Unlocking the Past
Page 40
New World, 100, 139, 162
agriculture, 107–108, 119–122, 164, 210–211
camelid, 141, 148, 149
colonization of, 161, 169, 180, 188, 192, 247
discovery of, 168
earliest evidence of human, 168
horses reintroduce, 144
mammals, 140–141
monkeys, 56
ocean crossings, 178
and Old World, 175
pioneering journeys to, 171
New Zealand peat bogs, 38,
Newcastle Infirmary, 271, 274, 275
Newcastle University, 202, 271, 274, 275, 279, 291
Ngamuraik, Kenya, 152
Ngandong, Java, 50
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 238
Niklas, Karl, 26
Nile corridor, 185, 186, 192
Nile River, 84, 185
Nile Valley, 21, 105, 154, 184, 185, 199
nitrogen, 58, 223, 224, 233, 255
Noah’s Flood, 52
non-primates, serum albumin studies, 56
nonacosane, 219
Norris Farm, Illinois River, 175, 247, 249, 250
North America, 11, 23, 83, 119, 144, 169, 278,
North Pacific, 170
Nuba, Lake, 185
Nubia/Nubians, 185, 186
nuclear genome, 61, 62, 118, 250
nucleic acids, 19
see also Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, Uracil
see also Depurination, Purines, Pyrimidines
nucleotides, 22, 23, 44, 78, 241
nutrition, 7, 228
ocean crossings, 176–178
ocean floor, sampling, 83–84
Oetzi, 228–229
Ohalo, Israel, 109
Ohio (Pleistocene pond), 279
Ojibwa people, 174, 175
Old World, 49, 67, 100, 139, 162, 168
agriculture, 119, 122, 126
camelids, 148
cattle, 155
monkeys, 55, 56
and New World, 176
ocean crossings, 179
Olduvai Gorge, 55
Oneota culture, 174–176, 247, 258
Oota, Horishi, 252, 253, 258
orangutan, serum albumin studies, 50, 56, 111
organic chemistry, 9
organs, 19, 24, 59, 82, 86, 89, 90, 131, 148, 276
Osmore Valley, Peru, 273
osteocalcin, 206
Out-of-Africa model, 65, 67, 71, 73
Oxford, 269
research group, 36, 155, 188, 189, 191
Oxford Archaeological Unit, 7
oxidation, 87–88
oxygen,
amber as a barrier, 27
and bacteria, 83, 84
damages specimens, 27
and depurination, 29
level in a waterlogged deposit, 116
and soil organisms, 82
unlocking, 86
Pääbo, Svante, 21–31, 33, 36, 40, 42, 46, 68, 70–72, 74–75, 77–78, 120, 132, 142–143, 157, 185–186, 294, 297
applies PCR to ancient DNA, 23
challenges Golenberg’s findings, 29
cloning of ancient DNA, 26
and mammoths, 142, 143
and mummies, 185
and Neanderthal DNA, 46, 70, 77
Poinar joins, 33
sperm test, 40
Pacific Islands, 173, 176, 179–181, 221, 251
Pacific Ocean, 84, 178, 179
pack rats, 205
Palaeo-Indian group, 170
Palaeolithic age, 72, 114, 155, 187
palaeontology see fossils
Palestinian Arabs, 186
palm roots, 211
Panama, 210
pandemic diseases, 266
Parkes, John, 84, 86, 87
Patagonia, 182
Pathfinder, 71
patrilineage, 242, 244, 246
patrilineal inheritance, 246
patrilocal residence, 246
patrilocality, 246, 248, 251, 259, 260
PCA see Principal Components Analysis
PCR see Polymerase Chain Reaction
peat, 2, 3, 6, 9, 24, 27, 31, 38, 82, 90, 92, 93, 290
Peking Man, 54
Pengtoushan, China, 123
Penn State University, 70
permafrost, 12, 41, 90, 96, 141, 142, 205
Perry, William J., 177
Persia, 154
Peru, 121, 176, 273, 276
Peruvians, 86
petroleum, 206, 279
Pharaohs, 223
Pharaonic relations, 21
Philip, Prince, Duke of Edinburgh, 240
photosynthesis, 225
phylogenetic bushes, 112
phylogenetic trees, 20, 39, 60, 79, 110, 129, 138, 158, 194, 232
phylogenies, 66, 110, 205
phytocrystals, 290
phytoliths, 208–211, 290
Piazza, Alberto, 165
pig, roasting, 222
Piperno, Dolores, 210–212, 225, 229
Pisa University, 263
plague, 268–269, 282
Plains Indians, 139, 145
plants
amplification of DNA from a crop plant, 118, 125
ancient fragments, 8, 115
charred remains, 81, 82
domesticated, 107, 129, 132, 162, 191
food, 93, 100, 101, 103, 117, 200, 211, 229
genetic blueprints, 16, 69, 110, 207, 263
lignified, 91
molecular revolution in crop plants, 110
phytoliths, 208–211, 290
wild, 7, 112
Pleistocene Epoch, 176, 279
plywood principle, 88
poi, 213, 222
Poinar, George, Jr., 27–28, 37
Poinar, Hendrik, 28, 37
amino acid racemization, 33–34, 69
pollen grains, 82, 280
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 21–23, 34–36, 38–39, 41, 43, 64, 69, 113, 235, 269, 273
in action, 23–26
cytochrome b gene, 39
and DNA in archeological bones, 37, 42
vulnerable to contamination, 30
polymers see molecules, long-chain
Polynesia, 179–182, 188
polyphenol, 93
Pompeii, 126
ponies, 145–146
population patterns, 265
Portugal, 188
potassium, 58
Pott, Sir Percivall, 271
pottery, 1, 3, 5–7, 9, 152, 154, 178–181, 191, 212, 218, 230, 291
Pott’s disease, 271
pre-Columbian Indians, 174
primates, serum albumin studies, 56
Principal Components Analysis, 167, 192
progress, 161, 162
promoter sequence, 118
proteins
albumin, 56, 57, 64, 205, 214
amino acid racemization, 33
and antibodies, 9, 203, 205
blood, 9, 110, 165, 170, 179, 202–205, 214, 250
bone, and diet, 292
detection of, 203
enzyme, 87
functions, 16
glutenins, 125
mirror images of amino acids, 33
seed storage, 110
serum, 215
serum albumen studies, 56
survival, 202
Provence, France, 269
Pruess, Johan: Hortus Sanitatus, 149–150
Przewalski, Nikolai, 146, 148
Przewalski’s horse, 147, 158
purines, 25, 29
Pygmies, 185
pyrimidines, 25, 27, 29
quaggas, 19–21, 25, 35, 141, 205
Quaternary cycle, 154
Quaternary Epoch, 69, 140, 175
Quaternary scientists, 83
Ra voyage (Heyerdahl), 177
rachis, 103–104, 109, 129
radioactive markers, 117, 204
radiocarbon dating, 127, 164, 168, 178, 185
radiometric clocks, 58
radiometric dating, 58
Ramapithecus, 57, 58
raphides, 213
rats, pack, 205
recycling, 89, 94–95
Reichersdorf, Lower Bavaria, 242
Renfrew, Colin, 163–165, 187
replicable amplification, 35
reproduction
and mitochondrial DNA, 61–63
replication in the lab, 15
research councils (UK), 10, 32
resin, 27, 34–35, 208
restriction enzymes, 16–17, 113, 235–236
Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Bonn, 68
RIA (radio-immuno-assay), 205
ribosomes, 16
rice, 100, 122–124, 209
Richards, Martin, 188–189, 191
Rift Valley, 55, 58
Rivers, General Augustus Pitt, 161
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 16, 25, 62–64, 87, 142, 202, 264, 295
12S rRNA gene, 142
16S rRNA gene, 142, 146, 149, 276
roasting, 222, 226
rock art, 42, 152
Rockies, 173
Rollo, Franco, 263–264, 269, 276, 279
Roman Empire, 195, 217
Romanov family, 238, 241–242, 245, 248, 256–257
roots, 208, 211–212, 286
Rottländler, Rolf, 9
Royal Society, London, 29
Saami (formerly known as Lapps), 167, 190
Sahara desert, 148, 152, 186
St Helen’s cemetery, York, 275
salt, 86, 90, 116
Samuel, Delwen, 222
San bushmen, 185
San Domenico Maggiore Abbey, Naples, 263
Sarich, Vincent, 56–57
Sato, Yo-Icho, 123–124
Schmitz, Ralf, 68
Schweitzer, Mary, 38–39
Science journal, 12, 26, 30, 39, 41, 114, 213, 278
scientific funding, 31
Scotland, tuberculosis in, 273
Scott, Andrew, 207
sea cows, 205
sea levels, 139, 144, 171, 176
Sea of Okhotsk, 170
sediments, 12, 31, 52, 75, 81–84, 86, 87, 89, 96–98, 101, 129
seeds, 7, 10, 82, 92, 94–95, 101–105, 107, 109, 210–212, 221, 280, 285
carbonized, 116–117
mineralized, 116
serum proteins, 215
sheep, 132, 135–136, 149, 214
Sheffield University, 164
shells, 82, 211–212, 215, 252–255
snail, 81, 101
Shire horses, 145
Shizuoka, Japan, 123, 252
siamang, 56
Siberia, 11, 43, 72, 96, 139, 144, 168–170, 174, 199
Sicily, 186
sieving, 7–8, 101, 107
silica, 11, 58, 208–211
sinkholes, 23–24, 36, 82–83, 249, 251
Sioux people, 174
Siwalik Hills, northern India, 57
Skeletons
adipocere, 207
carbon isotope signature, 225
central to the search for ancient molecules, 89
Cheddar cave, 190
Condè-sur-Ifs, 248
disease seen in, 268
Easter Island, 177, 180
Kleve, 245
Lapita culture, 180–181
Oneota culture, 174
Reichersdorf, 242
the Romanovs, 238
Takuta-Nishibun site, 252–253
see also bog bodies; bones; mummies
slip, 218
Smal enzyme, 16
Smith, Andrew, 34
Smith, Grafton Elliott, 162, 168, 176–177
Sokolov, Nikolai, 238, 241
Solo River, Java, 50
Solomon Island group, 212
Somerset, 1–3, 5–7, 11, 82–83, 92, 291
Somerset Level, 11–12, 31, 92, 292
sorghum, 84, 101, 153
South Africa, 19, 77, 196
South America, 84, 90–91, 119–120, 144, 169, 171–172, 210, 237, 272
South Pacific islands, 179, 180
South Pacific Ocean, 176
South Seas, 192
spacer regions, 118
Spain
brow-ridges, 50
Neanderthal samples, 72, 73
species
domesticated, 104, 169, 271
transformation, 52
undifferentiated, 53
sperm test, 40
sphagnan, 93
Sphagnum moss, 93
Spielberg, Steven, 37
Spigelman, Mark, 273, 275–276, 281
Spindler, Konrad, 228
spores, 277–279
Spriggs, Matthew, 212–213
squash, 120, 211
Stanley, Helen, 145–147, 149, 157, 159
starch, 11, 130–131, 133, 210–211, 213, 222–223, 229
steppes, 108, 144–148, 167
Stone, Anne, 174–175, 247, 250
Stoneking, Mark, 64–66, 70, 174, 247
Stringer, Chris, 71, 74, 190
Sudan, 185
Suffolk Punch (horses), 145, 147
sugar, 15, 27, 231, 274
sulphur, 223, 233, 255
survival of the fittest, 74
Sykes, Bryan, 36, 71, 131, 180, 182, 188–192
syphilis, 263–264, 268–269
Syria, 105, 113, 125, 127, 135
Tahiti, 182
Taiwan, 179–180
Takuta-Nishibun, Kyushu, 252–255, 258
Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia, 142, 157
tanning, 93
taro, 213, 221–222
tarpan, 146
Tasili rock art, 152
Tasmania, 141
taurines, 154
Taxodium leaf, 30
taxons, 77, 126, 157
tea, 222
teeth, 10, 75–76, 81–82, 89–90, 95, 97, 136, 141, 146–147, 157, 169, 185, 243, 258–259, 265–266, 269, 280
Tehuacan valley, Mexico, 119
Tel Amarna, 92
La Tene site, Lake Neuchatel Switzerland, 5
teosinte, 119, 121–122, 209
terminator sequence, 118
termites, 28
terpenes, 27, 34
tetanus, 277
Thailand, 122
Thames gravels, 7
Thorne, Allen, 65–67
Thurnwald, R. C., 246
thymine (T), 16, 25
Tierra del Fuego, 175
tissues
animal, 220
cloning on ancient tissue, 17
DNA survival, 26
fragmented, 8
mummified, 9, 19, 25, 27
plant, 26, 37, 101, 208, 212, 220
Toad River, Yukon Territory, Canada, 215
Tonga, 178
tools, stone, 49–50, 58, 75, 212–213, 215–216, 229
Torres Straits Islands, 162
Torroni, Antonio, 174
tortoises, island, 141
Toulon, 269
tree-ring dating, 244
Treponema palladum, 263
Trinity College, Dublin, 150
tuberculosis, 268–276, 279, 281
tubers, 131, 211–213, 219, 221, 286
Turkey, 113, 125, 135, 150, 188
Turner, Christy, 169–170
Tuross, Noreen, 28
Tyrannosaurus rex, 38
Tyrolean Alps, 228
Uhle, Max, 86, 255
universal catalyst, 289
Universal Pictures, 37
University of California at Berkeley, 19
University of Hamburg, 172
University of Los Angeles, 138
Upper Palaeolithic, 155
uracil, 16, 25
urbanization, 270–271
urus, 149–150
Vavilov, Nicolai, 105, 122, 123
vegans, 228
vegetables, green, 218
vertebrates, 53
cytochrome b gene, 39–40, 62, 142
Victoria, Princess, of Hesse, 240
Vilà, Carles, 138–140
Virginia University, 228
vitamins, 218
Wallace, Douglas, 171–172, 174, 180
Wang, G., 19
Wanka settlement, Peru, 121
warrior societies, 145, 248
Washington State University, 30
water
amino acid racemization, 33–34, 69
and depurination, 29
difficult to assess, 33
friend and foe, 292
level in a ‘desiccated’ seed, 116
permanent water table, 82–83, 92, 94
in unglazed pottery, 218
waterproofing, 30–31, 207
Watom Island, New Caledonia, 180
Watson, James, 15, 44
weevil, amber-embedded, 28
Weidenreich, Franz, 54, 65
West Cotton, England, 219–220
wheat, 92, 100, 105, 113, 116–117, 122, 125–127, 131, 136
beta clade, 127
einkorn, 113–114, 125
emmer, 125–127
glutenins, 125–127, 130
‘white death’ see tuberculosis
Wilson, Allan, 19, 21, 23–25, 27–28, 30, 55–57, 59, 64–65, 67–68, 71, 118, 120
Windover Pond sinkhole, Brevard County, Central Florida, 23, 83, 249–251
Wolpoff, Milford, 65–67, 74
wolves, 136, 138, 140
marsupial, 25, 141
Tasmanian, 205
wood fragments, 2, 82, 91–92, 290
Woodward, Scott, 38–41, 62
worms, 53
X-chromosomes, 242
Y-chromosomes, 153, 159, 182, 196, 242–243, 249–250, 287
Yangtze River, 123–124
Yanomami Indians, 171
yeast, 223
Yersinia pestis, 268–270, 282
yoghurt, 222, 226
York, 268, 275
Yunnan province, China, 122
Zagros mountains, 105, 122, 135–136
zebras, 20
zebu cattle, 151–155
Zimbabwe, 153