Tecumseh and Brock

by James Laxer

  Ibid., 60.

  James Parton, The Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 453.

  David Crockett, A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett, of the State of Tennessee (Baltimore: E. L. Cary and A. Hart, 1834), 88–89.

  Sean Michael O’Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson’s Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 84–85.

  Walter Borneman, 1812: The War that Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 148.

  Sean Michael O’Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson’s Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 98–99.

  Ibid., 100–101.

  Walter Borneman, 1812: The War that Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 149.

  Sean Michael O’Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson’s Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 149.

  James Parton, The Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (New York: Mason Brothers, 1861), 524.

  Michael D. Green, The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985), 43.

  Sean Michael O’Brien, In Bitterness and in Tears: Andrew Jackson’s Destruction of the Creeks and Seminoles (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005), 162–63.

  Chapter 15: Out of the Furnace of War,

  an Upper Canadian Identity

  Adam Shortt and Arthur G. Doughty, Canada and Its Provinces, vol. 3 (Toronto: Publishers’ Association of Canada, 1914), 213.

  Ibid., 210.

  Ibid., 209–10.

  Strachan to Richardson, 30 September 1812, Strachan Papers, Reel 10, MS 35-10, Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives.

  Strachan to Wilberforce, 1 November 1812, Strachan Papers, Reel 10, MS 35-10, Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives.

  Strachan to Richardson, November 1812, Strachan Papers, Reel 10, MS 35-10, Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives.

  Strachan to Wellesley, 1 November 1812, Strachan Papers, Reel 10, MS 35-10, Ontario Department of Public Records and Archives.

  David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 226.

  Prevost to Bathurst, 8 October 1813, State Papers — Lower Canada, No. 91.

  Donald E. Graves, Field of Glory: The Battle of Crysler’s Farm, 1813 (Toronto: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), xv.

  James Ripley Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 268–69, 274, 277.

  J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History, updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 181.

  Ibid., 183.

  Ibid., 185–87.

  Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 249–52.

  J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History, updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 187–88.

  Ibid., 187.

  James Ripley Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 289.

  J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History, updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 188.

  Ibid., 189.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 211, 212; and J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History, updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 189–90.

  James Ripley Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 296.

  James Wilkinson, Wilkinson: Soldier and Pioneer (New Orleans: Rogers, 1935), 231.

  J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History, updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 192.

  James Ripley Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior: Major-General James Wilkinson (New York: Macmillan, 1938), 298–99.

  David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 331–32.

  Chapter 16: Bloody Niagara

  David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 331–32.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 411.

  David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 3.

  Walter Borneman, 1812: The War that Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 264.

  Ibid., 265.

  Ibid., 265–66.

  J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History, updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 213–14.

  Donald E. Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead! The Battle of Lundy’s Lane, 1814 (Cap-Saint-Ignace, Quebec: Robin Brass Studio, 1993), 75–76.

  Duncan Clark Fonds, 11, Microfilm Reel MS 572, Archives of Ontario.

  J. Mackay Hitsman, The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History, updated by Donald E. Graves (Cap-Saint-Ignace, QC: Robin Brass Studio, 1999), 221–23.

  Donald E. Graves, Where Right and Glory Lead! The Battle of Lundy’s Lane, 1814 (Cap-Saint-Ignace, Quebec: Robin Brass Studio, 1993), 89.

  Ibid., 195–96.

  Ibid., 197–99.

  Louis L. Babcock, The Siege of Fort Erie: An Episode of the War of 1812 (Buffalo: Peter Paul, 1899), 26.

  Chapter 17: Rockets’ Red Glare

  Christopher T. George, Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 2000), 27.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 17.

  Ibid., 29.

  Ibid., 18.

  David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 558–59.

  Wm. H. Winder, Brig. Gen. Comdg. 10th M.D., to Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War, Baltimore, 27 August 1814, in Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 400.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 19.

  Ibid.

  Niles’ National Register 4 (1813): 402.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 294–95.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 20.

  Ibid.

  Christopher T. George, Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 2000), 65–66.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 22.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 338–39.

  Ibid., 340–41.

  David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds., Encyclopedia of the War of 18
12, paperback edition (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 213.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 30–31.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 309.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 300.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 67, 71.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 347.

  Wm. H. Winder, Brig. Gen. Comdg. 10th M.D., to Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War, Baltimore, 27 August 1814, in Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 401.

  Wm. H. Winder, Brig. Gen. Comdg. 10th M.D., to Hon. John Armstrong,

  Secretary of War, Baltimore, 27 August 1814, in Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States during the War with Great Britain

  in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 401.

  Walter Borneman, 1812: The War that Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 226–27.

  Joshua Barney to Hon. W. Jones, Secretary of the Navy, Farm at Elk Ridge,

  29 August 1814, in Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 406–7.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 315.

  Ibid., 316.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 87.

  Alan Lloyd, The Scorching of Washington: The War of 1812 (London: David and Charles, 1974), 171.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 316.

  Christopher T. George, Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 2000), 107.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 108.

  Thomas Tingey to Hon. W. Jones, Secretary of the Navy, Navy Yard, Washington, 27 August 1814, in Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 402–3.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 114.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 318.

  Christopher T. George, Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 2000), 107–9.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 312, 320–22.

  Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, Vol. 8 (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2011), 215–16.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 322.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 167–68.

  Ibid., 168–69.

  Ibid., 170–73.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 350.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 178–79.

  Ibid., 183–84, 194.

  Christopher T. George, Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 2000), 138.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 328.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 203–5.

  Ibid., 203, 206.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 329.

  Ibid., 330.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 210–11.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 330.

  Ibid., 333.

  Anthony S. Pitch, The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814 (Annapolis, MD: Blue Jacket Books, Naval Institute Press, 2000), 191–92.

  Ibid., 218–19.

  Chapter 18: American Victories at

  Lake Champlain and New Orleans

  Walter Borneman, 1812: The War that Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 266.

  James Monroe, Secretary of State of the United States, to Albert Gallatin, John Quincy Adams and James A. Bayard, United States Ministers to negotiate peace with Great Britain, Department of State, June 23, 1813, in Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Canadian Relations, 1784–1860, vol. 1, 1784–1820, ed. William R. Manning (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1940), 219.

  Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 431–35.

  James Monroe, Secretary of State of the United States, to John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay and Jonathan Russell, United States Ministers to negotiate peace with Great Britain, Department of State, January 28, 1814, in Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Canadian Relations, 1784–1860, vol. 1, 1784–1820, ed. William R. Manning (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1940), 217.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 273.

  John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay and Jonathan Russell, United States Ministers to negotiate peace with Great Britain, to James Monroe, Secretary of State of the United States, Ghent, August 12, 1814, in Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States: Canadian Relations, 1784–1860, vol. 1, 1784–1820, ed. William R. Manning (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1940), 618.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 31.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 354.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 347–48.

  Ibid., 333, 350.

  A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 331.

  Keith A. Herkalo, September Eleventh 1814: The Battles at Plattsburgh (limited 1st ed. available from http://www.battleofplattsburgh.org, 2007), 117.

  Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812 (n.p.: Seven Treasures Publications, 2009; first published 1882 by G. Putnam’s Sons), 184.

  Ibid., 186–89.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 377–79.

  Ibid., 383.

  Ibid., 381–83.

  Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812 (n.p.: Seven Treasures Publications, 1999; first published 1882 by G. Putna
m’s Sons), 194.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 358, 359.

  Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812 (n.p.: Seven Treasures Publications, 1999; first published 1882 by G. Putnam’s Sons), 195.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 383.

  Walter Borneman, 1812: The War that Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 213.

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 358, 359.

  Walter Borneman, 1812: The War that Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 2.

  Ibid., 271.

  A. T. Mahan, The Sea War of 1812: A History of the Maritime Conflict, vol. 2 (n.p.: Leonaur, 2008), 398.

  Chapter 19: The Treaty of Ghent

  Jon Latimer, 1812: War with America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 389.

  Official Letters of the Military and Naval Officers of the United States during the War with Great Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14 & 15, collected and annotated by John Brannan (Washington, 1823), 504–10.

  Epilogue: Two Mysteries

  Walter Borneman, 1812: The War that Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004); and A. J. Langguth, Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence, paperback edition (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006).

  Colonel J. A. Vesey to Brigadier Brock, 9 April 1811, in The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B., ed. Ferdinand Brock Tupper, Esq. (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1847), 100.

  Colonel J. A. Vesey to Brigadier Brock, 9 May 1811, in The Life and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, K.B., ed. Ferdinand Brock Tupper, Esq. (London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1847), 100.

  Guy St-Denis, Tecumseh’s Bones (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005), 101.