Libya - The Rise and Fall of Qaddafi

by Alison Pargeter

  Shamis, Ashur, ‘Gaddafi and me’, Critical Muslim, 1 (2011)

  Smith, Ivan George, The Ghosts of Kampala: The rise and fall of Idi Amin, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1980

  Stark, Freya, The Coast of Incense, John Murray, London, 1953

  Al-Tilisi, Khalifa Mohamed, Ma'ajam Sukan Libya [Encyclopaedia of Libya's Population], Dar Al-Raban, Libya, 1991

  Titley, Brian, Dark Age: The political odyssey of Emperor Bokassa, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 2002

  Vandewalle, Dirk, A History of Modern Libya, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006

  — Libya since Independence: Oil and state building, I.B. Tauris, London, 1998

  — ‘The institutional restraints of reform in Libya: From Jamahiriyah to constitutional republic?’, paper prepared for the Oxford Conference, 25–27 September 2009

  Vorst, Milton, ‘The colonel in his labyrinth’, Foreign Affairs, March/April (1999)

  Wright, Claudia, ‘Libya's foreign strategy’, New Statesman, 21 August 1981

  Wright, John, Libya: A modern history, Croom Helm, London and Canberra, 1981

  Zoubir, Yahia H., ‘Libya in US foreign policy: From rogue state to good fellow?’, Third World Quarterly, 23:1 (2002)

  Index

  2011 uprising (i), (ii)

  Arab League response to (i)

  Bani Walid, battle for (i)

  Benghazi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  British response to (i), (ii), (iii)

  in Cyrenaica (i), (ii)

  Day of Rage (i)

  Day of Rage plans (i), (ii), (iii)

  defections from Qaddafi camp (i), (ii), (iii)

  housing, take-over of (i)

  international media (i)

  international response to (i)

  Misarata (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  National Transitional Council (NTC) (i)

  NATO aid (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  people loyal to Qaddafi (i)

  protests and demonstrations (i)

  Qaddafi family unity (i)

  Qaddafi, search for (i)

  Qaddafi's responses to (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  rebels' lack of arms or training (i)

  regime's attacks on protesters (i), (ii)

  Saif Al-Islam's response (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Sirte (i)

  Terbil, arrest of (i), (ii)

  Tripoli (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  in Tripolitania (i)

  UN response to (i), (ii)

  US response to (i), (ii)

  9/11 attacks on US (i)

  Abdeljalil, Mustafa (i), (ii), (iii)

  Abdelkhaliq, Shalan (i)

  Abu Ayad (i)

  Abu Bakr Younis Jaber (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Abu Nafa, Mahmoud (i)

  Abu Nidal (i), (ii), (iii)

  Abu Slim prison

  massacre (i); families of slain (i), (ii), (iii)

  prisoners freed from (i)

  Abu Zeid Dorda (i)

  Afghanistan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  African National Congress (i)

  Ahmed, Musa (i)

  Algeria (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Amin, Idi (i)

  Aozou Strip, Chad (i), (ii)

  Arab invaders (i)

  Arab League (i), (ii), (iii)

  Arab nationalism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Arab leaders' resistance to Qaddafi's (i), (ii)

  Arab oil embargo (i)

  Arab Spring (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Arafat, Yassir (i), (ii)

  army (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Al-Aswad, Hammouda (i)

  Awlad Mohamed (i)

  Al-Ba'aja, Fathi (i)

  Bab Al-Aziziya compound (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Bakkoush, Abdelhamid (i)

  Bakr, Ahmed Hassan (i)

  Al-Balaz, Ahmed (i)

  Bani Hilal tribe (i)

  Bani Salim tribe (i)

  Bani Walid (i)

  Bani Walid uprising (i)

  Bedouins (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Belhaj, Abdelhakim (i)

  Ben Ali, Zine el-Abedine (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Ben Amar, Houda (i)

  Ben Halim, Mustafa (i), (ii)

  Benghazi

  2011 uprising (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  British military academy (i), (ii)

  Day of Rage (i)

  executions, public (i), (ii)

  Islamist activism (i), (ii), (iii)

  isolation and conservatism (i)

  under Italian rule (i)

  as one of Al-Sanussi's capitals (i)

  post-oil discovery population (i)

  protests: against Britain (i); against France (i); against Italy (i); against King Idris (i); against NTC (i); against Qaddafi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); against US and Britain (i)

  Qaddafi's neglect of (i), (ii)

  readiness for change (i)

  Saadi Qaddafi's mission to (i)

  Second World War damage (i)

  Terbil's arrest (i), (ii)

  Berbers (i), (ii)

  Berlin bombing (i)

  Bin Ladin, Osama (i), (ii)

  Al-Bishti, Sheikh Mohamed Abdelsalam (i), (ii)

  black markets (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Blair, Tony (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Bokassa, Jean-Bédel (i)

  Boumedienne, Houari (i)

  Bourguiba, Habib (i)

  Bouteflika, Abdulaziz (i)

  Buazizi, Mohamed (i)

  Busair, Saleh (i)

  Bush, George W. (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Byzantines (i)

  Camp David Accords of 1978 (i), (ii), (iii)

  Carlos the Jackal (Ilich Ramirez Sánchez) (i), (ii)

  Carter, Jimmy (i)

  Castro, Fidel (i)

  censorship (i), (ii)

  Central African Republic (i)

  Chad (i)

  Chad National Liberation Front (FROLINAT) (i)

  Charter of Honour (i)

  Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) (i)

  Children of God (COG) (i)

  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) (i)

  constitutions (i), (ii)

  corruption (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Council of Senior Ulema in Saudi Arabia (i)

  Craxi, Bettino (i)

  cultural takeover (i)

  Cyrenaica (i), (ii)

  Al-Sanussi's sole interest (i)

  Arab Spring's arrival in (i)

  Emirate of (i)

  fall of (i)

  Great Britain's war-time administration (i)

  invasions of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Islamist activism (i)

  Italian colonization (i), (ii), (iii)

  Ottoman failure to control (i)

  Sanussiya religious order (i)

  Second World War damage (i)

  self-government under Al-Sanussi (i)

  Cyrenaican Defence Force (i)

  Cyrene (i)

  Dabbous, Rajoub Bu (i)

  Dahlia (i)

  Al-Dam, Sayyid Qaddaf (i)

  Al-Dam, Sidi Qaddaf (i)

  David, Moses (i), (ii)

  Day of Rage (i), (ii), (iii)

  Declaration of the Establishment of the Authority of the People (i)

  Al-Deeb, Fathi (i), (ii)

  Dhaw, Mansour (i), (ii)

  Dogha, Suleiman (i)

  economic policies (i), (ii)

  black market (i)

  buying loyalty (i)

  consumer shortages (i)

  cooperatives system (i)

  difficulties in implementing (i)

  dinar, devaluation of (i)

  foreign investment (i)

  Ghanem's reforms (i)

  IMF acceptance (i)

  land, confiscation of (i)

  private professional activities, ban on (i)

  private professional activities, reopening of (i)


  private trade, ban on (i)

  private trade, reopening of (i)

  privatization (i)

  recklessness of (i), (ii)

  state supermarkets (i)

  tourism (i)

  wealth distribution (i)

  Egypt (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Arab Spring (i), (ii)

  influence on Libya (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Qaddafi's veneration of Nasser (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  executions

  in international locations (i)

  public (i), (ii)

  Fahkih, Sheikh Mohamed (i)

  Fallaci, Oriana (i)

  Fateh movement (i)

  Fateh – Revolutionary Council (i)

  Fezzan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  invaders' difficulties in conquering (i), (ii)

  Fezzani, Salem (i)

  Fezzani, Sanussi (i)

  Fhimah, Al-Amin Khalifa (i), (ii)

  Al-Fikini, Muhi-Al-Din (i)

  First World War (i)

  five-point programme (i)

  flags (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Fletcher, Yvonne (i)

  foreign aid, dependency on (i), (ii)

  foreign policy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Four Power Commission (i)

  France (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Free Unionist Officers Movement (i)

  beginnings of (i)

  close calls with authorities (i)

  coup against Sanussi: delays of (i); mishaps (i); preparations for (i); success of (i)

  Gaddafi International Foundation for Charitable Associations (i)

  Garamantes (i), (ii)

  Garang, John (i)

  General People's Committee (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  General People's Congress (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Ghanem, Shukri (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Gharyan (i), (ii), (iii)

  Ghnedi, Fawzi (i)

  Al-Ghrew, Mohamed Abdullah (i)

  Great Britain (i), (ii)

  2011 uprising, response to (i), (ii), (iii)

  counter-terrorism intelligence from Libya (i)

  foreign aid (i)

  friendship treaty (i)

  Iraq, invasion of (i)

  Lockerbie bombing (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  military academy (i)

  military bases (i), (ii)

  nationalists' anger at (i), (ii)

  ‘progressive withdrawal’ policy (i)

  Qaddafi's visit to (i)

  withdrawal of troops (i), (ii), (iii)

  WMD negotiations (i)

  Yvonne Fletcher killing (i)

  Great Green Charter of Human Rights in the Era of the Masses (i)

  Great Man Made River (GMMR) scheme (i)

  Greeks, Ancient (i)

  Green Book (Qaddafi) (i), (ii)

  Habbash, George (i)

  Hamza, Ali Awad (i)

  Hannesh, Khalifa (i)

  Hawadi, Bashir (i)

  Hawaz, Adam (i)

  Heikal, Mohamed (i), (ii)

  Herodotus (i)

  Hizb ut-Tahrir (i), (ii)

  Al-Hodeiri, Izzadine (i)

  Al-Houni, Abdelmonem (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Al-Houni, Abdelmoutleb (i)

  Al-Humaidi, Khweildi (i), (ii), (iii)

  human rights campaigns (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Hussein, Saddam (i), (ii)

  Ibrahim, Ahmed (i), (ii)

  illiteracy (i)

  Ilyumzhinov, Kirsan (i)

  independence (i), (ii), (iii)

  International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (i)

  International Mathaba to Resist Imperialism, Racism and Reactionary Forces (i)

  International Monetary Fund (IMF) (i)

  invasion history

  Arabs (i)

  Byzantines (i)

  Greeks, Ancient (i)

  Italians (i), (ii)

  Ottomans (i)

  Romans, Ancient (i)

  Vandals (i)

  Iran (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Iraq (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Ishkal, Barani (i)

  Ishkal, Hassan (i)

  Ishkal, Omar (i), (ii)

  Islam (i)

  introduction of (i)

  Qaddafi's unorthodox views (i)

  and RCC (i)

  reprisals against religious leaders (i)

  Sanussiya religious order (i)

  Sharia (i)

  the Sunnah (i), (ii)

  Islamic Call Society (i)

  Islamic Martyrs' Movement (i)

  Islamist activism (i), (ii)

  ‘Reform and Repent’ programme (i)

  Ismail, Mohamed (i)

  isolation of Qaddafi's Libya (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Israel (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Issawi, Ali (i)

  Italy, Libya as colony of (i)

  Al-Jahemi, Fathi (i)

  Jalloud, Abdelsalam (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  on RCC policies (i), (ii)

  Jamahiriyah

  beginnings of (i)

  corruption and ineptitude (i)

  crises of (i)

  economic reforms to (i)

  Green Book (i)

  people's indifference to (i)

  political reforms to (i)

  Qaddafi's belief in above all else (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  resistance to (i)

  Jamahiriyah Rocket (i)

  Jawad, Mohamed Abdel (i)

  Jedek, Khalil (i)

  Jews (i), (ii)

  Jibreel, Ahmed (i)

  Jibril, Ahmed (i), (ii)

  Jibril, Mahmoud (i), (ii)

  Jordan (i)

  Kalthoum, Oum (i)

  Al-Keib, Abdelraheem (i)

  Khan, Abdel Qader (i)

  Kharroubi, Mustafa (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Kikhia, Mansour (i)

  Kingdom of Libya (i)

  Kirkbride, Alec (i)

  Kreisky, Bruno (i)

  Kurds (i)

  Kusa, Musa (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  landscape (i)

  Al-Lateef, Ammar Mabrouk (i)

  Lebderi, Ahmed (i)

  Legge Fondamentale (i)

  Libya Contact Group (i)

  Libya, Kingdom of (i)

  Libya, post-Qaddafi see post-Qaddafi Libya

  Libya, United Kingdom of see United Kingdom of Libya

  Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) (i), (ii), (iii)

  Lockerbie bombing (i), (ii), (iii)

  Lough, Ted (i)

  Mahmoud II, Sultan of Ottoman Empire (i)

  Mahmoudi, Baghdadi (i), (ii)

  Majdhoub, Mohamed (i)

  Malwal, Bona (i)

  Mandela, Nelson (i), (ii)

  mathabas (i), (ii)

  media reforms (i)

  media takeover (i)

  Al-Meghareff, Dukhali (i)

  Megraha tribe (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Al-Megrahi, Abdelbasset (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Al-Meheishi, Omar (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Mestiri, Mahmoud (i)

  middle class (i), (ii), (iii)

  militarization of society (i), (ii)

  military bases, foreign (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  military spending (i)

  Misarata (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  2011 uprising (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Mismari, Idris (i)

  Morocco (i)

  Mubarak, Hosni (i)

  Mugabe, Robert (i)

  Al-Mukhtar, Omar (i), (ii), (iii)

  Al-Muntasir, Mahmoud (i), (ii)

  Muslim Brotherhood (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Mussolini, Benito (i), (ii)

  Najm, Mohamed (i), (ii)

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Qaddafi's veneration of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Al-Nassir,
Ahmed Bey Saif (i)

  National Assembly (i)

  National Congress (i), (ii)

  National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  National Oil Corporation (NOC) (i), (ii)

  National Transitional Council (NTC) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  2011 uprising, part in (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Nouira, Hadi (i)

  nuclear weapons (i)

  Numeri, Jaffar (i)

  Al-Obeidi, Abdel Ati (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Al-Obeidi, Abdelfatah Younis (i), (ii)

  O'Brien, Mike (i)

  oil

  Arab embargo (i), (ii)

  bankrolling Qaddafi's schemes (i)

  boost to economy (i)

  and corruption (i)

  dependency on (i)

  discovery of (i)

  drop in global prices (i)

  European reliance on Libya (i)

  nationalization of networks (i)

  and new middle class (i)

  NOC reforms (i)

  UN embargo's impact on (i)

  and urbanization (i)

  and US relations (i), (ii)

  Omar Al-Mukhtar Society (i)

  opposition to Qaddafi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  2011 uprising see 2011 uprising

  university students (i), (ii)

  Othman, Abdullah (i)

  Ottomans (i), (ii)

  Oueddi, Goukouni (i)

  ‘Ozymandias’ (Shelley) (i)

  Pakistan (i), (ii)

  Palestinian cause (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  people's militia (i), (ii)

  Piccioli, Angelo (i), (ii)

  political reforms (i), (ii), (iii)

  Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (i), (ii)

  ‘Popular Revolution’ speech (i)

  post-Qaddafi Libya

  corruption (i)

  east-west divide (i)

  political experience, lack of (i)

  qualified personnel, lack of (i)

  regionalism (i), (ii)

  revenge attacks (i)

  state structures, lack of (i)

  tribalism (i)

  Powell, Colin (i)

  public sector (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  public services, erosion of (i)

  Qaddadfa tribe (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Qaddafi, Aisha (i), (ii), (iii)

  Qaddafi family

  behaviour towards officials (i)

  greed and unrestraint (i), (ii), (iii)

  unity in 2011 uprising (i)

  Qaddafi, Hannibal (i), (ii), (iii)

  Qaddafi, Khamis (i), (ii)

  Qaddafi, Moatassim (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Qaddafi, Mohamed (i), (ii)

  Qaddafi, Muammar

  LIFE: birth and childhood (i), (ii); education (i); enrols in Sebha school (i); organises revolutionary activities in Sebha (i); expelled from Sebha school (i); enrols at Misarata school (i); enrols at Benghazi military academy (i); sets up Free Unionist Officers Movement (i); joins Six Day War battalion (i); arrested on suspicion of being a revolutionary (i); leads coup against King Idris (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); promotes himself to Colonel (i); begins Libyan involvement in Chad (i); begins supporting diverse terrorist groups (i); begins supporting African liberation groups (i); announces resignation (i); attempts to merge with other Arab nations (i); gives ‘Popular Revolution’ speech (i); launches five-point programme (i); launches Third Universal Theory (i); visits Pakistan (i); publishes Green Book (i); puts down university demonstrations (i); announces ‘Declaration of the Establishment of the Authority of the People’ (i); renames country “Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyah” (i); appoints himself Head of Secretariat of General People's Congress (i); four-day war with Egypt (i); announces revolutionary authority (i); creates Revolutionary Committees Movement (i); Libyan troops routed in Uganda (i); warned by Awlad Suleiman sheikhs (i); US attacks Libya (i), (ii); begins reforms project (i); puts down Bani Walid uprising (i); starts working with sub-Saharan countries (i); hands over suspected Lockerbie bombers (i); agrees to pay compensation for Lockerbie bombing (i); condemns 9/11 attacks (i); signs WMD treaties (i); visits the US (i); launches Jamahiriyah Rocket (i); responds to Arab uprisings (i); orders attacks on Day of Rage protesters (i); escapes to Sirte (i); hides out in Sirte (i); captured by rebels (i); killed by rebels (i), (ii); body put on display in Misarata (i); will (i); burial (i)