Unsettling the West

by Rob Harper

ary War, 124

  238

  index

  carleton, guy, 84

  colt, Jeniah and sabitha, 156

  carpenter, John, 136– 37

  condolence speeches and ceremonies, 43– 44,

  catholicism, 109

  52, 56, 60, 83

  cayugas, 12

  congress, U.s., 146, 155, 161; colonization of

  chalaakaatha (chillicothe) shawnees, 12, 84

  Ohio promoted by, 21, 159, 168, 173; denial

  cheat river, 41, 43

  of native sovereignty, 151; frontier violence

  cherokees, xi, 1, 12, 60, 145; Boone’s camp at-

  and land hunger of, 163– 64; plan to pay

  tacked by, 67; British resources and, 87– 88;

  war debts with land sales, 154; tax on whis-

  call to war (1776) and, 86– 87; colonists’ kill-

  key, 169; territorial demands of, 172. S ee

  ing of, 39; imperial restrictions on coloniza-

  also continental congress

  tion and, 52; Overhill towns, 61; pan- indian

  connecticut, 166, 167

  unity and, 33; treaty with Britain, 31– 32

  connol y, John, 47– 48, 49, 62; abduction of,

  chickasaws, 33

  72, 75; anti- pennsylvania coalition of, 66;

  chillicothe, 12, 25, 46, 47, 49, 144

  militia of, 53, 58, 59; pennsylvania- Virginia

  christian, William, 59, 61

  rivalry and, 50– 51; response to yellow

  christianity, 13, 35, 80

  creek massacre, 56, 195n21

  civil society, 2, 177

  connol y, susanna, 47, 75, 198n14

  clark, george rogers, 125– 26, 127, 133, 144,

  continental army, 76, 103, 108, 141; diplo-

  159; expeditions to “chastise” indians, 160,

  macy of, 100; at Fort pitt, 102; gnadenhüt-

  161, 163; failed leadership of, 162; indian

  ten massacre and, 122; indian peace

  dispossession and ambitions of, 167

  proposals spurned by, 117; militias and, 107;

  cleveland, eli, 161– 62

  supply of, 106

  cleveland, mary, 162

  continental congress, xii, 2, 68, 141; militias

  coalition building, 3, 20, 21, 38– 39, 176

  and, 102– 3; Ohio indians and, 81– 82, 90;

  colonialism, x, xii, 6, 21, 65, 178

  pennsylvania militia and, 78, 79

  colonists: attacked by British- allied indians,

  cornplanter (seneca), 149, 150, 166, 167, 168,

  105; British- allied and neutral indians at-

  171; accommodation of United states, 172;

  tacked by, 100– 108; civil institutions and,

  treaty of canandaigua and, 170

  41; coalition politics and, 3; definition of,

  cornstalk (shawnee), ix, 49, 57, 68, 87, 174,

  xii; in economic straits, 17; flight from

  217n21; condolence ceremonies performed

  rumors of war, 85– 86; French, 7; killing of

  by, 83; dunmore’s demands and, 64, 67, 82;

  indians by, 23, 39– 40, 55, 70; legal title to

  moravian ties of, 92; murder of, 103– 4, 111,

  land, 1, 120; militia duty resisted by, 77, 79,

  115, 174, 178; patronage of revolutionary

  107, 126; myth of self- reliance, 173, 174;

  regime sought by, 94; as preeminent peace-

  peaceful interaction with indians, 24; post-

  maker, 66, 89

  revolutionary new wave of, 153– 54; quasi-

  crabtree, isaac, 60

  legal, 28; scattered and fractious society of,

  crawford, William, 38, 48, 51, 64, 115, 191n38;

  107, 126; secessionist sentiment among, 173,

  death of, 148; sandusky campaign and, 143,

  221n2; state authority and, 17– 18; trade

  146

  with indians, 11, 145

  creeks, 33

  colonization, xii, 17, 21, 30, 79, 169; accelera-

  cresap, michael, 53, 58, 62, 65

  tion of, 20, 23, 66; “from bottom up, ” 1;

  cresap, Thomas, 23, 28, 30, 53; as quasi- legal

  British commanders and, 7; government

  land speculator, 37, 39; trade with haude-

  promotion of, 146, 171, 173, 175, 177; indian

  nosaunee towns, 29

  land preserved from, 34, 92; of Kentucky,

  cresswel , nicholas, 11, 68

  20, 36, 47– 49, 52, 65, 84, 99, 158; of Ohio, 21, croghan, george, 9, 26, 27, 33, 53; connol y

  159, 168, 173; prohibited west of Kanawha

  and, 47– 48; containment of violence and,

  river, 31, 46, 48, 65; royal ban west of ap-

  43, 44– 45; dubious land purchase from six

  palachians, 8, 16, 27, 38; without violence,

  nations, 37; imperial restrictions on colo-

  145; Virginia’s expansionism and, 28

  nization and, 52; pennsylvania- Virginia

  index

  239

  rivalry and, 51; as quasi- legal land specula-

  allegiance won by, 59; demand for indian

  tor, 37, 39; shawnee negotations with, 49;

  acquiescence to Kentucky colonization, 47;

  Vandalia colony proposal and, 32

  escalation of hostilities by, 57– 58; fall from

  cumberland gap, 51, 53

  power, 72, 75, 81; flight from revolution in

  Virginia, 66, 67; indian peace proposals

  daniel, Jacob (delaware), 41

  and, 62– 63; land grants given by, 51, 52, 65,

  delawares (lenapes), x, xi, 2, 75, 179n3;

  120; mobilization for war, 60; moravians

  British- allied, 143; British recognition of

  and, 133; Ohio river forts of, 76;

  sovereignty sought by, 80; christianity and,

  pennsylvania- Virginia rivalry and, 51; plan

  35– 36; colonists attacked by, 136; forced to

  to seize Ohio Valley for Virginia and, 50– 51;

  move west, 32; local autonomy versus cen-

  sympathy for land speculators, 48

  tralized decision making, 175; migration of,

  dunmore’s War, 61– 66, 77, 81, 84, 94, 100; Ken-

  6; moravian missions and, 11, 108; munsee

  tucky opened to colonization by, 66; memo-

  ethnolinguistic group, 12, 100, 138; as “na-

  ries of, 96; shawnee recovery from, 80

  tion of women, ” 91– 92; neutrality of, 61, 89,

  dunquat (Wyandot), 83, 88– 89, 93, 105, 114,

  95, 109, 127– 28; as Ohio indians, xi; pan-

  115, 174; accommodation to United states,

  indian unity and, 33; pattern of colonial

  148, 160, 166, 172; British alliance and, 109–

  expansion and, 80; peace with United

  10; doubts about British alliance, 115; at

  states, 127; rebel colonists and, 82, 90; re-

  Fort mcintosh council, 150; at gnadenhüt-

  sentment of white encroachments, 10; se-

  ten, 130, 131; goschachgünk delawares

  curity and sovereignty sought by, 35, 36;

  criticized by, 127; “half- King” title, 95,

  seven years’ War and, 26; short- lived treaty

  208n44; moravians and, 109, 118, 132; won

  with United states, 111– 13, 148; support for

  over to militant coalition, 97

  dunmore, 83; turkey phratry, 12, 13, 81, 111,

  duyenty (Wyandot), 116, 208n44

  128; turtle phratry, 12, 14, 81, 111; Unami

  ethnolinguistic group, 12; U.s. demands for

  eastin, philip, 162

  land and, 159; Wolf phratry, 12, 81, 111

  edwards, John, 83, 84, 88


  de peyster, arent, 122, 123, 124, 130, 132, 144;

  elinipsico (shawnee), 103– 4

  British- allied indians and, 133; response to

  elliott, matthew, 130, 131, 132

  gnadenhütten massacre, 142

  erwin, Joseph, 125, 129

  detroit, 7, 15, 79, 87, 156; american ambitions

  evans, John, 105

  to capture, 100, 110, 111, 114, 116, 117, 126;

  British fort at, 111, 114, 146, 169

  Fallen timbers, battle of, 170

  diplomacy, 15, 83, 88, 145, 172, 174, 181n5; coa-

  Finley, William, 155

  lition building and, 21; delaware, 108; fail-

  Finney, Walter, 161

  ures of U.s. diplomacy, 146; of great lakes

  Floyd, John, 53, 87

  indians, 116; indian agents and, 14; reports

  Forks of the Ohio, 7, 152; pennsylvania claim

  of imminent attack and, 54; rituals and

  (map, 1775– 79), 74; Virginia claim (map,

  rhetoric of, 52

  1775– 79), 73

  dispossession, xii, 80, 146, 167, 171, 174, 175;

  Fort Finney, 147, 157, 160

  “settlement” and, 171; slaughter of non-

  Fort laurens, 114, 115

  combatants and, 7; without violence, 145

  Fort mcintosh, 150

  dodge, John, 84

  Fort pitt, 1, 8, 9, 19, 68, 72, 150; abandoned by

  douglass, ephraim, 146, 148– 49, 151, 153

  British, 50; american commanders of, 111,

  dragging canoe (cherokee), 86

  134, 137, 166; British army deserters from,

  duncan, david, 155

  40; British commanders’ relations with

  dunmore, earl of (John murray), 52, 65, 70,

  regional inhabitants, 15, 27; continental

  71, 77, 82, 192n43; atrocities brought by deci-

  army at, 102; delawares sheltered at, 141;

  sions of, 55; colonization boundary ignored

  end of pontiac’s War at, 27; frontier trade

  by, 56; as connol y’s patron, 75; croghan’s

  restricted to, 29; guardhouse of, 41; militias

  240

  index

  Fort pitt ( cont. )

  greenville, treaty of, 171

  during revolutionary War at, 103, 125;

  griffin, patrick, 197n3

  occupied by Virginia forces, 75; provision-

  guyasuta (seneca), x, 42, 50, 165, 167, 174;

  ing of, 156; soldiers’ interactions with indi-

  american patronage sought by, 166; anti-

  ans, 43; tax resisters and, 153

  shawnee lobbying of, 66; antiwar position

  Fort stanwix, treaty of (1768), 31, 33– 35, 37

  of, 52; claim of authority over Ohio indi-

  Fort stanwix, treaty of (1784), 149– 50, 170

  ans, 14; concessions extracted from Britain,

  France: american revolutionaries’ alliance

  7– 8, 183n14; containment of violence and,

  with, 115; defeat in seven years’ War, 7, 24;

  44; efforts to befriend rebel congress, 82;

  indian alliance system, 191n34

  indian hostility to, 83; Kentucky coloniza-

  Frazier, John, 30– 31

  tion encouraged by, 36, 49; peace sup-

  French creek, 165– 67

  ported by, 89; in seven years’ War, 7; six

  nations league defended by, 92; switch

  gage, general Thomas, 9

  from French to British alliance, 7– 9; tenu-

  game wardens, indian, 32, 34

  ous authority of, 31; tour of eastern cities,

  gekelemukpechünk, 10, 56

  6– 7; trade promoted by, 27; yellow creek

  gelelemend (delaware), 35, 41, 109, 112– 13,

  massacre and, 56

  129, 136; gnadenhütten massacre and, 141;

  pursuit of diplomatic recognition and, 128;

  haldimand, general Frederick, 119, 123, 124

  short- lived treaty with United states and,

  haley, mathew, 42

  111, 112

  half- King. See dunquat

  gentry, 17, 19, 153, 169

  hamilton, lt. gov. henry, 84, 85, 87, 88– 89,

  george iii, King, 80

  105, 110; as British commander at detroit,

  germain, george, 97

  95; call for indians to wage war on ameri-

  german colonists, 16

  can rebels, 96, 98, 99, 109; surrender to

  gibson, John, 51, 55, 102, 112; dispute with

  Virginians, 115, 125; Wabash Valley cam-

  Brodhead, 134; negotiations with corn-

  paign, 114– 15; watch- and- wait attitude of,

  planter, 168; as supporter of moravians, 137,

  89– 90, 93

  141; tuscarawas garrison commanded by, 114

  hand, general edward, 102, 103, 104– 5, 107, 111;

  girty, simon, 75, 100

  offer of friendship to Wyandots, 110; rela-

  glaize, town cluster, 169, 170

  tions with delaware community, 109; re-

  glikhican, anna Benigna (delaware), 140

  sponsibility for atrocities disclaimed by, 130

  glikhican, isaac (delaware), 108, 109, 110, 113,

  haningam, charles, 41– 42

  134; gnadenhütten massacre and, 132, 138,

  hardman, the (shawnee), 49, 50, 62; frontier

  139, 140; as go- between and peacemaker, 120

  diplomacy and, 51 – 52; as head shawnee

  gnadenhütten massacre (1782), 119, 120, 137–

  civil leader, 46, 196n31; as survivor of yel-

  38, 153, 178; captives marched to gnaden-

  low creek massacre, 54– 55

  hütten, 138– 40; news and aftermath of,

  harmar, Josiah, 155, 161, 166– 67

  141– 44; slaughter of captives, 140– 41; state-

  haudenosaunees, ix, xi, 9, 20, 160; allied with

  appointed militia and, 122; survivors of,

  Britain in revolutionary War, 102, 105;

  140– 41; town surrounded by militia, 138

  dispersal after revolutionary War, 166;

  goschachgünk, 80, 95, 96, 110; built on mora-

  dunmore’s War and, 62, 64, 67; hostilities

  vian model, 108; as center for diplomacy, 108;

  with colonists, 44, 49, 57, 84, 86, 89; matri-

  destroyed by Brodhead’s forces, 129– 30; neu-

  lineal kinship among, 13; migration of, 6,

  trality of, 109; peace with United states, 127

  11, 26; peace treaty councils and, 70, 72, 75,

  greathouse, daniel, 54– 55, 62, 65

  82; redstone colony and, 30, 31, 41; terms

  great lakes indians, 34, 84, 88, 96; British

  used to describe colonists, x– xi; trade with

  alliance and, 110, 124; British forts captured

  colonists, 29. See also six nations of the

  by, 7– 8; diplomacy of, 116

  haudenosaunee

  great lakes region, 2, 4, 7

  hay, Jehu, 88, 89

  index

  241

  heart, Jonathan, 166– 67, 170

  colonists in, 72; imminent colonization of,

  heckewelder, John, 111

  46– 49; indian coalition to oppose coloniza-

  henderson, richard, 70, 71

  tion of, 84; land rush into, 56, 80, 92; lim-

  henry, patrick, 102, 107, 160, 161

  ited sovereignty within federal union, 171;

  hil sborough, lord, 31

  militia of, 102, 125, 160; pluggy’s assaults on

  hokimas (shawnee civil leaders), 13

  colonists in, 93; as reserve for indians, 20;

  horses, lost in indian raids, 158

  se
paration from Virginia, 2, 169; shawnee

  howell, abner, 156

  and cherokee policing of, 65; six nations

  hunters, colonial, 10, 32, 44, 65, 85

  sale of, 33; Virginia’s claim to, 56, 146

  hunters, indian, 10, 31, 32

  Ketigeestie (cherokee), 60

  hutchins, Thomas, 168

  Kiashuta. See guyasuta

  kinship systems, 12– 13, 80

  indentured servants, 42, 59

  Kishpoko shawnees, 12

  indian agents, 14– 15, 23, 26, 46

  Knox, henry, 146

  “indian haters, ” 100, 101

  Kuhn, abraham (Wyandot), 130, 150

  indians: conflicts among, 5– 6; dependence

  on and resistance to British authority, 174–

  “land fever, ” 1

  75; French- allied, 7; hatred for colonists, 1,

  land grants, 5, 27, 177; imperial ban on new

  4; killing of colonists by, 40, 51, 85; peaceful

  western land grants, 48; Kentucky land

  interaction with colonists, 24; territorial

  grants for Virginia officers, 51

  sovereignty of, 3, 6, 15, 32. See also Ohio

  landlords, 19, 76

  indians

  lee, Willis, 85– 86

  “indian stephen,” murder of, 191n38

  lenape. See delawares (lenapes)

  indian women: agriculture and, 10; intercul-

  lewis, andrew, 63, 64, 111

  tural trade and, 11; marriage and relation-

  lichtenau, moravian mission at, 95, 96, 132;

  ships with white traders, 11, 12, 199n17;

  abandonment of, 117– 18; as center for di-

  peacemaking role of delaware women, 81

  plomacy, 108; founding of, 108; map, 69

  ingman, John, 191n38

  little carpenter (cherokee), 60

  intermarriage, 12, 30

  little turtle (miami), 169, 171, 172

  irish colonists, xi

  lochry, archibald, 101, 105, 106, 125, 129;

  ironcutter, John, 39, 41

  death of, 127; military draft ordered by, 126

  iroquoian languages, ix

  lochry, William, 101

  irvine, William, 134, 136, 142– 43, 144, 155

  logan, Benjamin, 162– 63, 164, 166

  logan (haudenosaunee), 55– 56, 57, 60– 61, 63

  Jackson, Joseph, 99

  louisiana, spanish, 17, 146

  Jenkins, philip, 151, 156

  lyman, richard, 78

  Jesuits, French, 109

  Johnson, guy, 86

  mackay, aeneas, 58, 78– 79

  Johnson, William, 31, 32, 33, 45, 49– 50

  magistrates, 19, 51, 65, 76, 105, 161

  marshel, James, 135– 36, 137, 142– 43

  Kanawha river, as colonization boundary,

  martin, charles, 41, 191n37

  31– 32, 45, 46, 54, 56– 57, 65

  martin, Johann (mohican), 138, 140