The Secret Token

by Andrew Lawler

  “are of the Algonquian stock”: Frank G. Speck, “Remnants of the Machapunga Indians of North Carolina,” American Anthropologist 18, no. 2 (1916): 271–76.

  “In North Carolina there are a number”: Frank G. Speck, “The Ethnic Position of the Southeastern Algonkian,” American Anthropologist 26, no. 2 (1924): 184–200.

  “a new social order”: Patricia Click, Time Full of Trial, 83–84.

  “Today, the ancestry of these people”: Gary S. Dunbar, “Hatteras Indians of North Carolina.”

  CHAPTER 15: AN OLD BUCK CHRISTMAS

  “brings us face to face”: Heinz Dietrich Fischer, Drama / Comedy Awards, 1917–1996 (Munich: K. G. Saur, 1998), xxvii.

  “I want to take a representative”: John Herbert Roper, Paul Green: Playwright of the Real South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 185.

  “all about races mixing”: Ibid.

  “Come to your bed”: Green, Paul Green Reader, 133.

  “the integration of all things”: Roper, Paul Green, xiii.

  “Agony of rain in first act”: Laurence G. Avery, A Southern Life: Letters of Paul Green, 1916–1981 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 269n2.

  “The last yaupon gatherers”: Gary S. Dunbar, “Historical Geography of the North Carolina Outer Banks” (PhD diss., Louisiana State University, 1956), 167.

  “a perennial erosional hotspot”: Gibbons, “Morphology, Geologic History, and Dynamics of Wimble Shoals,” abstract.

  “industrious and self-sustaining”: David Wright and David Zoby, Fire on the Beach, 23.

  “The horns that grew on his head”: G. Newnes, “The Christmas Mummers’ Play,” John O’London’s Weekly, Issues 1250–1275 (1945), 145.

  CODA: A BRAVE KINGDOM

  “An armada should be assembled”: John Franklin Jameson, American Historical Review (American Historical Association, 1895), 450.

  To keep his cover, Ecija: Fullam, Lost Colony of Roanoke, 169.

  “where the said English were settled”: John H. Hann, Translation of the Ecija Voyages of 1605 and 1609 and the González Derrotero of 1609 (Tallahassee, Fla.: Bureau of Archaeological Research, 1986), 28.

  “And thus we went sailing”: Ibid., 32.

  “as close to land”: Ibid., 33.

  “And all during this period”: Ibid.

  “And as we came abreast of it”: Ibid.

  “But we were not able to speak to them”: Ibid., 34.

  “And as we were turning away”: Ibid.

  “following us at a full run”: Ibid.

  “made by foreigners”: Ibid.

  “the season is much advanced”: Ibid., 39.

  “was a signal that they had for the ships”: Ibid., 34.

  “Be not afeard, the isle”: Shakespeare, The Tempest, act 3, scene 2, lines 137–38.

  Bibliography

  The literature related to the Roanoke voyages is vast and ever expanding; some of the more useful books and articles are listed below. For curious readers, Quinn’s two-volume set, The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590, provides much of the essential source material, while his Set Fair for Roanoke offers a readable summation.

  Abrahams, Israel. “Joachim Gaunse: A Mining Incident in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth.” Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England) 4 (1899): 83–101.

  Abrams, Ann Uhry. The Pilgrims and Pocahontas: Rival Myths of American Origin. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999.

  Adams, Stephen. The Best and Worst Country in the World: Perspectives on the Early Virginia Landscape. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001.

  Adamson, J. H., and H. F. Folland. Sir Walter Ralegh and His Times. Boston: Gambit, 1969.

  Agricola, Georg, Herbert Hoover, Lou Henry Hoover. De Re Metallica. Courier Corporation, 1950.

  Alexander, John, and James Lazell. Ribbon of Sand: The Amazing Convergence of the Ocean and the Outer Banks. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

  Almeida, Bruno. “On the Origins of Dee’s Mathematical Programme: The John Dee–Pedro Nunes Connection.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 43, no. 3 (2012).

  Ambers, Janet, Joanna Russell, David Saunders, and Kim Sloan. “Examination of Patches on a Map of the East Coast of North America by John White.” British Museum: Technical Research Bulletin 6 (2012).

  Anderson, J. M. The Honorable Burden of Public Office: English Humanists and Tudor Politics in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Peter Lang, 2010.

  Andrews, Kenneth R. Trade, Plunder, and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1984.

  Annual Report of the American Historical Association. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1895.

  Appleby, John C. Outlaws in Medieval and Early Modern England: Crime, Government, and Society, c. 1066–c. 1600. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009.

  ———. Under the Bloody Flag: Pirates of the Tudor Age. Stroud: History Press, 2011.

  Armitage, Christopher M., ed. Literary and Visual Ralegh. Manchester University Press, 2016.

  Armitage, David. The Ideological Origins of the British Empire. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

  Arner, Robert D. The Lost Colony in Literature. Raleigh: America’s Four Hundredth Anniversary Committee, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, 1985.

  ———. “The Romance of Roanoke: Virginia Dare and the Lost Colony in American Literature.” Southern Literary Journal 10 (Spring 1978): 5–45.

  Ashton, John. The Adventures and Discourses of Captain John Smith. London: Cassell, 1883.

  Axtell, James. White Indians of Colonial America. Ye Galleon Press, 1991.

  Bacon, Francis. The Essays; or, Counsels Civil and Moral of Francis Bacon. Boston: D. C. Heath, 1908.

  Bailyn, Bernard. The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600–1975. New York: Vintage, 2013.

  ———. The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction. New York: Knopf, 1986.

  Baine, Rodney M. “Another Lost Colony? Charles de Rochefort’s Account of English Refugees and the Apalachites.” Georgia Historical Quarterly 83, no. 3 (1999): 558–64.

  Bancroft, George. A History of the United States. Boston: Samuel Dickinson, 1892.

  Barbour, Philip L. The Earliest Reconnaissance of the Chesapeake Bay Area: Captain John Smith’s Map and Indian Vocabulary. Richmond: Virginia Historical Society, 1971.

  ———, ed. The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1580–1631. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.

  ———. The Jamestown Voyages Under the First Charter, 1606–1609. Vol. 2. London: Hakluyt Society, 2010.

  Barcía Carballido y Zúñiga, Andrés González de. Barcia’s Chronological History of the Continent of Florida from the Year 1512, in Which Juan Ponce de Leon Discovered Florida, Until the Year 1722. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1951.

  Barlowe, Arthur. The First Voyage to Roanoke, 1584. Chapel Hill: Academic Affairs Library, University of North Carolina, 2002.

  Beck, Stephen V., and Kenneth F. Kiple, eds. Biological Consequences of the European Expansion, 1450–1800. Vol. 26 of An Expanding World. London: Routledge, 1997.

  Beer, Anna. My Just Desire: The Life of Bess Ralegh, Wife to Sir Walter. New York: Ballantine Books, 2003.

  Bent, Samuel Arthur. Short Sayings of Great Men: With Historical and Explanatory Notes. Boston: J. R. Osgood, 1882.

  Bernstein, William J. A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. New York: Grove Press, 2009.

  Beverley, Robert. The History and Present State of Virginia. UNC Press Books, 2014.

  Beverley, Robert, and Charles Campbell. The History of Virginia: In Four Parts. Richmond: J. W. Randolph, 1855.

 
Binkley, Cameron, and Steven Davis. Preserving the Mystery: An Administrative History of Fort Raleigh National Historic Site. Atlanta: Cultural Resources, Southeast Region, National Park Service, 2003.

  Birch, Thomas, and William Oldys. The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh. Vol. 1 of The Works of Sir Walter Ralegh. Oxford: University Press, 1829.

  Birmingham, David. Trade and Empire in the Atlantic, 1400–1600. London: Routledge, 2005.

  Black, J. B. The Reign of Elizabeth, 1558–1603. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.

  Black, Jeannette D., ed. The Maps. Vol. 1 of The Blathwayt Atlas. Brown University Press, 1970.

  Blanton, Dennis B. “Drought as a Factor in the Jamestown Colony, 1607–1612.” Historical Archaeology 34, no. 4 (2000): 74–81. doi:10.1007/bf03374329.

  ———. “If It’s Not One Thing It’s Another: The Added Challenges of Weather and Climate for the Roanoke Colony.” In Searching for the Roanoke Colonies: An Interdisciplinary Collection, edited by E. Thomson Shields and Charles R. Ewen. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives and History, 2003.

  Blanton, Dennis B., and Robert A. DeVillar. “Archaeological Encounters with Georgia’s Spanish Period, 1526–1700: New Findings and Perspectives.” Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective 5, no. 1 (2010).

  Blanton, Dennis B., and Julia A. King, eds. Indian and European Contact in Context: The Mid-Atlantic Region. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005.

  Bleichmar, Daniela, Paula De Vos, and Kevin Sheehan, eds. Science in the Spanish and Portuguese Empires, 1500–1800. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2009.

  Botkin, B. A., ed. A Treasury of Southern Folklore: Stories, Ballads, Traditions, and Folkways of the People of the South. New York: Crown, 1949.

  Bourne, William. A Regiment for the Sea, and Other Writings on Navigation. Edited by E. G. R. Taylor. Cambridge, U.K.: published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1963.

  Brooks, Max. The Zombie Survival Guide: Complete Protection from the Living Dead. London: Gerald Duckworth, 2013.

  Brotton, Jerry. The Sultan and the Queen: The Untold Story of Elizabeth and Islam. Penguin Books, 2016.

  Brown, Alexander, ed. The Genesis of the United States: A Narrative of the Movement in England, 1605–1616, Which Resulted in the Plantation of North America by Englishmen, Disclosing the Contest Between England and Spain for the Possession of the Soil Now Occupied by the United States of America. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1890.

  Burns, Eric. The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007.

  Burton, Robert. The Anatomy of Melancholy. Philadelphia: Moore, 1857.

  Bushnell, George Herbert. Sir Richard Grenville: The Turbulent Life and Career of the Hero of the Little Revenge. London: G. G. Harrap, 1936.

  Cameron, Catherine M. Captives: How Stolen People Changed the World. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016.

  Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge. Puritan Conquistadors: Iberianizing the Atlantic, 1550–1700. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2006.

  Cass, Lewis. A Discourse Pronounced at the Capitol of the United States, in the Hall of Representatives, Before the American Historical Society, January 30, 1836. Washington, D.C.: P. Thompson, 1836.

  ———. Speeches, Etc. Washington, D.C.: P. Thompson, 1836.

  Cave, Alfred A. “Richard Hakluyt’s Savages: The Influence of 16th Century Travel Narratives on English Indian Policy in North America.” International Social Science Review 60, no. 1 (1985): 3–24.

  Cell, Gillian T. English Enterprise in Newfoundland, 1577–1660. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969.

  Chandler, J.A.C. Colonial Virginia. Richmond: Times-Dispatch, 1907.

  Charles Rivers Editors. The Lost Colony of Roanoke: History’s Greatest Mysteries. 2015. www.mediabeavers.com.

  Chitwood, Oliver Perry. A History of Colonial America. New York: Harper, 1961.

  Click, Patricia C. Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedmen’s Colony, 1862–1867. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

  Clough, Cecil H., and Paul Edward Hedley Hair, eds. The European Outthrust and Encounter: The First Phase c. 1400–c. 1700: Essays in Tribute to David Beers Quinn on His 85th Birthday. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994.

  Clucas, Stephen, ed. John Dee: Interdisciplinary Studies in English Renaissance Thought. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.

  Congressional Serial Set. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1915.

  Cooper, John. The Queen’s Agent: Francis Walsingham at the Court of Elizabeth I. New York: Pegasus Books, 2013.

  Corbett, Julian Stafford. Papers Relating to the Navy During the Spanish War, 1585–1587, no. 11 (Navy Records Society, 1898).

  Cormack, Lesley B. Charting an Empire: Geography at the English Universities, 1580–1620. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

  Cotten, Sallie Southall. The White Doe: The Fate of Virginia Dare. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1901.

  Covington, James W. “Drake Destroys St. Augustine: 1586.” Florida Historical Quarterly 44, no. 1/2 (1965): 81–93.

  Cressy, David. “Early Modern Space Travel and the English Man in the Moon.” American Historical Review 111, no. 4 (2006): 961–82.

  Crowley, Roger. Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. London: Faber & Faber, 2015.

  Cumming, William P. Mapping the North Carolina Coast: Sixteenth-Century Cartography and the Roanoke Voyages. North Carolina Office of Archives and History, 1988.

  Cushing, Eliza Lanesford. “Virginia Dare; or, The Lost Colony.” Ladies’ Companion, Dec. 1837, 80–92.

  “Dare We? New Methods Could Untangle Brenau’s Rocks Riddle.” Brenau Window (Spring 2011): 14–15.

  Davies, J. D. Britannia’s Dragon: A Naval History of Wales. History Press, 2013.

  Davis, Richard Beale and J.A. Leo Lemay. Essays in Early Virginia Literature Honoring Richard Beale Davis. Stroud, UK: History Press, 2013.

  Dawson, Scott. Croatoan: Birthplace of America. Infinity, 2009.

  DeCosta, B. F. Ancient Norombega; or, The Voyages of Simon Ferdinando and John Walker to the Penobscot River, 1579–1580. Albany, N.Y.: Joel Munsell’s Sons, 1890.

  Dee, John. The Private Diary of Dr. John Dee and the Catalogue of His Library of Manuscripts. Edited by J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps. London: Camden Society, 1842.

  Delbourgo, James, and Nicholas Dew, eds. Science and Empire in the Atlantic World. New York: Routledge, 2008.

  Dentamaro, Nick. “History Channel’s ‘America Unearthed’ Segment Features Jim Southerland and Dare Stones.” Brenau Update, Feb. 1, 2013.

  DePratter, Chester B., and Marvin T. Smith. “Sixteenth Century European Trade in the Southeastern United States: Evidence from the Juan Pardo Expeditions (1566–1568).” Notebook 19, no. 1–4 (1987): 52–61.

  Detweiler, Robert. “Was Richard Hakluyt a Negative Influence in the Colonization of Virginia?” North Carolina Historical Review 48, no. 4 (1971): 359–69.

  Dolan, Robert, and Kenton Bosserman. “Shoreline Erosion and the Lost Colony.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 62, no. 3 (1972): 424–26.

  Donegan, Kathleen. Seasons of Misery: Catastrophe and Colonial Settlement in Early America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.

  Donno, Elizabeth Story, ed. An Elizabethan in 1582: The Diary of Richard Madox, Fellow of All Souls. London: Hakluyt Society, 1976.

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  Dunbar, Gary S. “The Hatteras Indians of North Carolina.” Ethnohistory 7, no. 4 (1960): 410–18. doi:10.2307/480877.

  Duncan, T. Bentley. Atlantic Islands: Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

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  Estes, Roberta. “Where Have All the Indians Gone? Native American Eastern Seaboard Dispersal, Genealogy, and DNA in Relation to Sir Walter Raleigh’s Lost Colony.” Journal of Genetic Genealogy 5, no 2. (2009): 96–130.

  Estes, Roberta J., Jack H. Goins, Penny Ferguson, and Janet Lewis Crain. “Melungeons, a Multi-ethnic Population.” Journal of Genetic Genealogy, April 2012. Accessed May 25, 2012.

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  Evans, Phillip W., Eric C. Klingelhofer, Nicholas M. Luccketti, Beverly A. Straube, and E. Clay Swindell. 2008–2010 Archaeological Excavations at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site: Roanoke Island, North Carolina. Durham, N.C.: First Colony Foundation, 2016.

  Ewen, Cecil L’Estrange. The Golden Chalice. A Documented Narrative of an Elizabethan Pirate. Paignton: printed for the author, 1939.

  Ewen, Charles R., Thomas R. Whyte, and R. P. Stephen Davis Jr., eds. The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia. Carolina Archaeological Council Publication 30, 2011.

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