For the Thrill of It
Page 53
20. “Jacob Franks Describes How Youths Worked,” Chicago Daily Journal, 22 July 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 78–84, 100–103.
21. Trial Transcript, fols. 71–72.
22. Genevieve Forbes, “State Closes Case Today,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 July 1924.
23. Sam Putnam, “Court Fans, Alert for Thrills, Turn Eyes to Darrow,” Chicago Evening Post, 30 July 1924.
24. “Boys Primp for Big Day,” Chicago Daily News, 30 July 1924.
25. “Doctor, on Stand for Hours, Tells Name and Nothing More,” Chicago Daily Journal, 31 July 1924; Genevieve Forbes, “Calm Alienist Storm Center of Franks Trial,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 31 July 1924.
26. Trial Transcript, fols. 978–979.
27. Ibid., fols. 981–982.
28. Ibid., fols. 982, 999, 1000–1001.
29. People v. Geary, 297 Illinois 610–611 (1921); “T. J. Fell Tells Jury How Geary Killed Reckas,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 July 1920; “5,000 Hunt Gene Geary, Mad Gunman,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 29 May 1920.
30. “Geary Warns Police He’ll Fight to Last,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 30 May 1920; “Jurors Acquit Geary; Verdict Arouses Hoyne,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, 7 March 1920.
31. People v. Geary, 297 Illinois 612–613 (1921).
32. Illinois Revised Statutes, Chapter 38 (Criminal Code), Section 285 (1917).
33. “Geary Violent in Cell; Doctor Starts Inquiry,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 February 1921; “‘Gene’ Geary Tries Suicide; Nerve Fails,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 25 April 1921.
34. “Geary Will Ask Jury to Save Him from Rope,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 14 May 1921.
35. “Judge Will Name 3 Alienists to Fix Geary’s Fate,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 20 May 1921; “Gene Geary Held Sane; Expected to Hang June 17,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 June 1921.
36. People v. Geary, 298 Illinois 242 (1921).
37. “Geary to Asylum,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 September 1921.
38. Editorial, “Geary Beats the Rope,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 September 1921.
l1 39. Trial Transcript, fols. 981, 986–988, 1011, 1014.
40. People v. Lowhone, 292 Illinois, 34–36 (1920); “Innocent Man Is Killed Last Friday Morning When Frank Lowhone Shoots Max Nottingham,” Carmi Tribune-Times, 10 April 1919.
41. People v. Lowhone, 296 Illinois, 400, 404 (1920); “Lowhone Is Executed,” Carmi Tribune-Times, 15 April 1921.
42. Trial Transcript, fols. 1120–1121.
43. Ibid., fols. 1213–1214.
44. Charles V. Slattery, “Loeb and Leopold Win First Court Fight; Alienists Permitted to Go on Stand,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 31 July 1924.
CHAPTER 13: PSYCHIATRISTS FOR THE DEFENSE
1. Trial Transcript, fols. 1344–1345.
2. Ibid., fol. 1556.
3. Ibid., fols. 1691, 1708–1709.
4. “Killers’ Dream Life Bared,” Chicago Daily News, 1 August 1924; Trial Transcript, fol. 1245.
5. “Victory Stirs Defense,” Chicago Daily News, 1 August 1924.
6. Ibid.
7. Trial Transcript, fols. 1279, 1283–1286.
8. Ibid., fols. 1284, 1293.
9. Ibid., fol. 1296.
10. Ibid., fols. 1317–1318.
11. Ibid., fols. 1318, 1329–1330, 1336, 1340.
12. William Alanson White Notes (Leopold), fol. 19.
13. Trial Transcript, fol. 1342.
14. Ibid., fols. 1342–1345.
15. Ibid., fol. 1349.
16. Ibid., fol. 1360.
17. Ibid., fols. 1391, 1407.
18. Ibid., fol. 1409, 1411.
19. Ibid., fols. 1412–1413.
20. Charles V. Slattery, “Crowe Accuses Alienist of Trickery,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 August 1924; John Ashenhurst, “Crowe Wages Fight on ‘Dream’ Defense,” Chicago American, 2 August 1924; “Leopold Expects to Hang; Knew Murder Wrong—Expert,” Chicago Daily Journal, 2 August 1924; “Alienist’s Tilt with Crowe as Shown by Q. & A.,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, 3 August 1924.
21. “Boy Slayers Posed to Fool Alienists, Prosecutor Hints,” Chicago Daily News, 2 August 1924; Genevieve Forbes, “Insanity Fixed, Crowe Hints,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, 3 August 1924.
22. “Dejected? No, Just Thinking Out Next Move,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 August 1924.
23. “Concedes Even ‘Superman’ Might Make Mistakes,” Chicago American, 4 August 1924.
24. Genevieve Forbes, “Expert Paints Crime-Twins,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 5 August 1924.
25. “Slayers’ Baseness Is Depicted,” Chicago Daily News, 4 August 1924.
26. Trial Transcript, fols. 1467, 1524. On their emotional capacity, see Trial Transcript, fol. 1473.
27. “Hang the Slayers, Billy Sunday Says,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 5 June 1924.
28. “God Committed Death Penalty into Hands of State, Says Pastor,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 4 August 1924.
29. “Life of Child, Half Million Price of Thrill,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 8 August 1924.
30. “Scores Boy Killers Case,” Chicago Daily News, 5 August 1924; Thomas R. Marshall, “Imprison in Spite of Insanity,” Chicago Daily News, 9 August 1924.
31. “Blames Parents of Dick and Babe for Criminality,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 5 August 1924.
32. Lynn Dumenil, The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995), 145–200; Michael E. Parrish, Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920–1941 (New York: Norton, 1992), 71–93, 98–104, 147–149.
33. Kenneth T. Jackson, The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 95, 109; Sam Putnam, “Caverly Gets Threat Letters Signed ‘K.K.K.’,” Chicago Evening Post, 6 August 1924.
34. Putnam, “Caverly Gets Threat Letters”; “Guard Hartman Home Following Kidnap Threats,” Chicago Evening Post, 19 June 1924; “Franks Home Offered for Sale,” Chicago American, 19 August 1924; “Grewsome Symbol of Death Is Left Near Home of Loeb,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 August 1924.
35. Putnam, “Caverly Gets Threat Letters”; Genevieve Forbes, “Darrow Calls Public Opinion Unfair to Boys,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 4 August 1924.
36. Trial Transcript, fol. 1691.
37. Ibid., fol. 1692.
38. Ibid., fols. 1705–1706, 1711–1712.
39. “Loeb Killed Franks, He Tells Alienist,” Chicago Daily News, 6 August 1924; Trial Transcript, fol. 1747.
40. Maurine Watkins, “Know Children, Expert’s Word to All Parents,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 7 August 1924.
41. Kathleen W. Jones, Taming the Troublesome Child: American Families, Child Guidance, and the Limits of Psychiatric Innocence (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 3–8, 44–50; David Spinoza Tanenhaus, “Policing the Child: Juvenile Justice in Chicago, 1870–1925” (PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, 1997), 332–353.
42. “Bares Loeb’s Story of Strangling Plot,” Chicago Daily News, 8 August 1924; “Nathan’s Nature Kind, Dr. Hulbert Asserts,” Chicago Daily News, 9 August 1924.
43. Trial Transcript, fols. 1988–1989.
44. Ibid., fols. 1989–1990.
45. Ibid., fols. 1991–1992.
46. Genevieve Forbes, “Slayers’ Gland Systems Blamed for Diseased Minds,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, 10 August 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 1992, 1994, 1998, 2000.
47. Trial Transcript, fols. 2056–2058.
48. John Ashenhurst, “Tell Loeb’s Glee as Mother Talks of Tar and Feather,” Chicago American, 8 August 1924; Genevieve Forbes, “Loeb Hears Self ‘Dissected,’” Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 August 1924.
49. Trial Transcript, fols. 2061–2062.
50. Forbes, “Slayers’ Gland Systems.”
51. Trial Transcript, fol. 2062.
52. Ibid., fols. 2067–2068.
53. Ibid., fol. 2068.
54. Ibid., fols. 2063, 2069.
55. Ibid., fol. 2069.
56. John Ashenhurst, “Ex-Sweethearts o
f Leopold Aid State in Gallows Fight,” Chicago American, 9 August 1924; Charles V. Slattery, “Leopold Like Man of 45, Says Expert,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 10 August 1924.
57. Trial Transcript, fols. 2069–2071.
58. Ibid., fols. 2073–2076.
59. Ibid., fols. 2092–2093.
60. Horry M. Jones, “A Simple Device for Measuring Basal Metabolism,” Journal of the American Medical Association 75 (21 August 1920): 538–539; Robert C. Lewis, “The Jones ‘Metabolimeter,’” in Frank B. Sanborn, ed., Basal Metabolism: Its Determination and Application (Boston, MA: Sanborn, 1922), 80–135.
61. Trial Transcript, fols. 2093–2094.
62. Ibid., fols. 2096–2097.
63. Ibid., fols. 2097–2098.
64. Ibid., fols. 2098–2100.
CHAPTER 14: PSYCHIATRISTS FOR THE STATE
1. Trial Transcript, fols. 2656–2657.
2. Ibid., fol. 2711.
3. Ibid., fol. 3042.
4. Ibid., fol. 3328.
5. “Double Guard over Loeb and Leopold,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 18 August 1924.
6. “Fools Folks on Piano,” Chicago Daily News, 18 August 1924; Sam Putnam, “Leopold Explains Taste in Music as He Pounds Piano,” Chicago Evening Post, 18 August 1924.
7. “Double Guard.”
8. W. H. Carwardine, “Outlawing of War, Return of the ‘Slipper Age,’ Urged by Pastors,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 18 August 1924.
9. John Herrick, “Franks Trial Now Entering Final Phases,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 August 1924.
10. Trial Transcript, fols. 3320–3323, 3325–3326.
11. Ibid., fol. 3327.
12. “Experts Exaggerate, State Doctor Avers,” Chicago Daily News, 13 August 1924; Genevieve Forbes, “‘Slayers Not Mentally Ill,’” Chicago Daily Tribune, 13 August 1924; John Herrick, “State’s Alienists Ridicule ‘Dream Defense,’” Chicago Daily Tribune, 14 August 1924; Charles V. Slattery, “Attempt to Buy State’s Alienist Is Crowe Hint,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 14 August 1924.
13. Trial Transcript, fol. 2731.
14. Ibid., fol. 2732.
15. Ibid., fols. 2736–2738, 2744–2750.
16. Ibid., fols. 2650–2657.
17. Ibid., fols. 2711, 2712–2713.
18. Ibid., fol. 2716.
19. Editorial, “They Only Confuse the Problem,” New York Times, 15 August 1924.
20. Trial Transcript, fols. 2873–2875.
21. Ibid., fols. 2877–2878.
22. Russell N. DeJong, A History of American Neurology (New York: Raven, 1982), 75–77.
23. Trial Transcript, fols. 2902–2903.
24. Ibid., fols. 2906, 2907.
25. Ibid., fol. 2906.
26. Ibid., fols. 2822–2823
27. “Charges Crowe Had No Right to Quiz Youths,” Chicago Sunday Tribune, 17 August 1924; “Calls Slayers as Normal as Average Youth,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 16 August 1924; Adolf Meyer, “H. Douglas Singer, M.D., 1875–1940,” Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 45 (1941): 162–163; “H. D. Singer Dead; Noted Alienist, 65,” New York Times, 30 August 1940.
28. Trial Transcript, fols. 3032–3041.
29. Ibid., fols. 3060, 3063, 3066, 3074.
30. Ibid., fols. 3189–3190.
31. Ibid., fol. 3193.
CHAPTER 15: CLOSING STATEMENTS
1. Trial Transcript, fols. 3463–3464.
2. Ibid., fols. 3766, 3768.
3. “State Demands Quick Death for Two Boy Killers,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 21 December 1922; Genevieve Forbes, “Where Bullet Struck,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 21 December 1922.
4. Trial Transcript, fols. 3582–3583.
5. “State Demands.”
6. “Caverly Verdict Brings Hope to Condemned Boy,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 September 1924; “Franks Decision Brings Hope to Condemned Boys,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 13 September 1924.
7. Trial Transcript, fol. 3585.
8. Ibid., fols. 3585–3586.
9. Ibid., fols. 3591–3593.
10. “Turns on Cardinella at Trial for Murder,” Chicago Daily News, 29 June 1920; “Gallows for Cardinella,” Chicago Daily News, 30 June 1920; Trial Transcript, fols. 3603–3608.
11. Trial Transcript, fols. 3598–3602.
12. Ibid., fol. 3482.
13. Ibid., fols. 3465, 3467–3468.
14. Ibid., fols. 3663–3664, 3665–3666.
15. “Leopold Weeps under State’s Attack,” Chicago Daily News, 21 August 1924; Orville Dwyer, “Darrow Opens His Plea for Slayers Today,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 22 August 1924.
16. Trial Transcript, fols. 3775–3776.
17. Ibid., fols. 3777–3780.
18. Ibid., fols. 3777–3780.
19. Ibid., fols. 3822, 3824, 3825, 3826.
20. Ibid., fol. 3830.
21. Ibid., fols. 3830–3831.
22. Ibid., fols. 3835, 3836, 3840, 3841.
23. Ibid., fol. 3869.
24. “Darrow, Master Pleader, Begs for Mercy; Women Faint as Crowds Mob Court,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 23 August 1924.
25. Ibid.
26. John Ashenhurst, “Darrow’s Plea!” Chicago American, 22 August 1924; “Darrow Pleads for Mercy; Mobs Riot,” Chicago Daily News, 22 August 1924; “4 Women to 1 Man Make Courtroom Like Sardine Can,” Chicago American, 25 August 1924; “Relief from Heat Promised Chicago,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 23 August 1924.
27. “Darrow Pleads.”
28. Trial Transcript, fol. 3887.
29. Ibid., fol. 3893; “Text of Darrow’s Closing Appeal to Save Two Slayers,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 26 August 1924.
30. Trial Transcript, fol. 3893; “Offers ‘Pact’ of Slayers as Product of Diseased Minds,” Chicago American, 25 August 1924.
31. Trial Transcript, fols. 3907–3908.
32. Ibid., fols. 3905–3907, 3910–3911.
33. “‘Cry of the Dark Ages’ Is Assailed by Darrow in Plea,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 24 August 1924.
34. “Text of Darrow’s Closing Appeal.”
35. “‘Cry of the Dark Ages.’”
36. “Text of Darrow’s Closing Appeal.”
37. Ibid.
38. John Herrick, “Darrow Pleads for Parents,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 August 1924; “Text of Darrow’s Closing Appeal.”
39. Charles V. Slattery, “Darrow Pleads for ‘Boys of Future,’” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 26 August 1924; Herrick, “Darrow Pleads.”
40. Trial Transcript, fols. 4157–4158, 4167–4168.
41. Ibid., fols. 4178–4180.
42. Ibid., fols. 4184–4185, 4201–4202, 4215.
43. “Row Stops Crowe’s Attack on Slayers,” Chicago Daily News, 26 August 1924.
44. Betty Walker, “Girl Reporter Causes Exodus,” Chicago Herald and Examiner, 27 August 1924; “Women Insist on Listening to ‘Unfit Matter,’” Chicago Daily Tribune, 27 August 1924.
45. “Women Insist”; Trial Transcript, fol. 4216.
46. Trial Transcript, fol. 4216.
47. Ibid., fol. 4219.
48. Ibid., fols. 4221–4222.
49. Ibid., fol. 4222.
50. Ibid., fols. 4259–4260, 4299.
51. Ibid., fols. 4299–4300, 4300–4301.
52. Ibid., fol. 4275.
53. Ibid., fols. 4244, 4274.
54. Ibid., fols. 4262–4263.
55. Ibid., fols. 4272–4273.
56. Ibid., fols. 4331–4332, 4334.
57. Ibid., fols. 4335–4336
58. Ibid., fols. 4337, 4341.
59. Ibid., fol. 4341.
60. Ibid., fol. 4364.
61. Ibid., fols. 4402–4404.
62. Ibid., fols. 4404–4405.
63. Ibid., fols. 4405–4406
64. “Caverly Decides Sept. 10; Jabs Crowe,” Chicago Daily News, 28 August 1924; John Ashenhurst, “Trial Ends in Rebuke to Crowe; Sentence Sept. 10,” Chicago American, 28 August 1924.