The War Against the Working Class

by Will Podmore

  51. See Prit Buttar, Between giants: the battle for the Baltics in World War Two, Osprey Publishing, 2013, pp. 182-3, 197, 201 and 319-20. See also Involvement of the Lettish SS Legion in War Crimes in 1941-1945 and the Attempts to Revise the Verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal in Latvia, http://denmark.mid.ru/, accessed 24 October 2014.

  52. Prit Buttar, Between giants: the battle for the Baltics in World War Two, Osprey Publishing, 2013, The Baltic Holocaust, Chapter 4, pp. 103-32.

  53. Andrejs Plakans, A concise history of the Baltic States, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 351 and 353; see his pp. 351-4.

  54. Alexander Statiev, The Soviet counterinsurgency in the Western borderlands, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 69 and 71.

  55. Alexander Statiev, The Soviet counterinsurgency in the Western borderlands, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 138. On Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian terrorism, see his pp. 132-4.

  56. See Involvement of the Estonian SS Legion in War Crimes in 1941-1945 and the Attempts to Revise the Verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal in Estonia, 13 February 2004, URL: http://www.un.int/, accessed 25 April 2014.

  57. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin, The Bodley Head, 2010, p. 194. See also Involvement of the Estonian SS Legion in War Crimes in 1941-1945 and the Attempts to Revise the Verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal in Estonia, 13 February 2004, URL: http://www.un.int/, accessed 25 April 2014.

  58. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin, The Bodley Head, 2010, p. 228.

  59. Jeffrey Burds, Comments on Timothy Snyder’s article, “To resolve the Ukrainian question once and for all: the ethnic cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947”, Journal of Cold War Studies, 1999, Vol. 1, No. 2, http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/comments13.htm, accessed 9 August 2013.

  60. See Charles Gati, Failed illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian revolt, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2006, p. 45.

  61. See Keith Lowe, Savage continent: Europe in the aftermath of World War II, Penguin Books, 2012, pp. 246-7.

  62. See Keith Lowe, Savage continent: Europe in the aftermath of World War II, Penguin Books, 2012, p. 144.

  Chapter 5 Stalingrad and victory

  1. Cited pp. 41-2, Michael K. Jones, Stalingrad: how the Red Army triumphed, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2007.

  2. Cited p. 44, Michael K. Jones, Stalingrad: how the Red Army triumphed, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2007.

  3. Cited p. 44, Michael K. Jones, Stalingrad: how the Red Army triumphed, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 2007.

  4. H. P. Willmott, The great crusade: a new complete history of the Second World War, Michael Joseph, 1989, p. 365.

  5. Chris Bellamy, Absolute war: Soviet Russia in the Second World War: a modern history, Macmillan, 2007, p. 535.

  6. Edward Acton and Tom Stableford, editors, The Soviet Union: a documentary history, Volume 2 1939-1991, University of Exeter Press, 2007, p. 137.

  7. Louis P. Lochner, editor, The Goebbels diaries: 1942-43, Hamish Hamilton, 1948, p. 258.

  8. See Mary Heimann, Czechoslovakia: the state that failed, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 135.

  9. For a full account, see Grover Furr, The ‘official’ version of the Katyn massacre disproven? Discoveries at a German mass murder site in Ukraine, Socialism and Democracy, 2013, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 96-129.

  10. David M. Glantz and Jonathan House, The battle of Kursk, University Press of Kansas, 1999, p. 280.

  11. Stephen G. Fritz, Ostkrieg: Hitler’s war of extermination in the East, University Press of Kentucky, 2011, p. 402.

  12. Cited p. 158, William P. and Zelda K. Coates, Six centuries of Russo-Polish relations, Lawrence & Wishart, 1948.

  13. Susan Butler, editor, My dear Mr. Stalin: the complete correspondence between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph V. Stalin, Yale University Press, 2005, p. 221.

  14. Forrest Pogue, Pogue’s war, University of Kentucky Press, 2001, p. 190.

  15. Williamson Murray and Allan Millett, A war to be won: fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press, 2000, p. 451.

  16. Mark Mazower, Hitler’s empire: Nazi rule in occupied Europe, Allen Lane, 2008, p. 522.

  17. Williamson Murray and Allan Millett, A war to be won: fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press, 2000, p. 483.

  18. Irina Mukhina, pp. 402 and 404, New revelations from the former Soviet archives: the Kremlin, the Warsaw uprising, and the coming of the Cold War, Cold War History, 2006, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 397–411.

  19. Irina Mukhina, pp. 401 and 408, New revelations from the former Soviet archives: the Kremlin, the Warsaw uprising, and the coming of the Cold War, Cold War History, 2006, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 397–411.

  20. Irina Mukhina, p. 405, New revelations from the former Soviet archives: the Kremlin, the Warsaw uprising, and the coming of the Cold War, Cold War History, 2006, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 397–411.

  21. Irina Mukhina, p. 401, New revelations from the former Soviet archives: the Kremlin, the Warsaw uprising, and the coming of the Cold War, Cold War History, 2006, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 397–411.

  22. See Edgar Snow, The pattern of Soviet power, Random House, 1945, pp. 54-6.

  23. Cited p. 105, Anthony Tucker-Jones, Stalin’s revenge: Operation Bagration and the annihilation of Army Group Centre, Pen and Sword Military, 2009.

  24. Anthony Tucker-Jones, Stalin’s revenge: Operation Bagration and the annihilation of Army Group Centre, Pen and Sword Military, 2009, p. 105.

  25. Cited p. 122, Alexander Statiev, The Soviet counterinsurgency in the Western borderlands, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

  26. Max Hastings, Armageddon: the battle for Germany 1944-45, corrected edition, Pan Books, 2005, p. 114.

  27. Anthony Tucker-Jones, Stalin’s revenge: Operation Bagration and the annihilation of Army Group Centre, Pen and Sword Military, 2009, pp. 100-5. See his Chapter 10, Rokossovsky: defeat at the gates of Warsaw, pp. 98-108.

  28. Richard Overy, Russia’s war, Allen Lane, 1998, pp. 248-9.

  29. H. P. Willmott, The great crusade: a new complete history of the Second World War, Michael Joseph, 1989, p. 382.

  30. Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: parallel lives, 2nd edition, Fontana, 1998, p. 936.

  31. Edward Acton and Tom Stableford, editors, The Soviet Union: a documentary history, Volume 2 1939-1991, University of Exeter Press, 2007, p. 145.

  32. Mark Mazower, Hitler’s empire: Nazi rule in occupied Europe, Allen Lane, 2008, p. 512.

  33. Stephen G. Fritz, Ostkrieg: Hitler’s war of extermination in the East, University Press of Kentucky, 2011, pp. 419-20. See his pp. 418-20.

  34. Robin Edmonds, The big three: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin in peace and war, Hamish Hamilton, 1991, p. 385.

  35. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin, The Bodley Head, 2010, p. 306.

  36. Cited p. 183, William P. and Zelda K. Coates, Six centuries of Russo-Polish relations, Lawrence & Wishart, 1948.

  37. Cited p. 183, William P. and Zelda K. Coates, Six centuries of Russo-Polish relations, Lawrence & Wishart, 1948.

  38. Cited p. 178, William P. and Zelda K. Coates, Six centuries of Russo-Polish relations, Lawrence & Wishart, 1948.

  39. Cited p. 455, Grover Furr, Blood lies: the evidence that every accusation against Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union in Timothy Snyder’s ‘Bloodlands’ is false, Red Star Publishers, 2014.

  40. Stephen G. Fritz, Ostkrieg: Hitler’s war of extermination in the East, University Press of Kentucky, 2011, p. 447. See his pp. 441-9.

  41. R. L. Messer, The end of an alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman and the origins of the Cold War, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982, p. 41.

  42. H. P. Willmott, The great crusade: a new complete history of the Second World War, Michael Joseph, 1989, p. 382. />
  43. H. P. Willmott, The great crusade: a new complete history of the Second World War, Michael Joseph, 1989, p. 447.

  44. Michael Schaller, The U.S. crusade in China, 1938-1945, Columbia University Press, 1979, p. 212.

  45. Robert A. Nisbet, Roosevelt and Stalin, Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1988, p. 69.

  46. Cited p. 21, J. P. Morray, From Yalta to disarmament, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1961.

  47. Cited p. 46, Frank Costigliola, Ambassador W. Averell Harriman and the shift in US policy toward Moscow after Roosevelt’s death, Chapter 2, pp. 36-55, in Bevan Sewell and Scott Lucas, editors, Challenging US foreign policy: America and the world in the long twentieth century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

  48. Cited p. 33, Melvyn P. Leffler, A preponderance of power: national security, the Truman administration, and the Cold War, Stanford University Press, 1992.

  49. Cited p. 20, J. P. Morray, From Yalta to disarmament, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1961.

  50. Cited p. 170, William P. and Zelda K. Coates, Six centuries of Russo-Polish relations, Lawrence & Wishart, 1948.

  51. See David M. Glantz, Soviet operational and tactical combat in Manchuria, 1945: August storm, Frank Cass, 2003, pp. 339-40.

  52. David M. Glantz, The Soviet strategic offensive in Manchuria, 1945: August storm, Frank Cass, 2003, p. 1.

  53. Cited p. 5, John L. Gaddis, The United States and the origins of the Cold War 1941-1947, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.

  54. Memoirs of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, London, 1958, p. 454.

  55. Cited p. 119, William Mandel, A guide to the Soviet Union, New York: The Dial Press, 1946.

  56. Cited pp. 432-3, Frederick L. Schuman, Soviet politics at home and abroad, Robert Hale Limited, 1948.

  57. Cited p. 483, Frederick L. Schuman, Soviet politics at home and abroad, Robert Hale Limited, 1948.

  58. Cited p. 119, Susan Butler, editor, My dear Mr. Stalin: the complete correspondence between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph V. Stalin, Yale University Press, 2005.

  59. Walter S. Dunn, Jr., Stalin’s keys to victory: the rebirth of the Red Army, Praeger Security International, 2006, p. 94.

  60. Andrew Roberts, Masters and commanders: the military geniuses who led the West to victory in World War Two, Penguin Books, 2009, p. 276.

  61. Max Hastings, Armageddon: the battle for Germany 1944-45, corrected edition, Pan Books, 2005, p. 132.

  62. Stephen G. Fritz, Ostkrieg: Hitler’s war of extermination in the east, University Press of Kentucky, 2011, pp. xxi-ii.

  63. H. P. Willmott, The great crusade: a new complete history of the Second World War, Michael Joseph, 1989, p. 146.

  64. Geoffrey Roberts, Molotov: Stalin’s cold warrior, Washington: Potomac Books, 2012, p. 91.

  65. Frederick L. Schuman, Soviet politics, New York: A.A. Knopf, 1946, p. 419.

  66. Evan Mawdsley, The Stalin years: the Soviet Union 1929-1953, Manchester University Press, 1998, p. 92.

  67. Mark Harrison, Accounting for war: Soviet production, employment and the defence burden, 1940-1945, Cambridge University Press, p. 171.

  68. Richard Overy, Russia’s war, Allen Lane, 1998, p. 327.

  69. Robert Rhodes James, editor, Winston S. Churchill, Complete Speeches, 1897-1963, Volume III, Macmillan, 1974, p. 2,664.

  70. Chris Bellamy, Absolute war: Soviet Russia in the Second World War: a modern history, Macmillan, 2007, p. 424.

  71. Cited p. 19, Jonathan Haslam, Russia’s Cold War: from the October Revolution to the fall of the wall, Yale University Press, 2011.

  72. All quotes cited p. 25, Stephen Dorril, MI6: fifty years of special operations, Fourth Estate, 2000.

  73. See Keith Jeffery, MI6: the history of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909-1949, Bloomsbury, 2010, pp. 436, 470, 472, 556 and 562.

  74. See Max Hastings, Finest years: Churchill as warlord 1940-45, HarperPress, 2009, pp. 571-7.

  75. Georgi Zhukov, Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov, London: Cape, 1971, p. 657.

  76. Major General S. Woodburn Kirby, The War against Japan, Vol. 5: The surrender of Japan, HMSO, 1969, cited p. 646, Gar Alperovitz, The decision to drop the atomic bomb, HarperCollins, 1995.

  77. See Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the surrender of Japan, Harvard University Press, 2005, pp. 3-5.

  78. Geoffrey Jukes, Australian Slavonic and East European Studies, 2008, Vol. 22 (1–2).

  Chapter 6 The Soviet Union from 1945 to 1986

  1. Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower the soldier, 1890-1952, Allen & Unwin, 1984, p. 426.

  2. Edward Crankshaw, Khrushchev: a career, Viking, 1966, p. 141.

  3. Cited p. 353, Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The wise men: six friends and the world they made: Acheson, Bohler, Harriman, Kennan, Lovett, McCloy, Faber and Faber, 1986.

  4. Cited p. 106, Anna Louise Strong, The Stalin era, New York: Mainstream Publishers, 1957.

  5. Cited p. 2, Andrew Alexander, America and the imperialism of ignorance: US foreign policy since 1945, Biteback Publishing, 2012.

  6. Andrew Alexander, America and the imperialism of ignorance: US foreign policy since 1945, Biteback Publishing, 2012, p. 2.

  7. Geoffrey Roberts, The Soviet Union in world politics: coexistence, revolution and Cold War, 1945-1991, Routledge, 1999, pp. 9-10.

  8. Geoffrey Roberts, Molotov: Stalin’s cold warrior, Washington: Potomac Books, 2012, p. 90.

  9. Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev, Harvard University Press, pp. 276-7.

  10. Raymond L. Garthoff, A journey through the Cold War: a memoir of containment and coexistence, Brookings Institution Press, 2001, p. 223.

  11. Warren Cohen, New Cambridge history of American foreign relations, Vol. 4, Challenges to American primacy, 1945 to the present, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 31-2.

  12. Raymond L. Garthoff, Détente and confrontation: American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan, revised editon, Brookings Institution Press, 1994, p. 744.

  13. Dimitri Volkogonov, Stalin: triumph and tragedy, Weidenfeld, 1991, p. 531.

  14. Cited p. 119, Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick, The untold history of the United States, Ebury Press, 2012.

  15. Cited p. 186, Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick, The untold history of the United States, Ebury Press, 2012.

  16. Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick, The untold history of the United States, Ebury Press, 2012, p. 180.

  17. Vladislav M. Zubok, A failed empire: the Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev, University of North Carolina Press, 2009, pp. 49 and 71-2.

  18. Frank Costigliola, p. 44, Ambassador W. Averell Harriman and the shift in US policy toward Moscow after Roosevelt’s death, Chapter 2, pp. 36-55, in Bevan Sewell and Scott Lucas, editors, Challenging US foreign policy: America and the world in the long twentieth century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

  19. Cited p. 98, Peter Grose, Operation Rollback: America’s secret war behind the Iron Curtain, Houghton Mifflin, 2000.

  20. See Peter Grose, Operation Rollback: America’s secret war behind the Iron Curtain, Houghton Mifflin, 2000, pp. 164-5.

  21. See Stephen Dorril, MI6: fifty years of special operations, Fourth Estate, 2000, p. 243, ‘Poland’, Chapter 15, pp. 249-67, and pp. 501-2.

  22. See Jeffrey Burds, The Early Cold War in Soviet West Ukraine, 1944–1948, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies, 2001, No. 1505, pp. 19 and 43-4.

  23. Warren Cohen, New Cambridge history of American foreign relations, Vol. 4, Challenges to American primacy, 1945 to the present, Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 55 and 242.

  24. Bernard Brodie, The absolute weapon, Harcourt, Brace, 1946, p. 75.

  25. David Holloway, Stalin and the bomb: the Soviet Union and atomic energ
y 1939-1956, Yale University Press, 1994, p. 251.

  26. Allan Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the common defense: a military history of the United States of America, Free Press, 1984, p. 524.

  27. Cited p. 129, Geoffrey Roberts, Molotov: Stalin’s cold warrior, Potomac Books, Washington, 2012.

  28. Cited p. 136, Geoffrey Roberts, Molotov: Stalin’s cold warrior, Potomac Books, Washington, 2012.

  29. See Eugène Zaleski, Stalinist planning for economic growth, 1933-1952, Macmillan, 1980, pp. 400-1.

  30. See Philip Hanson, The rise and fall of the Soviet economy: an economic history of the USSR from 1945, Pearson Education Limited, 2003, p. 25.

  31. See R. W. Davies, The development of the Soviet budgetary system, Cambridge University Press, 1958, p. 322.

  32. See Malcolm R. Hill and Richard McKay, Soviet product quality, Macmillan, 1988, especially pp. 1-16, 65-7, 90-1, 108-10, 123-5 and 126-35.

  33. Girsh Khanin, p. 1193, The 1950s – the triumph of the Soviet economy, Europe-Asia Studies, 2003, Vol. 55, No. 8, pp. 1187-212.

  34. For details, see J. Eric Duskin, Stalinist reconstruction and the confirmation of a new elite, 1945-1953, Palgrave 2001, Educating a new elite, Chapter 2, pp. 41-62.

  35. Girsh Khanin, pp. 1196-9, The 1950s – the triumph of the Soviet economy, Europe-Asia Studies, 2003, Vol. 55, No. 8, pp. 1187-212.

  36. Both quotations cited p. 150, Jonathan Haslam, Russia’s Cold War: from the October Revolution to the fall of the wall, Yale University Press, 2011.

  37. Joseph S. Berliner, Soviet industry from Stalin to Gorbachev: essays on management and innovation, Edward Elgar, 1988, p. 70, in his evidence to the Committee, reprinted as his Chapter 4, Managerial incentives and decision-making: a comparison of the United States and the Soviet Union, pp. 61-96.

  38. Alexander Werth, Russia: hopes and fears, Barrie & Rockliff, 1969, pp. 14 and 16.

  39. Michael Ellman, Socialist planning, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 178.

  40. David Stuckler and Sanjay Basu, The body economic: why austerity kills, Allen Lane, 2013, p. 159, note 18.