Faraday, Maxwell, and the Electromagnetic Field
Page 31
and the boiler incident, 276n10
Faraday's letters to, 32–34, 38, 274n6, 275n3, 275n4, 275n11, 276n8
Faraday's letters to James (brother), 275n2
friendship with Faraday, 22, 37
Abbott, Robert, 275n2
Aberdeen
and King's College, 178
Maxwell as chair of natural philosophy at Marischal College, 166
Maxwell as professor, 150
Maxwell as seen by his students, 283n9
Maxwell's commitment to working men's colleges, 155
Maxwell's feelings during journey, 169
Maxwell's journey with color box, 168
and Maxwell's romance, 173
and Maxwell's study of Saturn's rings, 171
Aberdeen University, 150, 155
Académie des Sciences, 79
acoustic vibrations, 70, 80
action at a distance
Ampère's theory of, 11, 64
and current flow in chemical solution, 83–84
electrostatic effects of, 88
and George Biddell Airy, 108
and Hertz, 257, 290n20
and induction, 88, 90
instantaneous, 81, 96, 197
and lines of force, 156–157, 164, 204
and Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic fields, 253
and Newtonian traditions, 106
Newton's comments on, 285n12
Oersted's discovery of, 54
straight-line, 87
and theory of Franz Ernst Neumann, 254–256
and theory of Wilhelm Weber, 184, 232, 254–256
Adams, John Couch, 171, 213
Adams, William Grylls, 213
Adams Prize, 171–172, 213
Admiralty, 38
aether
“Dynamical Theory” of, 264–266
and Edmond Becquerel, 104
luminiferous, 102
and the propagation of light, 196
and remarks from Faraday's letter to Richard Phillips, 278n5
and transmission of magnetic lines of force, 107–108
aether drift, 12, 266–267, 291n8
Airy, George Biddell, 108, 160, 172, 278n11, 282n8
Aix, 282n8
Albemarle Street, London, 25–26, 124, 182
Albert, Prince Consort, 123
Alexander, Fanny, 24
“All Things Bright and Beautiful” (Alexander), 24
Alps, 33–34, 36, 253
alternating current, 113, 190, 252
amber, electrical properties of, 41, 43–45
America
and Albert Michelson, 266
and Benjamin Franklin, 44
Britain's war against, 19
and Josiah Willard Gibbs, 247, 259
and Marconi's transatlantic signals, 290n3
popularity of Conversations on Chemistry (Marcet), 24
and Samuel Morse, 113
and Samuel Pierpoint Langley, 233
Sandeman's epitaph, 274n1
ammonia, 95
Ampère, André Marie
Ampère's Law, 284n3
and electrical current acting as a magnet, 207
equations of, 57–58
explanation of why it took so long to discover the magnetic effect, 276n4
Faraday's correspondence with, 64–66
Faraday's description of skepticism of theories, 276n11
Faraday's letter, 277n12
and instantaneous action at a distance, 197
and Maxwell's comments on Faraday's experimental methods, 282n5
on Oersted's discovery, 50–55
and relationship with Faraday, 32–33
and theory of electricity and magnetism, 11, 76–78
and the theory of electrostatic forces, 96
Andersen, Hans Christian, 49
Anderson, Sergeant, 64, 95, 276n10
anion, 86
Annalen der Physik und Chemie (journal), 253
Annales des postes télégraphes et téléphones (journal), 288n1
Annals of Philosophy (journal), 57, 61, 65, 276n5
anode, 86–87, 96, 277n10
Antinori, Vincenzo, 79–80
Apostles (discussion group), 145–146, 149, 155, 158, 217, 235
Appleton, Edward Victor, 290n3
Appleyard, Rollo, 287n5, 289n18
Apreece, Jane. See Davy, Jane
Arabian Nights, 21, 274n3
Arago, François, 12, 67, 74–75
Archimedes, 104
“Are There Any Real Analogies in Nature?” (Maxwell), 146
argon, 242
Armstrong, William, 95
Arthur's Seat, 133
Astronomer Royal, London, 108, 172
Astronomer Royal, Sydney, 213
Athenaeum (magazine), 112
Athenaeum Club, 63
Atlantic Ocean, 13, 113, 199–200, 260
Atlantic telegraph, 89, 156, 172
Atlantic Telegraph Company, 113–114, 172, 200, 283n5
atomic weight, 82, 106–107
atoms, 17, 82–85, 102, 192, 198, 285n13. See also molecules
Bacon, Francis, 43, 143, 155
Baltimore, 290n6
Bancalari, Michele, 107
Banks, Joseph, 27
Barlow, John, 278–279n13
Barnard, Edward, 55
Barnard, George, 58–59
Barnett, Miles, 290n3
Bath, 253, 257
batteries
and Alessandro Volta, 47–48
described, 22–23, 48
Faraday's experimentation with, 26, 58–59, 65–66, 70–71, 76–87, 99
and Henry Cavendish, 233
invention of, 11, 48
and Luigi Galvani, 47
Maxwell's experimentation with, 187–190
and Oersted, 50–52
and Wilhelm Weber, 105
and William Hyde Wollaston, 53
and William Thomson, 245
Bavaria, 25
Becquerel, Edmond, 104, 107
Belfast University, 167
Bell, Alexander Graham, 234, 287n1
Bell, Alexander Melville, 234, 287n1
Bence Jones, Henry, 104, 274n6, 274n9, 275n9, 278n1
Bentley, Richard, 46, 275n3, 285n12
Berg, Ernst J., 287n5
Berkeley, George, 155
Berlin University, 253, 264
Bern, 264
Bernoulli, Daniel, 175
Berzelius, Jöns Jacob, 39, 275n12
Bible, 129, 218
Biggs, Charles Henry Walker, 245
Birmingham University, 249
bismuth, 104–106, 122
black-body radiation, 13
Blackburn, Hugh, 155
Blackburn, Jemima, née Wedderburn, 155
Blandford Street, London, 20
Bohr, Niels, 265
Bologna, 47, 260
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 176, 234, 242
Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon
Bowers, Brian, 275n1, 275n9
Brande, William, 37–39, 62
brass, 47, 90
Brighton, 174
Britain
and birth of Michael Faraday, 19–20
Einstein's visit to, 270
electrostatics study in, 87
and Humphry Davy, 28–30, 33–34
and lighthouses, 92
and the manufacture of glass, 63–64
and the Mathematical Tripos, 147
and Richard Glazebrook, 231
and the telegraph, 113, 243
and the work of Immanuel Kant, 136
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 95–96, 199, 212, 253
British Broadcasting Corporation, 283n9
British East India Company, 128
British Museum, London, 121
Brittany, 31
Brontë, Emily, 19
Brooke, Rupert, 145
Bruni, Giardino, 42
Brussels, 36
Buchanan, James (US presiden
t), 114
Bunsen burner, 15
Burns, Robert, 134, 144, 281n1
Butler, Henry Montagu, 151, 238–239
Byron, George Gordon, 115
Cabeo, Niccolo, 43–44
caloric, 46
Cambridge Philosophical Society, 154, 165–166, 279n22
Cambridge University
and coach William Hopkins, 281n4
and F. D. Maurice, 149
Faraday and William Whewell, 86, 96
and mathematics, 147
and Maxwell's annual visits, 218
and Maxwell's death, 239
and Maxwell's departure, 168
and Maxwell's partnership with Charles Hockin, 219
and Maxwell's professorship in experimental physics, 225
and “On Faraday's Lines of Force” (Maxwell), 115
specifications for new laboratory building, 227
and the Tripos, 147
and William Thomson, 96
camera lucida, 138
Campbell, Lewis
on death of Maxwell's father, 167–168
description of Maxwell, 234
and letters from Maxwell, 137–141, 169, 228
and Maxwell's biography, 132–133
at St. Andrews University, 224
wedding of, 174
Canterbury, 151
capacitance, 245
capacitor, 45, 245. See also Leyden jar
Cape of Good Hope, 177, 283n10, 286n10
carbon, 34, 251
carbon arc, 119, 280n2
carbon dioxide, 34
Carlisle, 166
Carlton Terrace, London, 27
Carlyle, Thomas, 155, 288n2
Cassini, space vehicle, 172
cathode, 86–87, 96, 277n10
cation, 86
caustic lime, 37
Cavendish, Henry, 229, 233
Cavendish, William. See Devonshire, Duke of
Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, 227–242, 249, 264, 284n2
Cay, Charles Hope, 203
Cay, Frances, 166
Cay, John, 128
Cay, Lizzie, 166
Cay, Robert Dundas, 166
Cay, William Dyce, 168
Cayley, Arthur, 281n4
Center for European Nuclear Research (CERN), 271
chaos theory, 235, 287n3
charcoal, 34, 138
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 155
chemical action, 47, 81, 182
Chemical Society of London, 280n15
chemistry, 31, 36, 39, 46–49, 135, 181
chi square distribution, 283n8
Chladni, Ernst, 69–70
Chladni figures, 69–70
chlorine, 26
Christianity, 19, 217, 253
Christian Socialist movement, 149
Christie, Samuel, 274n1
Christmas Lectures, 62, 95
chromaticity diagram, 282n3
chronoscope, 102
Chrystal, George, 230
Church of England, 150, 152, 166, 181
Church of Scotland, 19, 217, 283n9
City Philosophical Society, 21–22, 26, 37–38, 48, 55, 57
Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, 227
Clausius, Rudolf, 175
Clerk, Sir George (Maxwell's uncle), 127
Clerk Maxwell, Elizabeth, 129
Clerk Maxwell, Frances, née Cay, 128–130, 166
Clerk Maxwell, James. See Maxwell, James Clerk
Clerk Maxwell, James (Maxwell's grandfather), 128
Clerk Maxwell, John, 127, 130, 132, 134, 139, 167, 215
Clerk Maxwell, Katherine, née Dewar, 173, 176–179, 199–200, 213, 215–218, 225, 236–239
Cleveland, 267
cobalt, 100–101, 107
coherer, 260, 290n2
Colchester, 41
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 29, 57
Coliseum, Rome, 36
College of Physicians, 41
color blindness, 154
color box, 154–155, 168, 177, 183, 200, 213
color photograph, 183, 284n2
color top, 154, 168, 182
color triangle, 282n2
color vision, 41, 179, 182, 200, 212, 224
combustion, 50
Comin’ through the Rye (Burns), 144–145
Committee for the Improvement of Glass for Optical Purposes, 63
compass, 11, 12, 40, 42, 50–54, 67, 99, 161, 177, 232
conical refraction, 230
control theory, 151
Conversations on Chemistry (Marcet), 24
Cooke, William Fothergill, 113, 243
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 42
Copley Medal, 108
copper
with alternating metal plates, 23
and compass needles, 67
as a conductor, 186
and electromagnetic induction, 122
and François Arago's experiments, 74–79
having its own magnetic field, 199–200
in making batteries, 23, 48
plating, 87
spinning disc, 12
and the telegraph, 113–114
copper chloride, 87
copper-plated jam jars, 138, 155
copper sulfate, 97
Cornwall, 260
Corsock, 179
Coulomb, Charles Augustin, 11, 45–46, 49–50, 87, 96, 108, 197, 233
Coulson, Charles Alfred, 201, 285n13
Cowper, William, 155
Crimean War, 121, 280n3
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 48
Cunnaeus , Andreas, 45
curl, 10, 20, 133, 221–222, 248, 284n5, 288n5, 289n9
Dalen, Niels Gustav, 120
Dalton, John, 83
Dance, William, 27–28
Danish-Norwegian-English Telegraph Company, 243
Darby, Abraham, 134
Davy, Humphry
awarded the Napoleon Prize, 29–30
and biographer John Ayrton Paris, 274n10
death of, 67–68
in Europe, 30–35
and experiments with batteries, 48
and experiments with currents and magnets, 40
and Faraday as assistant, 28–29
as Faraday's mentor, 18
impressions of Volta, 275n6
lectures and experiments, 25–31
letter about the Napoleon Prize, 274n11
and the miner's safety lamp, 37
remarks about eyes, 274n7
temporary blindness of, 28
Davy, Jane, 29, 32–34, 275n3
de la Rive, Auguste, 34, 274n3
de la Rive, Gaspard, 34
de la Roche, Henri, 27
de Launay, Louis, 276n4, 286n5
De Magnete (Gilbert), 41
Denmark, 40, 49, 243
Descartes, René, 133
Devonshire, Duke of, 225, 229
Dewar, Daniel, 173
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems (Marcet), 24
diamagnetism, 12, 104, 106–107, 109
diamonds, 33
dimensional analysis, 211
Dirac, Paul, 265
displacement current
and electromagnetic effects, 204–205
and Experimental Researches in Electricity (Faraday), 212
and Hertz's experiments, 254
and Maxwell's Demon, 219–220
and Maxwell's experiments, 193, 207, 210, 230, 242
Maxwell's theory on, 270
“On Physical Lines of Force” (Maxwell) part 3, 196–197
divergence, 221–222, 248, 281n5, 284n4
DNA, discovery of, 228
Dover, 56, 119–120
Dresden, 253
Dublin, 250–251
du Fay, Charles, 11, 44–45
Duhem, Pierre, 289n14
Dumas, M., 275n8
Dumfries, 132
Dutch, 123, 263
“Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, A” (Maxwell), 241, 285n2, 285n3, 286n7
dynamo, 12, 74–75
Dyson, Freeman, 9, 210, 262
Earth
and the “aether drift,” 266
composition of, 42
curvature of, 260, 290n3
as a giant magnet, 11, 42
is not the center of the universe, 42
magnetic field of, 54, 200
measuring the density of, 229
as a return conductor in telegraphy, 246
“The Earth as a Return Conductor,” (Heaviside), 288n3
Earth science, 136
École Polytechnique, Paris, 53–54
eddy currents, 83
Edinburgh, 127–129, 133, 234
Edinburgh Academy, 131, 199
Edinburgh University, 133–135, 222, 225
Edison, Thomas Alva, 261
Einstein, Albert
and E = mc2, 268–269, 291n11
on Maxwell, 270, 287, 290n5, 291n12
nominee for Nobel Prize, 120
on photons, 264–265
“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies,” 291n11
and special theory of relativity, 13, 17, 210, 268
Elba, 35
Elector of Bavaria, 25
electrical displacement, 192–193
electrical fluids, 46, 82, 84–85, 103
Electrical Papers (Heaviside), 288n3, 288n4, 288n6, 289n10, 289n12
electrical power supply and distribution systems, 113, 190, 261
electric charges
and Benjamin Franklin, 11
conductors of, 186
and electric fields, 263
and electric potential, 288n5
and electrostatic forces, 191–195, 209, 219
as end points of lines of induction, 90
and Heaviside's equations, 246–250
and inductive capacity, 185
and laws of electricity, 159, 183–184
and magnetic poles, 108
and Maxwell's equations, 288n8
and six types of electrical effects, 82
and Wilhelm Weber's theory, 184
electric current
Ampère's explanation of, 276n4
continuous, 74–77
Davy's experiments with, 26
and effect on compass needle, 11, 40
and electrical conflicts, 50–51
and electrical displacement, 193, 207
and electric eels, 81
and electromagnetic waves, 251
and electrotonic state, 85, 111
and Experimental Researches in Electricity (Faraday), 82
and Faraday's law of induction, 187
and Faraday's new words, 86
and insulators, 160
and magneto-electric currents, 81
and Maxwell's theory, 17
and reaction of substances, 39
as source of magnetism, 54
and Volta's battery, 11, 23, 47–48
electric current density, 248, 288n8
electric current elements, 55, 66
electric displacement, 192–193, 263
electric eels, 81
electric fields, 161, 194
electric fish, 81
electric flux, 159–160, 192, 207, 284n8
electric generator, 112, 119. See also dynamo
Electrician, The (journal), 245, 249, 288n3, 289n10, 290n1