, Sir Isaac Brock papers, M.G. 24, A1, vol. 1, National Archives of Canada.

  Prevost to Brock, Quebec, 2 August 1812, Sir Isaac Brock papers, M.G. 24, A1, vol. 1, National Archives of Canada.

  David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 248.

  Samuel Williams, Two Western Campaigns in the War of 1812–13 (Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1870), 29.

  Chapter 9: Two Warriors

  Ferdinand Brock Tupper, Esq., ed., The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B. (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1847), 241.

  Ibid., 243, 244.

  Ethel T. Raymond, Tecumseh: A Chronicle of the Last Great Leader of His People (Gutenberg Project Ebook 24147, 2008; originally published in Toronto as vol. 17 of Chronicles of Canada, 1915), 14.

  Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh, and of His Brother the Prophet; with a Historical Sketch of the Shawanoe Indians (Cincinnati: E. Morgan, 1841), 224.

  Ethel T. Raymond, Tecumseh: A Chronicle of the Last Great Leader of His People (Gutenberg Project Ebook 24147, 2008; originally published in Toronto as vol. 17 of Chronicles of Canada, 1915), 14.

  Ibid., 15.

  Ferdinand Brock Tupper, Esq., ed., The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B. (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1847), 308.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 188.

  Chapter 10: The Capture of Fort Detroit

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 191.

  Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 41.

  Ibid.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 191–92.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 66.

  Ibid.

  Duncan Campbell Scott and Lady Matilda Edgar. John Graves Simcoe and General Brock (Toronto: Morang, 1910), 253–54.

  Hull to Hon. W. Eustis, Secretary of the Department of War, Fort George, 26 August 1812, in Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 44–49.

  Brock to Sir George Prevost, Head Quarters, Detroit, 16 August 1812, in The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B., ed. Ferdinand Brock Tupper, Esq. (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1847), 269.

  Lewis Cass, Col. 3d reg. Ohio volunteers to The Hon. William Eustis, Secretary of War, Washington, September 10, 1812, in Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 56–60.

  Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty, Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 3 (Toronto: Publishers’ Association of Canada, 1914), 224.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 68; and A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 194.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 68.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 194.

  Brock to the Earl of Liverpool, York, Upper Canada, 29 August, 1812, Colonial Office Records, Indian Affairs Canada. RG 10, vol. 10017, Canada Q. 315,

  Library and Archives Canada, 118.

  Stephen Ruddell, Reminiscences of Tecumseh’s Youth (Wisconsin Historical Society, 2003), 123; online facsimile edition at http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-155.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 195–96.

  Ibid., 198.

  Ibid., 273.

  Chapter 11: Death of the General

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 211.

  Solomon Van Rensselaer, A Narrative of the Affair of Queenstown: In the War of 1812 (New York: Leavitt, Lord, 1836), 9.

  Ibid., 10–14.

  Ibid., 13.

  Ibid., 30.

  Ibid., 10–12.

  Ibid., 41–42.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 75.

  Solomon Van Rensselaer, A Narrative of the Affair of Queenstown: In the War of 1812 (New York: Leavitt, Lord, 1836), 18–19.

  Ibid., 72–73.

  William James, A Full and Correct Account of The Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and The United States Of America, with an Appendix and Plates, vol. 1 (London, 1818), 87.

  Carl Benn, The Iroquois in the War of 1812 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 89.

  Ibid., 36, 37, 39–41.

  Solomon Van Rensselaer, A Narrative of the Affair of Queenstown: In the War of 1812, appendix (New York: Leavitt, Lord, 1836), 72.

  Ibid.

  Ibid., appendix, 64.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 77–79.

  Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty, Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 3

  (Toronto: Publishers’ Association of Canada, 1914), 232.

  Ibid., 233.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 79–80.

  Carl Benn, The Iroquois in the War of 1812 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 8, 47, 91.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 81; and Carl Benn, The Iroquois in the War of 1812 (Toronto:

  University of Toronto Press, 1998), 91.

  Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty, Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 3 (Toronto: Publish
ers’ Association of Canada, 1914), 234–35.

  Carl Benn, The Iroquois in the War of 1812 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 94–96.

  Ibid., 96.

  Ibid., 94–96.

  Ibid., 103.

  Solomon Van Rensselaer, A Narrative of the Affair of Queenstown: In the War of 1812 (New York: Leavitt, Lord, 1836), 62–67.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 217–18.

  Chapter 12: York in Flames

  Jefferson to Madison, 6 November 1812, in Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Vol. XI Correspondence and Papers 1808–1816 (New York: Cosimo Inc., 2009), 270–71.

  Henry Adams, History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison (New York: The Library of America, 1986), 593.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 113.

  David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 6.

  Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 133–34.

  Ibid.

  David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 90–91, 223–24.

  Ibid., 223–224.

  Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 90–91.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 39.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 128–30.

  G. Auchinleck, The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814 (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 151–52.

  Walter Borneman, 1812: The War that Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 103.

  William James, A Full and Correct Account of The Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and The United States Of America, with an Appendix and Plates, vol. 1 (London, 1818), 142.

  Ibid., vol. 1, 145.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 132.

  G. Auchinleck, The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814 (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 153.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 132.

  Ibid.

  G. Auchinleck, The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814 (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 152.

  Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Message to Congress Requesting Authority to Return a Mace to Canada,” May 4, 1934.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 133.

  Strachan to Dr. James Brown, 26 April 1813, Strachan Papers, Reel 10,

  MS 35-10, Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 133.

  G. Auchinleck, The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814

  (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 155.

  Ibid., 133.

  Wesley B. Turner, British Generals in the War of 1812: High Command in the Canadas (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999), 37.

  G. Auchinleck, The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814 (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 166.

  William James, A Full and Correct Account of The Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and The United States Of America, with an Appendix and Plates, vol. 1 (London, 1818), 170–71.

  G. Auchinleck, The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814 (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 156.

  Ibid.

  Ibid., 157.

  William James, A Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War Between Great Britain and The United States Of America, with an Appendix and Plates (London, 1818), 160.

  J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History, updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 149.

  G. Auchinleck, The War of 1812: A History of the War Between Great Britain and the United States of America, During the Years 1812, 1813, and 1814 (Toronto: C. Chewett, 1862), 168–70.

  J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History, updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 149–51.

  Ibid., 154–55.

  Carl Benn, The Iroquois in the War of 1812 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 115–20.

  Chapter 13: Tecumseh’s Last Days

  Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh, and of His Brother the Prophet; with a Historical Sketch of the Shawanoe Indians (Cincinnati: E. Morgan, 1841), 182.

  Stephen Budiansky, Perilous Fight: America’s Intrepid War with Britain on the High Seas, 1812–1815 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 253–54.

  Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh, and of His Brother the Prophet; with a Historical Sketch of the Shawanoe Indians (Cincinnati: E. Morgan, 1841), 188.

  Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 240–41.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 261.

  Lucubrations of Humphrey Ravelin (London, 1823), 355–56, cited in Carl F. Klinck, ed., Tecumseh: Fact and Fiction in Early Records (Ottawa: Tecumseh Press, 1978), 186.

  Benjamin Drake, Life of Tecumseh, and of His Brother the Prophet; with a Historical Sketch of the Shawanoe Indians (Cincinnati: E. Morgan, 1841), 191.

  William F. Coffin, 1812, the War, and Its Moral: A Canadian Chronicle (Montreal, 1864), 226, cited in Carl F. Klinck, ed., Tecumseh: Fact and Fiction in Early Records (Ottawa: Tecumseh Press, 1978), 188.

  Christopher B. Coleman, “The Ohio and the War of 1812,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 7, no. 1 (June 1920): 41.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 262.

  John Sugden, Tecumseh: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), 363.

  Ibid., 122.

  Ibid., 374.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 188–89.

  Time Specials, August 21, 2008, “America’s Worst Vice Presidents.”

  Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812 (n.p.: Seven Treasures Publications, 2009; first published 1882 by G. Putnam’s Sons), 15.

  Chapter 14: The Creek War

  Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 157.

  Sean Michael O’Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson’s Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 24–
25.

  Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 156.

  J. F. Watts and Fred L. Israel, eds., Presidential Documents: The Speeches, Proclamations, and Policies that Have Shaped the Nation from Washington to Clinton (New York: Routledge, 2000), 41.

  Sean Michael O’Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson’s Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 37–38.

  Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 185.

  Sean Michael O’Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson’s Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 39–40.

  Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), 185.

  James Parton, The Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 418.

  Ibid., vol. 1, 423–27.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 276.

  Sean Michael O’Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson’s Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 71.

  David Crockett, A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett, of the State of Tennessee (Baltimore: E. L. Cary and A. Hart, 1834), 64.

  Ibid., 81.

  Ibid., 82.

  James Parton, The Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 439.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 279.

  David Crockett, A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett, of the State of Tennessee (Baltimore: E. L. Cary and A. Hart, 1834), 84–85.

  Sean Michael O’Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson’s Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 79.