The Sleeping Dictionary

by Sujata Massey

  9. Is Kamala wrong to hide her past of poverty and unwed motherhood from the people she meets in Calcutta? Does she become a less likable character because of her dishonesty, or do you think she’s doing what she must in order to survive?

  10. Would Pankaj ultimately have been a better match for Kamala than Simon? Were you surprised at the way their relationships turned out?

  11. Simon is surprisingly accepting of Kamala’s daughter and past. What does this show about his character’s development?

  12. How much of Kamala’s success does she attribute to luck, how much to her own hard work, and how much to destiny?

  13. What did you already know about India and its struggle for independence? Were you particularly struck by any of the historical details in the novel? How does it compare to other fiction set in the same time period?

  14. How does the inclusion of real historical figures (Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose) affect the reading experience? Do they add additional dimensions or pull you out of the narrative?

  Enhance Your Book Group

  1. While novels like The Sleeping Dictionary are set in real historical situations, they are ultimately fiction. Discuss the group’s attitude towards historical novels: How much do you expect to be accurate and how much fictionalized?

  2. PBS’s Story of India offers a full history of India, and includes background on Nehru, Gandhi, and the Indian National Congress. Learn more at www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia.

  3. Sujata Massey offers information about the inspiration for the book on her website, sujatamassey.com. She is also willing to join book clubs by phone, if time permits. Email sujatamassey@mac.com for details.

  4. The novel mentions many delicious Indian dishes. Have each member pick one to make for the group’s meeting! A few recipes are included here.

  5. Explore the role of Indian women in the colonization and independence of India. Consider figures like Commander Lakshmi Swaminathan, who commanded women’s forces in the Indian National Army during World War II, and the Rani of Jhansi, Lakshmi Bai, who was killed fighting against the British in 1858, and Indira Gandhi, the world’s longest serving woman prime minister.

  A Conversation with Sujata Massey

  In your website’s introduction to The Sleeping Dictionary, you mention the difficulty of switching from writing about one culture to another. Tell us more about that; did you have to employ different writing techniques, along with doing new research?

  Up until the present, I’ve been writing a long-running mystery series set in Japan. I had the ease of continuing characters in every book and a very familiar setting where I’d once lived. Writing those mysteries was like slipping into a warm old jacket. I’d say The Sleeping Dictionary was more like a slippery, shimmering sari—quite tricky the first time you wear it, and for a long time thereafter, too.

  Although one side of my family is from Bengal, and I’ve enjoyed visits there and to other parts of India, I faced the challenge of not having really lived in India nor been able to speak Indian languages. For this reason, I hesitated to write about India, but as Kamala’s story formed in my mind, I longed to share it. I was writing the book while living in Minnesota, where I could not find a Bengali language course. I was able to study Hindi for a year to get the sentence structure, idioms, and feeling for dialogue. I did most of the historical research at the Ames Library of South Asia, within the University of Minnesota, which turned out to be a treasure trove of rare books and documents relating to colonialism. Some choice snippets from these books are shared in the epigraphs. Midway through writing the first draft, I took a research trip to Kolkata, Midnapur, Kharagpur, and Digha, to walk through all the locations of the book. I also did research at the British Library in London where all the old records of the India Office are stored.

  You also mention on your website that you interviewed many Bengalis for the book. What was the most interesting or surprising thing you learned during those interviews?

  I was very interested in meeting anyone—Bengali or not—who could recall daily details of life and politics in 1930 Calcutta. In India, I met a former Gandhian freedom fighter, Tapan Raychaudhuri, who endured a prison experience, and also Krishna Bose, the widow of Sisir Kumar Bose, the nephew who aided Netaji in his daring escape. But my favorite interviews were at home with my father, Subir Banerjee, who grew up in Bengal and Bihar. From a child’s perspective, he recalled incidents like the Japanese bombings of Calcutta, and his father angrily railing against English soldiers who wanted to throw their family out of a train compartment. He also revealed that a relative on his father’s side, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, was the founding president of the Congress Party—and that going back a bit further on his mother’s side, those ancestors, the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family, leased to the British the three villages that became Calcutta. So the beginning of colonialism, and the struggle to end it both are a part of me.

  There were so many possible paths for Kamala to take as her life develops. How did you decide on her trajectory?

  I originally wrote an even longer story, giving Kamala a few more work experiences—as a children’s ayah, and also as a nurse during the war—but I realized that I might lose my reader with an 800-page book. Streamlining the novel into four discrete books that are narrated by Pom from childhood through womanhood hopefully make the mother-daughter story, as well as the love story, have more of an impact. I was tempted to follow Kamala to the West after her marriage . . . but that story could be picked up in another book.

  Kamala’s time at Rose Villa is complicated from moral, ethical, and racial standpoints. Was it hard to find a balance in portraying the different characters and their interactions?

  There were many times I wished I didn’t have to send Kamala to Rose Villa, but I felt that with her vulnerable status, this would really have happened to her, as it continues to happen to young homeless women worldwide. The basis for Rose Villa was a prewar high-class brothel one of my elderly sources described as located in Chandernagore and staffed by beautiful French women. Each patron, upon leaving, was given a bottle of French perfume for his wife. The existence of places like Rose Villa points out the hypocrisy of the British saying they were uplifting the moral development of Indians. Natty, Doris, Bonnie, and Rose Barker also illustrate how families were broken and left in poverty when many English soldiers repatriated to England. At the same time, it’s important to know that only a minority of Anglo-Indians became prostitutes; most lived comfortable, respectable lives.

  What issues did you consider when writing Kamala and Simon’s relationship?

  I knew it would be controversial to have a relationship between a British man and an Indian woman that could turn out to be nonexploitative. Some might have preferred a fairytale ending with Pankaj. But I felt that Simon had grown so much through the years of knowing Kamala that he really was the right person for her. I believe that our hearts dare to go where our heads won’t, and that we always need to listen to the heart.

  Which sections of The Sleeping Dictionary were the most fun to write? Which were the hardest?

  I found the Rose Villa section the hardest to write, because of my concern for all the girls’ well-being. It was also wrenching to leave the baby Kabita behind when Kamala pursued her new life. Bringing the old Calcutta alive, with all its intellectual hangouts, pastry shops, and residences, was the best part for me, because I love the city so much.

  How do you feel about the way the struggle for Indian independence is portrayed in novels? Do you have any favorites written by other authors?

  I very much enjoy the writing of Amitav Ghosh, who touches on the history of colonialism in many of his novels, as well as Rabindranath Tagore, whose novel The Home and the World was significant for Kamala. British writers like E. M. Forster, M. M. Kaye, and Rumer Godden have written novels and memoirs that share the British perspective beautifully. My complaint with most novels about the British colonial era is that there are few Indian female characters play
ing any type of role, although we know from historic accounts that this was not the case. Young women walked away from their families to serve with the INA. Mahatma Gandhi’s wife, Kasturba, died while a political prisoner. I hope this novel, in some small way, celebrates these strong women.

  How do you balance historical accuracy with the demands of plot? Were there any liberties you were afraid to take with the historical details, or is all fair in fiction?

  I did the best I could to make sure every real event that happened is reported at the right time and place, such as the Christmas Eve bombing of Calcutta and all the details of Bose’s escape. There are of course some events that are fictional—like the particular Subhas Chandra Bose speech in Town Hall and a train sabotage—but they are based on real happenings during the period. The newspaper quotations I’ve included are all real, as are the various political leaders and Chhatri Sangha, the female students’ group.

  Do you plan to write another book set in India, or to continue writing about any of the characters from The Sleeping Dictionary?

  Yes, indeed! While I am continuing my Japanese mystery series about Rei Shimura, I’m planning another historical novel, possibly featuring Kamala’s daughter, Kabita, as its narrator. There is so much exciting South Asian history over the last seventy years—and fortunately, people who are still alive to tell me their stories.

  There are many fascinating historical figures woven into Kamala’s story, including some, like Subhas Chandra Bose, who may be less well-known to Western readers. Were there any figures you wished you could have written more about, or featured differently in the story?

  Yes. I wish I could have done more with Subhas Chandra Bose, but there is so much concern about what is true and untrue about his life and death that I didn’t feel it would be appropriate to create any fictional dialogue for him or place him in fictitious situations. I also dreamed of Miss Richmond inviting Rabindranath Tagore to visit Lockwood School, so Kamala could be truly inspired, but it turned out he was staying in Japan during those years. I originally wrote a young Mother Teresa into the famine section, but when I went to do research at Mission of Hope, I learned her activism with the poor didn’t start until after the war years.

  Aside from the enjoyment of a good book, what do you hope your readers will take from The Sleeping Dictionary?

  I hope readers get an inkling of why religious communities are so divided; and that while the caste system in India is tough, it is not insurmountable; and to understand how strong Indian women are, from peasants like Pom’s mother to political activists like the Sen women. I will be thrilled if this book leads readers to explore more about India and travel there. Kolkata is a tremendously artistic, un-touristy, and friendly city where English speakers abound. For more about visiting sites from the book, or to have me join your book club by phone or Skype, please visit my website, www.sujatamassey.com.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  First, I must thank my parents, Subir Kumar Banerjee and Karin Banerjee Parekh, for temporarily removing me from elementary school in order to join my father’s three-month sabbatical to India. I still treasure my illustrated diary recounting the unforgettable experience with my sisters, Rekha and Claire Banerjee: from giant lizards in the garden to mosquito net beds, Amul cheese, and kumkum. Since that happy period in 1973–74, I’ve traveled to India four more times, but I doubt I’d feel as strongly called to India if I hadn’t had that marvelous childhood introduction. I am grateful to the many relatives in our Banerjee clan, based in Kolkata and Jamshedpur, especially my aunt Sumitra Sengupta and my cousin Gautam Sengupta, who smoothed the way for me into India’s National Library. More relatives—the Chatterjees of Midnapur—kindly welcomed me to their historic hometown, Kharagpur, and Digha. Dr. Bharat Parekh, my mother’s husband, shared some great freedom-fighting stories from elder relatives that inspired my account of Kamala’s and the Sens’ activities.

  I also received very special assistance from my father’s wife, Dr. Manju Parikh, whose family has been established in Kolkata since the 1970s. Manju’s mother, Padmaben Parikh, and her sister, Hemantika Puri, both recently died and are very much missed. I was so lucky to know them and will always be grateful for their introductions that led to my connecting with wonderful experts on the city, among them Sunita Kumar, who brought me into Middleton Mansions; Moina Jhala, the Browsers, Tiku and Rekha Ashar, who know College Street so well. Dr. Dilip K. Roy, a retired surgeon and my father’s best friend from childhood, gave stories and reading suggestions, as did his son, Kaushik, and daughter-in-law, Dina. Damayanti Lahiri and her mother, the artist Shanu Lahiri, gave me a delicious taste of the city’s intellectual-social energy. Thanks also to Rajashri Daspupta and Sushil Khanna for their hospitality and suggestions of historic walking tours, and Professor Madhu Mitra for helping with Tagore titles.

  Several scholars of Indian history steered me to places I would never have found on my own. Geraldine Forbes, distinguished teaching professor at SUNY Oswego, inspired me with her memoirs of Bengal’s women freedom fighters and gave me a kind introduction to the Oxford historian and former Gandhian activist, Tapan Raychaudhuri, who was generous enough to meet with me during his winter visit to Kolkata. Dr. Forbes also referred me to Professor Krishna Bose, the director of the Netaji Bhawan (and a former Member of Parliament and daughter-in-law of the late Sarat Bose), who graciously spoke at length with me about Bose family history at the Netaji Bhawan. Also during my Kolkata visit, I was blessed to have met Dr. Durba Ghosh of Cornell University, who shared information about the lives of jailed freedom fighters. Dr. Parna Sengupta of Stanford University offered insights into missionary schools in India. Dr. Hari Vasudevan, director of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies, gave a good picture of the social and international ferment during wartime. More details of old city culture came from Dr. Sweta Gosh of Saint Xavier’s sociology department. Dr. Usha Thakkar, honorable secretary of the Mani Bhavan Gandhi Museum in Mumbai, gave me a wonderful house tour in Mumbai and an explanation of Gandhiji’s role in the freedom movement. At Loreto College, I was happy to learn about the history of girls’ education in India from Dr. Anuradha Chatterji, and I am appreciative to the faculty of La Martiniere Girls school to allow my visit to their beautiful, historic building. Mrs. Flower Silliman, a longtime teacher in Kolkata, used her fantastic memory to help me write accurately about the cultural life of the 1940s, from diamond rings to nightclubs. To the librarians at India’s National Library’s reading room near the Esplanade, many thanks for hauling down all those old Amrita Bazar Patrika copies—and the cups of tea!

  The Sleeping Dictionary also took me to London. Before I’d reached the India Office archives held by the British Library, librarian Hedley Sutton alerted me to recently declassified files from a secret intelligence unit operating within the ICS’s Bengal division. Thanks to him, Mr. Lewes found a profession!

  Unbelievably, there really was a gentleman like Mr. Lewes—that is, a passionate collector of books and printed material related to the British rule of India. The real collector came from Saint Paul, Minnesota, and his name was Charles Lesley Ames. At the turn of the century, Mr. Ames began reading about India, and this led to his collecting books and government records of British India. In 1961, he donated more than twenty-five hundred books to the University of Minnesota, which established the Ames Library of South Asia, which has become one of the foremost Indian libraries outside of India. At the Ames Library, I received tireless and frequent guidance from its librarian David Faust. I also appreciated the efforts of my inspiring University of Minnesota Hindi teacher, Nadim Asrar, now a journalist working with the Times of India in New Delhi.

  Research is the fun part of writing a historical novel. Sitting through dozens of rewrites is the hard part. I couldn’t have pulled it together without my Minneapolis writers group: Gary Bush, Heidi Skarie, Maureen Fischer, and Stanley Trollip and Judy Borger. Also: the writers Neroli Lacey for her expertise on Britain, and Joyce Lebra for her in
sights on women in the INA. Subin Banerjee shared childhood stories of wartime Calcutta, and Karin Banerjee Parilch did a thorough copy-edit.

  Online research put me in touch with so many knowledgeable people. Members of the India-British Raj LISTSERV that is organized by Harshawardhan Bosham Nimkhedkar within rootsweb.com, were able to answer detailed questions about wartime raids, school life, cars, and restaurants in 1930s and 40s Calcutta. My generous online helpers on the Anglo-Indian colonial experience include Nick Balmer, Sunny Kalara, Kabita Chhibber, Sylvia Staub, Doreen Grezoux, John Feltham, Warren O’Rourke, Dr. Stanley Brush, Blair Williams, and Roy Wildemuth, the assistant curator of the Antique Wireless Association’s military collection. Anyone else I missed: my apologies, and I owe you a gin-lime!

  I am so grateful for the steadfast support of Vicky Bijur, who has been encouraging me to write about India for more than a decade, and to editor extraordinaire Kathy Sagan for believing in this book, and her assistant, Natasha Simons. Most of all to my beloved husband, Tony, and our children, who understand my mental and physical absences. To every one of you: Shukria. Thank you so very much.

  Sujata Banerjee Massey

  AUTHOR PHOTOGRAPH BY TEDDY MEDIA

  SUJATA MASSEY is a former newspaper journalist and author of ten award-winning mystery novels. Born in England to a mother from Germany and a father from an old Calcutta family, she now lives near Washington, D.C., with her husband and children.Visit her on the web at www.sujatamassey.com.

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