Book Read Free

Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations (Outward Odyssey: A People's History of Spaceflight)

Page 59

by Jay Chladek


  Progress 11, 227

  Progress 12, 228

  Progress 17, 234

  Progress 20, 235

  Progress 21, 236

  Progress 26, 274

  Progress ferries: about, 166–67, 168; human waste and, 427–28; ISS and, 358, 444; Mir and, 277, 280, 281, 284, 308; M series of, 288; M1 series of, 353; Raduga and, 295; Salyut 6 and, 208, 209, 228; Salyut 7 and, 229–30, 231, 234, 235, 238; Salyut docks of, 215–16, 220, 221–22, 223, 224, 226–27, 228; TORU and, 329–30

  Progress M-1, 288

  Progress M1-5, 354

  Progress M-5, 295

  Progress M-7, 296

  Progress M-33, 329–30

  Progress M-34, 332–35, 335

  Project Juno, 296–97

  Project Vanguard, 11

  propulsion module, 102–3, 162, 167

  Proton rockets, 50–53, 54, 61, 62–63, 147–49, 173, 343

  Proxmire, William, 198–99

  Prunariu, Dumitru, 229

  public perception of space station programs, 2–3, 8

  pulse-jet technology, 41–43, 44

  Quest airlock module, 362, 365, 382–83, 401, 402

  R-7 carrier rockets, 11, 45–46, 72, 166, 187, 198, 234, 296

  R-7 ICBMs, 11, 45–46, 51

  R-9 ICBMs, 46

  R-16 ICBMs, 46, 47

  R-36 ICBMs, 47, 59–60

  race to space, 1–2, 8–11, 176–77, 178

  radiation, 98, 196, 288

  “Radio Station K-ISS,” 416

  radio telescope experiment, 224–25

  Raduga return capsules, 295

  Raffaello MPLM, 360, 392, 459

  Ramon, Ilan, 370, 371, 372, 373

  Rassvet Mini-Research Module, 454, 459

  ratchet, handheld, 405

  Raushenbakh, Boris, 72

  Reagan, Ronald, 303, 304

  reconnaissance, 1, 10; Almaz and, 55, 56–57; MOL and, 28–31, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37; by Salyut 5, 168; via airplanes, 14–15; via satellites, 16, 53–55, 173

  red blood cells, 142, 145, 221

  Red Star, 93

  Redstone tactical missile, 10, 11

  refueling: of ISS, 425; of Mir, 277; of Salyut 6, 208, 216; theories and ideas on, 5–6, 12–13, 459

  reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) wing panels, 379–80, 391

  Reisman, Garrett, 414, 415, 424, 425, 429, 430, 441

  Reiter, Thomas, 394, 398

  Remek, Vladimir, 217–18, 217

  remote manipulator systems (RMSs), 265, 345, 359, 391, 393, 437

  rendezvous: ASTP and, 189, 201, 201; pitch maneuver for, 391, 392, 394, 460; with Salyut, 85, 96, 156, 166, 170, 171, 215–16, 225, 274–75; with Skylab, 138, 142. See also Kurs rendezvous and docking system

  research cosmonauts, 217, 278, 302

  Richter, Burton, 457

  Riding Rockets (Mullane), 356

  RKA. See Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)

  RMS. See remote manipulator systems (RMSs)

  Robinson, Stephen, 392–93

  Robonauts, 455–56

  The Rocket into Planetary Space (Oberth), 6

  rocketry clubs, 6–7

  rocketry early development, 10–11

  Romanenko, Roman, 436, 438

  Romanenko, Yuri, 212–14, 218, 227, 276, 277, 279, 280

  Roscosmos, 301, 303; ISS and, 341, 353, 465, 467; U.S.-Russian partnership and, 306, 308, 338. See also Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA)

  Ross, Jerry, 345, 366

  Royer, Harvey J., 23

  Rozhdestvensky, Valery, 169–71

  Rukavishnikov, Nikolai, 83, 87, 88, 191–92, 197, 222–23

  Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), 301, 305–6

  Russian Service Module (RSM), 341–43, 348–51, 351, 425, 433

  Russian Space Corporation (RSC) Energia, 301. See also Energia

  Russian-U.S. partnership, 304–6, 307–8. See also Shuttle-Mir Program

  Ryumin, Valery, 210–12, 221–22, 225–26, 227, 305–6, 314

  S-75 Dvinas, 14

  Sabca, 250

  Sagan, Carl, 1

  Salyut: anatomy of, 77–80, 79; birth of, 71–77; end of, 107; and Soyuz 1, 82–83; and Soyuz 10, 84–88; and Soyuz 11, 88–102, 95; work compartment of, 77, 78

  Salyut 2, 147–49, 154

  Salyut 3, 154–57, 155

  Salyut 4: anatomy of, 157–59, 159; anomaly of, 161–63; launch and first mission of, 159–61; and Soyuz 18, 163–65; and Soyuz 20, 166–67

  Salyut 5, 155, 167–70, 171–73, 207–8

  Salyut 6: about, 208–10, 209, 211; antenna removal on, 224–25; last mission at, 229; and Progress docking, 215–16, 220, 221–22, 223, 224, 226–27, 228; and Soyuz 25, 210–12; and Soyuz 26, 212–15; and Soyuz 27, 214, 218; and Soyuz 28, 216–18; and Soyuz 29–31, 219–21; and Soyuz 32–34, 221–25; and Soyuz 35–38, 225–27; and Soyuz 39–40, 227–29; and Soyuz T-1 and T-2, 225–27; and Soyuz T-3 and T-4, 227–29

  Salyut 7: about, 229–31, 230, 272, 276; Cosmos 1443 at, 232, 233–34; and Progress docking, 235–36, 238; and Soyuz T-5–T-7, 231–32; and Soyuz T-8 and T-9, 233–35; and Soyuz T-10–T-12, 235–37; and Soyuz T-13 and T-14, 237–39; and Soyuz T-15, 274–75

  Salyut design bureau, 343

  Salyut program, 173, 187–88

  Sarafanov, Gennadi, 156–57

  SARJ. See Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ)

  satellites, 113, 307, 393; communication, 53, 80, 177, 200, 245, 257, 303; early, 8, 11, 13, 45, 176; Europe and, 243–44, 245; research, 53, 110, 245; surveillance, 28–30, 33, 37, 55, 56, 173. See also specific satellites

  Saturday Morning Science (Pettit), 385, 387

  Saturn IB boosters: Apollo-Soyuz and, 186, 200; Skylab and, 113, 116, 118, 120, 132–33, 137, 142, 143

  Saturn I boosters, 113

  Saturn V boosters, 110, 113, 118, 120–21, 123, 132–34, 186

  Savinykh, Viktor, 228–29, 237–38, 281

  Savitskaya, Svetlana, 232, 236

  Savitzky, Yevgeniy, 232

  Schlegel, Hans, 423

  Schmitt, Harrison, 112

  Schweickart, Rusty, 135, 139, 166

  scientific instrument module (SIM), 115, 186

  Scott, Dave, 24

  Seamans, Robert, 115

  Sellers, Piers, 367, 394, 395

  Semenov, Yuri, 287, 306

  Semyonov, Yuri, 76–77

  September 11 attacks, 362–64, 364

  Serebrov, Aleksandr, 232, 233, 288, 291–92, 332

  service modules, 102, 125, 202. See also Russian Service Module (RSM)

  Sevastyanov, Vitali, 81–82, 83, 103, 163–66

  SFOG. See solid-fuel oxygen generation (SFOG)

  Shargin, Yuri, 390

  Sharipov, Salizhan, 390, 391

  Sharma, Rakesh, 235

  Sharman, Helen, 296–97

  Shatalov, Vladimir, 69, 70, 83, 85, 86, 87–88, 103, 181

  Shaw, Brewster, 258, 259, 260

  Shenzhou 5, 388

  Shenzhou 8, 461

  Shenzhou 9, 461–62

  Shepard, Alan, 12, 346

  Shepherd, Bill, 355–57, 356, 360, 440

  Shep’s Bar, 357

  Shkaplerov, Anton, 463

  Shonin, Georgi, 70

  showers, onboard, 78, 126, 154, 290

  Shuko, Sheikh Muszaphar, 414

  Shuttle-Mir Program, 308–40; background of, 308–9; crew of, 309–10; final missions of, 338–40; Jerry Linenger mission of, 324–31; John Blaha mission of, 322–24; language and culture issues of, 310–13; Michael Foale mission of, 331–38; Norm Thagard mission of, 315–17; shuttle dockings of, 317–20; shuttle preparations of, 313–14; STS-60 and, 313

  Shuttleworth, Mark, 366

  SIM. See scientific instrument module (SIM)

  Simonyi, Charles, 437–38

  Simplified Air for EVA Rescue (SAFER) unit, 403, 404

  S-IVB rocket stages, 71, 113, 114, 118–20, 119, 123, 126–27

  S-IV rocket stages, 113

  Skvortsov, Ale
ksandr, 452

  Skylab 2, 137–40, 137, 141

  Skylab 3, 141, 142

  Skylab 4, 143–46, 144, 151

  Skylab Medical Experiments Altitude Test (SMEAT), 131

  Skylab program, 158, 180, 186, 195; anatomy of station of, 123–27, 124; background of, 122–23; crews of, 132, 137, 141, 144; parasol for, 136–37, 138–39, 140, 141; SMEAT and, 131; and station deorbit, 146, 242; sunshade for, 136–37, 140, 142; transition from AAP to, 35, 37, 71, 118, 119, 121–23

  Skylab unmanned launch, 127–37, 139

  Slayton, Donald “Deke,” 34–35, 132, 190–91, 192, 200, 201–4, 426

  SLC-6. See Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6)

  Smith, Steve, 366

  Sofora girders, 297

  Sokol pressure suits, 107, 172, 226, 386–87, 446, 461

  Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ), 417, 422, 424, 431–32

  solar arrays: Almaz and, 56, 58, 62; ATM and, 115–16; ISS construction and, 358, 365, 367, 389, 397–98; ISS Expeditions and, 411–12, 415, 417–20, 420, 431–32, 437; Mir and, 272, 278, 289, 293, 316, 337, 350; MOL and, 19–20; Salyut and, 77, 78–79, 157, 228, 233, 234–35, 236, 238; Skylab and, 118–19, 119, 123, 124, 134–35, 138–40, 139; Soyuz and, 64, 147, 151, 208, 225

  solar eclipses, 130, 195, 202

  solar flares, 145, 146, 164, 288

  solar observations, 115, 116, 261

  solid-fuel oxygen generation (SFOG), 325–26

  solid-fuel technology, 47

  solid rocket boosters (SRBs), 241, 268, 344, 391

  solid-rocket motors (SRMs), 17–18, 47, 442

  Solovyov, Anatoly, 281, 292, 293–95, 317, 318, 319, 337–38, 339

  Solovyov, Vladimir, 235–36, 237, 273

  Sonny Carter Training Facility, Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL), 405–6

  Sortie Lab, 242–43, 243, 246, 247. See also Spacelab program

  Soviet Academy of Sciences, 178

  Soviet Union, 8–9, 15, 298–99

  Soyuz 1, 64–65

  Soyuz 2, 64–65, 69

  Soyuz 3, 69

  Soyuz 4, 69

  Soyuz 5, 69

  Soyuz 6, 70–71

  Soyuz 7, 70, 85, 93

  Soyuz 8, 70, 83, 85

  Soyuz 9, 81–82, 83, 101, 187

  Soyuz 10, 83, 84–87, 88, 96

  Soyuz 11: crews of, 83, 88–91, 95; disaster aftermath of, 104–7, 185; disaster of, 102–4; launch and docking of, 95–96; at Salyut, 96–102

  Soyuz 12, 151

  Soyuz 13, 151–52

  Soyuz 14, 154–56

  Soyuz 15, 156–57

  Soyuz 16, 159–60, 197

  Soyuz 17, 160–61

  Soyuz 18, 161–65, 198–99

  Soyuz 19, 164, 199–202

  Soyuz 20, 166–67

  Soyuz 21, 167, 168–69

  Soyuz 22, 169, 207–8

  Soyuz 23, 169–71

  Soyuz 24, 171–72

  Soyuz 25, 210–12, 213

  Soyuz 26, 212–15

  Soyuz 27, 214, 218

  Soyuz 28, 216–18

  Soyuz 29, 219, 220

  Soyuz 30, 219

  Soyuz 31, 220

  Soyuz 32, 220, 221–22, 223–24

  Soyuz 33, 222–23

  Soyuz 34, 223–25

  Soyuz 35, 225–26

  Soyuz 36, 226–27

  Soyuz 37, 226–27

  Soyuz 38, 227

  Soyuz 39, 228

  Soyuz 40, 229

  Soyuz program: air pressure and, 183–84; ASTP and, 187–89; beginnings of, 61–65, 63, 69–71; ISS and, 443, 467; launch routine of, 446–49; Salyut and, 72, 75, 78–79, 79, 80, 84–87; Salyut 2 and, 147; Shenzhou and, 461; space shuttles and, 386–87; TMA series of, 387, 414; TM series of, 275, 286, 321

  Soyuz T-1, 225

  Soyuz T-2, 226

  Soyuz T-3, 227–28, 230

  Soyuz T-4, 228–29

  Soyuz T-5, 231–32

  Soyuz T-6, 231

  Soyuz T-7, 232

  Soyuz T-8, 233, 234

  Soyuz T-9, 233–35

  Soyuz T-10, 234, 235–37

  Soyuz T-11, 235

  Soyuz T-12, 236

  Soyuz T-13, 237–38

  Soyuz T-14, 238–39

  Soyuz T-15, 273–75

  Soyuz TM-1, 275

  Soyuz TM-2, 276–77, 278

  Soyuz TM-3, 278, 279

  Soyuz TM-4, 279, 281

  Soyuz TM-5, 281, 282–83

  Soyuz TM-6, 282, 283, 285

  Soyuz TM-7, 284, 287–88

  Soyuz TM-8, 288, 292

  Soyuz TM-9, 292, 293, 295

  Soyuz TM-10, 294–95

  Soyuz TM-11, 295, 296, 297

  Soyuz TM-12, 296

  Soyuz TM-13, 302

  Soyuz TM-16, 308

  Soyuz TM-17, 308, 332–33

  Soyuz TM-20, 314

  Soyuz TM-21, 315, 319

  Soyuz TM-23, 320, 322

  Soyuz TM-24, 322, 328

  Soyuz TM-25, 325, 338

  Soyuz TM-28, 353

  Soyuz TM-29, 353

  Soyuz TM-30, 353–54

  Soyuz TM-31, 355, 357

  Soyuz TM-32, 361, 365, 366

  Soyuz TM-33, 365, 366

  Soyuz TMA-03M, 462–64

  Soyuz TMA-1, 386, 387–88

  Soyuz TMA-2, 386, 390

  Soyuz TMA-3, 389, 390

  Soyuz TMA-5, 391

  Soyuz TMA-6, 391

  Soyuz TMA-8, 398

  Soyuz TMA-9, 399

  Soyuz TMA-10, 414, 437

  Soyuz TMA-11, 413–14, 425–26

  Soyuz TMA-12, 425–26, 430, 431

  Soyuz TMA-13, 430, 438

  Soyuz TMA-14, 437, 442

  Soyuz TMA-15, 438–39

  Soyuz TMA-16, 441

  Soyuz TMA-17, 445, 448–49, 454–55

  Soyuz TMA-18, 452

  Soyuz TMA-20, 459

  space adaptation syndrome, 128, 260, 295

  Space Adventures, 361

  Spacehab (company), 370

  Spacehab modules, 313, 349, 370–72, 371, 412

  Spacelab 1, 257–61, 259, 262

  Spacelab 2, 255, 262, 264–66

  Spacelab 3, 255, 262–64

  Spacelab D-1, 267–68

  Spacelab D-2, 269

  Spacelab J, 269

  Spacelab program, 37, 243; background and overview of, 242–43, 246–48, 371–72; communications development for, 256–57; cost of, 248–49; development of, 249–52; engineering model for, 248, 256; final flights of, 267–69; first astronauts of, 252–53; hardware anatomy of, 254–56, 256; mission simulations for, 253–54; and module for Shuttle-Mir Program, 317–18; NASA and ESA agreement on, 248–49

  Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6), 32, 37

  space race, 1–2, 8–11, 176–77, 178

  space shuttle program: background and overview of, 241–43; development of, 187; end of, 381, 397; experiment module for, 242; international involvement in, 245–46; MOL aftermath and, 35, 36, 37; NASA and, 2; Skylab and, 145; Spacelab and, 247–48; and tile damage, 379–81, 391, 392–95. See also specific shuttles

  Space Station (film), 385

  Space Station Freedom program, 303–5, 306–7

  Space Station RMS (SSRMS), 360–61, 366, 397, 398, 407, 418, 437, 451

  space suits, 27, 107; AMSU, 145; Atlet, 161; penguin, 82, 98, 161; Sokol, 107, 172, 226, 386–87, 446, 461. See also extravehicular mobility units (EMUs); Orlan space suits

  “Space Superiority as a Means for Achieving World Peace” (von Braun), 10

  Space Task Group, 178, 181

  space tourists, 353, 354, 361–62, 366, 437–38, 442

  spacewalks. See extravehicular activities (EVAs)

  SpaceX, 439, 443, 445, 463, 466

  Spain, 244

  Special Purpose Dexerous Manipulator, 424, 451, 459

  spectrographs, 130, 254

  spectroheliographs, 130

  spectrometers, 158, 291, 457–58, 463–64

  Spektr module, 309, 315, 31
6, 321, 322, 334–37, 335, 339

  Sputnik, 11, 45, 176

  SR-71 Blackbirds, 14

  SRBs. See solid rocket boosters (SRBs)

  SRMs. See solid-rocket motors (SRMs)

  SSRMS. See Space Station RMS (SSRMS)

  Stafford, Thomas, 104, 189, 190–93, 192, 199, 200–201, 202–4

  Stalin, Josef, 42, 44, 48, 59

  Star City, 91, 179, 194, 210, 303, 311–12, 425

  Station to Shuttle Power Transfer System, 399, 412–13

  Steblyova, Lyudmila, 92

  Steelman, Donald, 121

  Stefanyshyn-Piper, Heidi, 397–98, 431, 432

  stilt pads, 132

  Stoewer, Heinz, 251

  Stott, Nicole, 441, 445

  strap-on boosters, 53, 161, 286

  Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, 36

  Strekalov, Gennadi, 227–28, 233, 234, 235, 295, 315, 316, 317, 318

  Strela cranes, 296, 331, 349

  STS-1, 258, 461

  STS-2, 255

  STS-3, 255, 265

  STS-6, 257

  STS-7, 232

  STS-8, 267

  STS-9, 258

  STS-27, 356

  STS-35, 268–69

  STS-41B, 291

  STS-47, 269

  STS-51B, 263–64

  STS-51D, 421

  STS-51F, 264–66

  STS-51G, 284

  STS-51I, 421

  STS-51L, 268, 356, 373, 413

  STS-55, 269

  STS-57, 371

  STS-60, 313

  STS-61A, 267–68

  STS-63, 314

  STS-64, 404

  STS-66, 314

  STS-71, 317–18, 319

  STS-76, 320

  STS-79, 320, 322–24

  STS-81, 320, 322–24

  STS-84, 331–36

  STS-86, 320, 338–39, 404

  STS-87, 370

  STS-88, 343–45

  STS-89, 339, 370

  STS-90, 372

  STS-91, 340, 457

  STS-92, 352, 404

  STS-93, 349

  STS-96, 349, 370

  STS-97, 358–59

  STS-98, 359

  STS-100, 360–61, 407

  STS-101, 349–50

  STS-102, 359–60

  STS-104, 362

  STS-105, 362

  STS-106, 351–52, 388

  STS-107. See Columbia disaster

  STS-108, 365, 422

  STS-110, 365–66

  STS-111, 366

  STS-112, 367

  STS-113, 367

  STS-114, 367, 391–93

  STS-115, 397

  STS-116, 398–99

  STS-117, 399, 407, 410, 411–12

  STS-118, 407, 410, 412–13

  STS-119, 432, 437

  STS-120, 414, 415–20

  STS-121, 394–95

  STS-122, 414, 422–23

  STS-123, 414

  STS-124, 414, 423–24, 424, 430

  STS-125, 424

  STS-126, 428–29, 430, 431–33

  STS-127, 439–40

 

‹ Prev