The Tragedy of the Templars
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Gerard of Villiers, master of France 346 Gesta Francorum 103, 116
Gibbon, Edward 86–7
Gnosticism 63, 64, 245
Godfrey of Bouillon 104, 107, 113, 121–2, 278
Godfrey of Saint-Omer, Templar knight 125, 126, 136, 142
Gog and Magog 85
Golan Heights 128
Golgotha, chapel of 130, 197
Gondemar, Templar knight 142
Goscelin, Templar knight 178
Grail legend 183–5
Greek Fire 29, 37
Greek learning 51
Gregory I (the Great), pope 15, 82, 125, 240–41
Gregory VII, pope 82–4, 90, 94, 114
Gregory IX, pope 305–6
Guibert de Nogent 98, 100, 105, 141
Guinevere, queen 184, 185
Gunther, bishop of Bamberg 77
Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem
Acre siege 292
campaign against Saladin 267–9
captured by Saladin 271–2, 276
coronation 265
Cyprus rule 329
Hattin defeat 269–71
relationship with Raymond of Tripoli 265, 267
H
Haghia Sophia, church of 75, 81
Haifa
fall to Baybars (1265) 316, 322
port 223
al-Hakim, Fatimid caliph 66–9, 85, 105, 125, 197, 237–8
Hama
captured by Zengi 164, 219
fall to Saladin 236, 237
al-Harawi, military writer 273
Harim, siege and fall (1164) 210
Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid caliph 47–8, 49, 50, 52–3
Hattin, battle (1187) 222, 223, 270–74, 275–6, 291, 293
Hebron
skirmish (1139) 150, 178–9
truce arrangements (1229) 306, 309
Helena, mother of Constantine 11–12, 16
Henry, count of Champagne 249
Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor 83, 90
Henry II, king of Cyprus, king of Jerusalem 325
Henry I, king of England 136
Henry II, king of England 183, 291
Henry Ffykeis 364
Heraclius, Byzantine emperor 15–18, 23, 24, 36, 76
Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem 264, 265, 277, 284–5
Herod the Great, 9, 204
Hillenbrand, Carole 157, 165, 281
Hisham, Umayyad caliph 37
Hodierna, countess of Tripoli 147
Holy Roman Empire 37, 52, 56
Homs
fall to Saladin 236–7
gap 163, 164, 221, 261
recovery by Muin 169
siege (745) 43–6
siege (1137) 162–3
Turks in 219
uprising (855) 50
Zengi’s control of 164
Honorius II, pope 136, 139
Honorius III, pope 347
Horns of Hattin see Hattin
Hospitallers of St John
Acre presence 289–90, 300
allegiance to pope 306
alms giving 199–200
archives 150
Arsuf battle (1191) 297–8
castles 153, 248, 329
discipline 220
dispute with patriarch 199
dress 197
Egyptian expedition 215
estates 150, 151–2
Fifth Crusade 303
fleet 320
Hattin battle 271, 273
hospital in Jerusalem 1, 125–6, 199, 200, 283
Jerusalem refugees 285
Krak surrender 316–17, 318
La Forbie battle (1244) 312
land held by 223
loss of Margat castle 324
numbers 153
proposed merger with Templars 340–42, 344
raids (1300) 336
religious order 150
Rhodes position 295, 341, 342
rivalry with Templars 215
role 200, 331
rural development in
Outremer 155
Sephoria position (1187) 268
Sixth Crusade 306
slave trade 229
wealth 153
Hugh, count of Champagne 136, 137
Hugh of Pairaud, visitor of France 349, 350–51, 357, 359, 367
Hugh of Payns, Templar knight
Bernard of Clairvaux’s involvement 135–7, 139
Council of Troyes 137
death 139
formation of Templars 125, 126, 142
letter of Hugh Peccator 133–4
mission to the West 132–3, 134, 135, 136–7, 147, 178
recruitment drive 133, 134, 135, 173
vassal to count of Champagne
Hulagu, Mongol leader 314
Hussein, son of Ali 44
I
Ibn Abd al-Zahir, poet 315
Ibn al-Arabi, scholar 87–8, 116–17
Ibn al-Athir, chronicler 165, 168, 278–9, 292–3
Ibn al-Azimi, chronicler 87
Ibn al-Haytham, polymath 66
Ibn Hisham, Abdul-Malik, editor 34
Ibn Ishaq, Mohammed, biographer 34
Ibn al-Jawzi, chronicler 127
ibn al-Jawzi, Sibt, historian 74
Ibn Jubayr, pilgrim 243, 251
Ibn Khaldun, chronicler 112, 311
Ibn Munir, poet 194–5
Ibn al-Qalanisi, chronicler 170, 187–8
Ibn al-Qaysarani, poet 281
Ibn Said, Yahya, chronicler 67–8, 69
Ibn Shaddad, chronicler 2, 278, 280, 293, 297
Ibn Tulun, governor of Egypt 58
Ibn Zafir, chronicler 128
Ibn Zaki, qadi of Aleppo 282–3
Ibn al-Zubayr, caliph 30, 32
Ikhshidid dynasty 61, 64
Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, secretary to Saladin
on Arsuf battle 298
on capture of Jerusalem 2, 280
on departure of Franks 284–5
on execution of prisoners 273–4
on Hattin battlefield 272
on purification of Jerusalem 1, 282
on Saladin’s illness 163
on siege of Jerusalem 278
on Zengi 165
Saladin’s will 262
Inab, siege (1149) 193, 194
India 36, 45, 65
Innocent II, pope 139
Innocent III, pope 247
Inquisition 247–8, 347–8, 349, 355, 357
Investiture Controversy 83–4, 90, 94, 114, 305
Ioveta, abbess of St Lazarus convent 147, 240
Iranians 310
Isaac Ducas Comnenus, ruler of Cyprus 294–5
Islam
advent of 13, 19
Alawite 244–5, 316
conversion from 39, 62
conversion to 31, 38–9, 47, 62, 67, 169, 334, 340
divisions 237
dualism 63–4, 244–5
early days 19–22
holy cities 36
Ismaili see Ismaili Islam
jihad see jihad
political divisions 119–20
Qarmatians 62, 64–5
Saladin’s capture of Jerusalem 2–3
Shia see Shia Islam
Sufi 237, 267
Sunni see Sunni Islam
warfare 22–4
Ismail, ruler of Damascus 310
Ismaili Islam
Assassins 64, 195, 248
beliefs 63–4, 244–6, 251
Fatimid dynasty 63–4, 66–7, 195, 211, 250
numbers in Egypt 244
proscribed by Saladin 237, 248, 250
Italian bankers 323, 346, 352
Itinerarium Regis Ricardi 267, 293, 296
Iwannis (John), Edessan leader 167
J
Jabar, siege 169
Jacobite Church 41, 42, 239, 241 Jacob’s Ford (Chastellet), castle 222, 258–60
Jacques de Molay, Grand
Master
absolved by pope 358, 36
1, 367
arrest and imprisonment 343, 358, 367
career 333
confession 349–50, 359–60
death 368
defence of Templars 362–3
denial of confession 355
on Hospitallers and Templars 200, 341–2
on Mongols 337
on Templar rituals 344
relationship with Philip IV 342
sentence at Paris 367–8
strategy to recover Holy Land 333, 335, 341–2
testimony at Chinon 359–60, 367
Jaffa
arrival of crusaders 111
fall to Baybars (1265) 316
fall to Saladin (1187) 276
port 112, 113, 123, 223
James II, king of Aragon 337
James the Apostle 94
James of Vitry, bishop of Acre 301
Jebel al-Sariya 248, 250, 318, 324, 330
Jerusalem
Anti-Christian riots (966) 60–61
Christian holy sites 130–32
church worship 309
crusaders’ first sight of 111–12
decay 307–8
defences 277–8, 306–7
departure of Franks 280, 284–6
description (1093) 87–8
expulsion of Muslims from Temple Mount 309–10
fall to Arabs (638) 24–6
fall to crusaders (1099) 113–17
fall to Fatimids (1098) 112
fall to Persians (614) 16–17
fall to Saladin (1187) 1–3, 5, 200–1, 277–80
fall to Turks (1073) 79, 112
fall to Turks (1077) 80
Fatimid policies 67–9, 77, 78
forbidden to Jews 9–10
Frankish buildings 122–3
Hospital 1, 125–6, 199, 200, 283
keys of Holy Sepulchre 52–3
massacre (1077) 80
mosques 26–7, 32, 61, 68–9
pagan city 9
pilgrims 56, 68, 77–9, 87, 91, 123, 196–7, 198, 283–4, 299, 334
population 80, 86, 196–7
raids on (1124, 1152) 128
recovery after Saladin’s death 288
Richard’s position (1191) 299
Saladin’s advance on 277–8
Saladin’s purification of 281–4
surrender to Frederick (1229) 306–7
Templar headquarters 1, 131, 147–8, 160, 197, 201, 203–5, 282, 307
Temple see Temple
Via Dolorosa 131–2
Jerusalem, kingdom of Acre capital 287
armistice agreement with Damascus atabeg 128
defences 258
established 119, 125–6
factional disputes 264–5
forces 204
frontiers 220, 258
territory 219
Jesus
baptism 124, 223
Bethany associations 239
Cathar belief 247
crucifixion 197, 201, 240
followers 109
footprints 33, 130
Holy Sepulchre stories 69
human and divine natures 40–41
Koranic view 35
Mary Magdalene 240–41, 247
nature of 12–13, 21, 40–41, 246
pilgrimage sites 11–12, 129–32, 139, 317
role in Gnostic belief 245
Templar denial ritual 350–51
Temple prophecy 9
tomb 60, 68, 197
Jews
Acre population 300
Anti-Semitism 69–70, 105, 176
conversion to Islam 67
crusading violence against 105–6, 114, 176
dress 49
Egyptian population 237–8
employment by Fatimids 65, 80, 238
expulsion from France 346, 352
Jerusalem survivors 116
Languedoc population 246
Mohammed’s relationship with 20–21, 282
Palestine population 14, 23, 65, 80
persecutions by al-Hakim 66–7, 237–8
prophets 25, 39, 46
refugees from Jerusalem 80, 86
restrictions on 49, 50, 334
revolt against Romans 9
status in Muslim society 39, 40, 49, 156
Temple see Temple Western Wall prayers 9–10, 148
jihad
against Byzantine Empire 36, 59–60
against Muslim rivals 164–5, 195, 208, 211, 236–7, 248, 262, 334
Alp Arslan’s position 75
concept 4, 22
conquest of Edessa 169, 172
Mameluke 230, 334, 335
Nur al-Din’s 164, 192, 194–5, 208, 211, 237, 248, 280–81
origins 3–4
propaganda 3, 187, 195, 208, 236, 276, 278–9
Saladin’s 2–3, 164, 192, 236, 237, 248, 262–3, 276, 278–80, 334
Saladin’s forces 267
Zengi’s 164–5, 169, 194, 237, 248
jizya (poll tax) 25, 31, 39, 49, 55, 280
John, king of England 227, 231
John VII, patriarch of Jerusalem 61
John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem 303, 305
John of Salisbury, author and diplomat 189
John Tzimisces, Byzantine emperor 62
John of Würzburg, pilgrim 148, 196, 199, 241
Jordan, River
baptism of Jesus 124
Kurds crossing 293
pilgrims to 124–5, 131, 223
Saladin’s crossing 267–8
Templar castles 222, 223, 258–9, 317
Joscelin II, count of Edessa 165–7, 169–70, 209, 209
K
Kaaba 19–20, 21, 26, 33–4, 62
al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt 304, 306–7, 309
Kara Arslan, Artuqid ruler 165 165
Karbala, battle (680) 44
Kemal al-Din, Syrian chronicler 251
Kerak, castle 261
Kerbogha, Turkish governor of Mosul 109
kharaj (land tax) 31
Khaybar, battle 282
Khorezmian Turks 311–13
Kilij Arslan, sultan of Rum 107
Kipchak Turks 311
Koran
commentators 35–6
Jewish prophets claimed by 25–6
on dhimmis 39, 46
on direction of prayer 26
on early Islam 20–21 on jihad 3–4
on Night Journey 68–9, 280
Krak des Chevaliers design 219
Hospitaller fortress 221, 261
improvements forbidden 307
Saladin’s campaigns 292
site 221–2, 248, 261
surrender to Baybars 316–17, 318
Kurds 210–11, 233–4, 293
L
La Forbie, battle (1244) 313
Landolfo Brancacci, cardinal 358–60
Lane-Poole, Stanley 292
languages
Arabic 31, 47–8, 51, 120, 146, 234, 242
Armenian 146, 242
Coptic 30–31
First Crusade 108
Frankish 156
Greek 13, 15, 30, 51, 81, 85, 146, 242
Latin, 15, 52, 81, 85
learned by Franks 120, 146, 157, 242
Persian 48, 74, 80
Saladin’s 234
Syriac 30, 85, 146, 242
translations 85, 51–2
Turkish 80, 146, 234
Languedoc
annexed to French crown 248
Arab occupation 46
Cathars 246, 248
Jews 246
Templars 246
Latakia
Byzantine capture (970) 61
fall to Qalaun (1287) 324
fall to Saladin (1188) 292
Muslim control 287
pilgrims at 78
Lazarus 239, 241
Lebanon
Bekaa valley 128
Byzantine rule 15
Mameluke campaigns 316
Maronites 335
reli
gious restrictions 334–5
Templar castle 317
el Leithy, Tamer, historian 211
Leo III, Byzantine emperor 37
Leo I (the Great), pope 41
Leo III, pope 52
Leontius of Byzantium, writer 14
Leopold, duke of Austria 303
Lisbon, siege and fall (1147) 177–8, 185
London
first Templar house 136
Temple (New Temple) 226, 227, 231, 232
Temple Church 231, 264
Louis VII, king of France 231
army 179–82, 297
borrowing from Templars 182, 227
character 173
marriage 173, 182–3
Paris Temple visit 178
return from crusade 189, 191
Second Crusade 173–5, 178–83, 186–9
Templar letters to 210, 214
Louis IX (St Louis), king of France 300, 313–14, 320, 338, 353
Louis XVI, king of France Ludolph of Suchem 323–4, 326, 328
Lyon, Church Council (1274) 319–20, 336
M
Ma’arra, siege 111
Magna Mahomeria, settlement 154–5
Mamelukes
Abbasid army 46, 59
Acre capture (1291) 326–8
Baybars’ conquests 316–17
Baybars’ sultanate 315–16, 326
capture of Louis IX 314
coastal destruction policy 298, 329–30
conquest of Templar fortresses 329
engagements with Mongols 315, 324, 335
forces 315–16
insurrections against 333
Italian trade with 320, 331
jihad 334, 335
La Forbie battle 313
origins 230, 310–11, 315, 320
Qalaun’s agreements with Franks 324
Qalaun’s sultanate 321
Ruad assault 337–8
Saladin’s army 267
Saladin’s bodyguard 234
al-Salih’s army 312–13
seize power in Egypt 230, 288, 314
Springs of Cresson battle 266–7
Templar strategy against 320
Mamun, Abbasid caliph 49–50, 51
Manichaeanism 63, 244–5, 246
Mannassas, general 186
Mansoura, battle (1250) 313–14
Mansur, Abbasid caliph 45, 49
al-Mansur Ibrahim, prince of Homs 310, 312–13
Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor 179, 180, 212, 213, 256, 257
Manzikert, battle (1071) 71, 76, 81, 256, 303
al-Maqrizi, Egyptian historian 42–3
Mar Saba Greek Orthodox monastery 48, 52
Maraclea, Templar raids (1300) 336
Margat (Marqab), castle 219, 248, 292, 307, 324, 330
Maria Comnena, wife of Amalric 212
Maria Paleologina, daughter of Byzantine emperor 336
Marie, countess of Champagne 183–4
Marino Sanudo 249
Marj Rahit, battle (684) 30
Marseille
Acre trading community 289, 323
Templar fleet 229
Martin IV, pope 320–21
Martina, wife of Heraclius 17–18
Marwan II, Umayyad caliph 43–4
Mary Magdalene 239–42, 247
Masyaf, Assassin castle 159, 248, 250