The Secret Token
Page 42
“The pilot of the principal ship”: D. Bernardino de Mendoza to Philip II (April 1582), 340–42, General Archive of Simancas.
“the swine”: E. G. R. Taylor, Troublesome Voyage, xxvi.
“a ravenous thief”: Ibid., 193.
“rejoiced in things stark naughty”: Ibid., 202.
“a free pardon from five”: Ibid., 197.
“a swill of many languages”: Donno, An Elizabethan in 1582, 234.
“boasts of himself”: Ibid.
His English is solid: Simon Ferdinando to Frobisher (1581), Cotton MS Otho E. VIII, f. 103.
“the projects of a great man”: Williamson, History of North Carolina, 53–54.
“violent, quarrelsome and unattractive”: David B. Quinn, England and the Discovery of America, 262.
“lewdly forsaking” the fly boat: David B. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 517.
“a gentleman by the means”: Ibid., 523.
“Wherefore it booted not the governor”: Ibid.
“He had as much”: Olivia A. Isil, “Simon Fernandez, Master Mariner and Roanoke Assistant: A New Look at an Old Villain,” in Shields and Ewen, Searching for the Roanoke Colonies, 76.
“Such a delay hardly reflects”: Ibid.
“a skillful pilot”: David B. Quinn, England and the Discovery of America, 259.
“persuader and originator”: E. G. R. Taylor, Troublesome Voyage, 54.
“perhaps the supreme example”: Malcolmson, Renaissance Poetry, 62.
“Because so much archaeology”: Noël Hume, Virginia Adventure, 85.
“either one of the most stupendous discoveries”: “Dare Stones Appear Authentic to Experts,” Raleigh News and Observer, 1940.
CHAPTER 10: WE DARE ANYTHING
“and pushed forward, snatching”: James Lester, “The Virginia Dare Stone 1938,” box 1, folder 9, Rose Library, Emory University.
“In Memory of Virginia Dare”: “Mail to the Chief: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Stamp Designs,” Smithsonian National Postal Museum, postalmuseum.si.edu.
“Perhaps even it is not too much”: Franklin Roosevelt, The Constitution Prevails (New York: Macmillan, 1941), 327.
“On account of the crowd”: “Summary of Events Relating to the Hammond Stone,” IWA 71, box 1, folder 9, Rose Library.
“exclusive rights to conduct”: Hammond and Emory contract, Collection IWA, box 1, folder 7, Rose Library.
“the approximate spot”: Pearce, “New Light on the Roanoke Colony,” 150.
“Ananias Dare & Virginia Went”: Pearce, “New Light on the Roanoke Colony,” 149.
“I willed them, that if they”: David B. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 614.
“Father Soone After You Goe”: Pearce, “New Light on the Roanoke Colony,” 149.
Among the dead were “Mine Childe”: Ibid.
“Put This Ther Also”: Ibid.
“seems to be of historical”: Hammond and Emory contract, Collection IWA, box 1, folder 7, Rose Library.
“carrying shields cannot”: McCord to Robert F. Whittaker, telegram, series 071, box 1, folder 6, Rose Library.
“an ancient and highly cultured”: “Grave of Virginia Dare Believed Found in the State,” Raleigh News and Observer, Nov. 22, 1937.
“The report that any member”: Emory University statement, Collection IWA 71, box 1, folder 8, Rose Library.
“the hysterical days”: Lester, “Virginia Dare Stone.”
“such tools must have been”: Pearce, “New Light on the Roanoke Colony,” 163.
“persistence and fidelity”: James G. Lester and J. Harris Perks, Jr., “The Virginia Dare Stone,” Address to the Faculty Club of Emory University, Dare Stone Collection, box 1, folder 9, Robert W. Woodruff Library.
“had in his possession”: Ibid.
“the rock is probably a fraud”: Mizell to Legare Davis (February 2, 1938), Collection IWA 71, box 1, folder 6, Rose Library.
“considerable skepticism”: Pearce senior to C.D.M. Stringfield, May 17, 1939. Dare Stone Collection, box 3, Correspondence folder, Brenau University.
“With the second stone in hand”: Brenau Bulletin, March 1, 1939.
“I believe our best chance”: Pearce senior to Jasper Wiggins, Dare Stones Collection, box 3, Correspondence folder, Brenau University.
“Every mark seems as fresh”: A Meeting, box 126, Roanoke Island folder, North Carolina Archives.
“We now have the grave stone”: Pearce senior to Stringfield, July 11, 1939, box 3, Correspondence folder, Brenau University.
“Our excavations where the stones”: Pearce senior to Dice Anderson (August 4, 1939), box 3, Correspondence folder, Brenau University.
“If the authenticity of these stones”: Atlanta Constitution, July 26, 1939, 1.
“provided an irresistible temptation”: Gitzen, Francis Drake in Nehalem Bay 1579, 23.
“The story told by the stones”: Brenau Bulletin, Nov. 15, 1940.
“Dare Stones Appear Authentic”: Raleigh News and Observer, “Dare Stones Appear Authentic to Experts,” Oct. 21, 1940.
“We would be glad to receive you”: Boyden Sparkes, “Writ on Rocke: Has America’s First Murder Mystery Been Solved?,” Saturday Evening Post, April 26, 1941.
“extremely interesting”: Ibid.
“I personally went to Gainesville”: Ibid.
“I’m still open-minded”: Ibid.
“It makes me believe”: Ibid.
“Bill was in bed”: Ibid.
“Pearce and Dare Historical Hoaxes”: “Hoax Claimed by ‘Dare Stones’ Finder in Extortion Scheme, Dr. Pearce Charges,” Atlanta Journal, May 15, 1941.
“Easy to Be Fooled”: T. W. Samuels Bourbon advertisement, box 1, folder 6, Rose Library.
“Only two letters used”: Handwritten note, series 071, box 1, folder 6, Rose Library.
CHAPTER 11: HEAP PLENTY WAMPUM
“could tell me less about Hammond”: Sparkes, “Writ on Rocke.”
“I want to keep the identity”: Sparkes to Purks, January 26, 1946, series 071, box 1, folder 6, Rose Library.
“A delayed action fuse”: Ibid.
“No attempt was made”: Purks to Sparkes, date unknown, series 071, box 1, folder 6, Rose Library.
“the thing isn’t conclusive”: Sparkes to Purks, series 071, box 1, folder 6, Rose Library.
“I doubt if it will ever be possible”: “Letter and Report from Robert Stephenson to John Sites,” April 15, 1983, box 3, Correspondence folder, Brenau University.
“Hoax springs eternal”: John Sites to Betsy Reitz (Nov. 12, 1985), box 3, Correspondence folder, Brenau University.
“Close prisoner 32 weeks”: Knight, London, 246.
“The search for graves”: Advisory Committee Recommendations, Thomas English to Crittenden, box 135, Roanoke Island folder, North Carolina Archives.
CHAPTER 12: WHO’S AFRAID OF VIRGINIA DARE?
“The fairy-like proportions”: Cushing, “Virginia Dare,” 80.
“It is a wonder that no one”: Tuthill, “Virginia Dare,” 585.
“living here quite alone”: Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, 182.
“We have recently seen a photograph”: New-York Tribune, February 19, 1858.
“the National Statue”: Louisa Lander, “The National Statue, Virginia Dare,” Dwight’s Journal of Music 25, no. 1 (1865).
“essentially and entirely American”: Melissa Dabakis, A Sisterhood of Sculptors: American Artists in Nineteenth-Century Rome (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2014), 166.
“This design shows”: Laura R. Prieto, At Home in the Studio: The Professionalization of Women Artists in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), 81
.
“red men of America”: Mary Mason, “The White Doe Chase,” Raleigh Register, April 3, 1861, 2.
“the patron saint of manifest destiny”: Arner, “Romance of Roanoke,” 52.
“stirring the ashes of historic memories”: Elizabeth City (N.C.) Weekly Economist, May 31, 1892.
“Bethlehem story”: Sallie Southall Cotten, The White Doe: The Fate of Virginia Dare (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1901), 27
“that inevitable John the Baptist”: Chandler, Colonial Virginia, 13.
“the first white child born”: Gillespie and McMillen, North Carolina Women: Their Lives and Times, 234.
“foisted on just about everyone she met”: Sally G. McMillen, North Carolina Women, 224.
“supreme importance in the history”: Edward Graham Daves, “Raleigh’s ‘New Fort in Virginia’—1585,” Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries 29 (Jan.–June 1893): 459.
Manteo White Supremacy Club: Wright and Zoby, Fire on the Beach, 254.
“with a grand white supremacy rally”: “White Supremacy Club Engaged in a Good Work.”
“at last disenfranchised the Negro”: Jonathan Sarris, “Biographical Summary of Sallie Southall Cotten,” East Carolina University Student Affairs, 3.
“complete supremacy of the white race”: “Virginia Makes Every Voter Count,” Editorial Board, The New York Times, Nov. 17, 2017.
“for a man to be both”: W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches (Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Company, 1903): 4.
“She, the heir of civilization”: Cotten, White Doe.
“that would have done credit”: Arner, “Romance of Roanoke,” 25.
“its people are a hopelessly mixed race”: Tara McPherson, Reconstructing Dixie: Race, Gender, and Nostalgia in the Imagined South (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003), 191.
“The ancient Greeks would doubtless”: “Virginia Dare Made Symbol of Earliest U.S. Womanhood,” Asbury Park Press, August 30, 1926.
“infant child of pure”: W. Fitzhugh Brundage, The Southern Past: A Clash of Race and Memory (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009), 30.
“a new and distinct ethnic type”: Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia (Roosevelt Memorial Association, 1941), 11.
“White civilization is triumphant”: Raleigh News and Observer, Nov. 1, 1908, 7.
“not degrade the memory”: Mary Hilliard Hinton, The North Carolina Booklet (Raleigh: The North Carolina Society Daughters of the Revolution, April 1911), 174.
“Virginia Dare will appeal to every”: Paul Garrett, The Art of Serving Wine (Garrett and Company, 1905), 24.
“the menace of the negro woman’s vote”: Leonard Rogoff, Gertrude Weil, 130.
“purest Anglo-Saxon blood”: “Five Thousand Pay Tribute.” Tampa Bay Times, Aug. 30, 1926, 4.
“most fallacious of all modern”: “America Found World Leader,” Ibid.
Adolf Hitler had just published: Adolf Hitler, My Struggle (Madurai, India: LeoPard Books, 2017), 267.
“Blackberry cordial, / Virginia Dare wine”: Langston Hughes, “Harlem Sweeties,” in The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes (New York: Vintage, 1995), 245.
“a hair’s breadth this side”: Arner, “Romance of Roanoke,” 37.
“the heritage, identity, and future”: “University of Florida Denies Richard Spencer Event, Citing ‘Likelihood of Violence,’ ” NPR, Aug. 16, 2017, www.npr.org.
“America’s voice on patriotic”: VDARE.com.
“leading white nationalists”: Congressman Sires’s statement on the appointment of Steve Bannon to a top White House post, Nov. 16, 2016, press release, www.sires.house.com.
“for the defense of America”: Andrew Kaczynski and Chris Massie, “In College, Trump Aide Stephen Miller Led Controversial ‘Terrorism Awareness Project’ Warning of ‘Islamofascism,’ ” CNN, Feb. 15, 2017, www.cnn.com.
“dedicated to preserving”: VDARE.com; see also Peter Brimelow, Alien Nation: Common Sense About America’s Immigration Disaster (New York: Random House, 1995).
“You need to have everybody”: David Weigel, “ ‘Racialists’ Are Cheered by Trump’s Latest Strategy,” Washington Post, Aug. 20, 2016.
“we can’t restore our civilization”: Philip Bump, “Rep. Steve King Warns That ‘Our Civilization’ Can’t Be Restored with ‘Somebody Else’s Babies,’ ” Washington Post, March 12, 2017.
“to enable us to continue to defend”: VDARE.com.
“It is in the name of Virginia Dare herself”: Ibid.
“She is the archetypal mother”: Hudson, Searching for Virginia Dare, 136.
“a Marble Lady”: Elizabethan Gardens, “Virginia Dare Statue History.” www.elizabethangardens.org.
CHAPTER 13: SWAMP SAINTS AND RENEGADES
“a mixed crew, a lawless people”: Eric Hannel, Reinterpreting a Native American Identity: Examining the Lumbee (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2015), 82.
“a number of free negroes”: North Carolina General Assembly, Minutes of the Lower House of the North Carolina General Assembly (December 21, 1773), 768.
“In a sense, Henry Berry Lowrie”: Guy B. Johnson, “Personality in a White-Indian-Negro Community,” American Sociological Review 4, no. 4 (1939): 516–23.
“we don’t kill anybody”: Magdol and Wakelyn, Southern Common People, 201.
“his roving propensities”: New York Herald, March 8, 1872, 3.
“a person of negro descent”: North Carolina, The North Carolina Criminal Code and Digest: A Complete Code (Edward & Broughton, 1892), 330.
“your petitioners are a remnant”: U.S. Government Printing Office, Congressional Edition (1915), 36.
“After the year 1835”: McMillan, Sir Walter Raleigh’s Lost Colony, 17.
“We have always been friends”: Ibid., 3.
dismissed the Lost Colony connection as “baseless”: Frederick Webb Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, 1911), 365.
“spoke in a high, almost falsetto voice”: Alexander Hume Ford, “The Finding of Raleigh’s Lost Colony,” Appleton’s Magazine, July 1907, 29.
“They pronounced it”: Johnson, “Personality in a White-Indian-Negro Community,” American Sociological Review 4 (August 1939), 520.
“the earliest white settlements”: U.S. Congressional Serial Set, Serial No. 15016, Senate Reports Nos. 332–55, 84.
“the most neglected minority group”: Cindy D. Padget, “The Lost Indians of the Lost Colony,” American Indian Law Review 21, no. 2 (1997), 409.
“The survival of colonists’ names”: Adolph L. Dial and David K. Eliades, The Only Land I Know: A History of the Lumbee Indians (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1975), 13.
“The whole situation”: William Loren Katz, Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage (New York: Atheneum, 1986), xii.
“It is one thing for Indians”: Karen I. Blu, The Lumbee Problem: The Making of an American Indian People (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 32.
“either earlier European contact”: Estes, “Where Have All the Indians Gone?”
CHAPTER 14: RETURN TO ROANOKE
“It is an odd fact”: Raf Sanchez, “Jerusalem Syndrome,” Telegraph, March 26, 2016, www.telegraph.co.uk.
“Although there be deer”: John Smith, Advertisements for the Inexperienced Planters of New-England, or Anywhere; or, The Pathway to Experience to Erect a Plantation (London: John Haviland, 1631), 11.
“all the corn, peas”: David B. Quinn, Roanoke Voyages, 531.
“in reward of his faithful services”: Ibid.
“The Indians from the back country”: James Sprunt, Chronicles of the Cape Fear River, 1660
–1916 (Raleigh, N.C.: Edwards & Broughton, 1916), 14.
“It is probable that some of the Roanoke colonists”: Kupperman, Roanoke, 137.
“Ralegh’s colonists were lost”: Oberg, Head in Edward Nugent’s Hand, 146.
“Intermarriage had been indeed”: Beverley, The History and Present State of Virginia, 30.
“hanged, sunburned, some broken up”: Sams, The Conquest of Virginia, 154.
“find these Indian girls”: Lawson, New Voyage to Carolina, 194.
“And thus we see how apt human nature”: Ibid., 66.
“no arguments, entreaties, no tears”: James M. Volo, Daily Life on the Old Colonial Frontier, 244.
“no European who has tasted”: Colin G. Calloway, New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 155.
“there is no persuading him”: Walter Isaacson, A Benjamin Franklin Reader, 157.
“We have no examples”: James Axtell, The White Indians, 57.
“Never let anyone persuade you”: Hinton, North Carolina Booklet, nos. 10, 4, 174.
“We are forced to accept”: David B. Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke, 342.
loophole called the “Pocahontas exception”: Rachel F. Moran, Interracial Intimacy: The Regulation of Race and Romance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 49.
“of such dismal swamps”: Oberg, Head in Edward Nugent’s Hand, 158.
“a handful of Indians”: Robert J. Cain, ed., The Church of England in North Carolina: Documents, 1699–1741 (Raleigh: Division of Archives and History, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1999), 185.
“the few remains of the Altamuskeet”: Colonial Records of North Carolina, 6:563.
“Eastern North Carolina Indians learned”: David La Vere, The Tuscarora War.
“enjoyed a social status”: Patrick H. Garrow, The Mattamuskeet Documents: A Study in Social History (Raleigh, N.C.: Archaeology Section, Division of Archives and History, Department of Cultural Resources, 1975), 34.