George Washington
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and Constitutional Convention, 294, 299, 300, 303
and Conway Cabal, 231, 235
and first constitutional government, 326
and French neutrality crisis, 364, 365
and increasing partisanship, 390–91
and Jay Treaty, 378–80, 385–86
and military appointments of Washington, 453n15
and partisan divisions in America, 352
and postwar economic challenges, 290
and postwar governmental challenges, 274
and Quasi War, 399
and ratification of the Constitution, 305–6
and residence-of-the-government debate, 341–42, 343
resignation from Washington’s cabinet, 374
and soldier pay and pensions, 269–71, 272, 488n35
and Valley Forge, 244
and Washington’s cabinet appointments, 383
and Washington’s death, 410
and Washington’s Farewell Address, 389–90
and Washington’s presidential style, 320
and Washington’s second term, 358–59
and Washington’s severe personality, 501n8
and Washington’s writing style, 19
and Whiskey Rebellion, 368–70, 371
Hancock, John, 202, 204, 508n39
Hannibal of Carthage, 221
Harrison, Benjamin, 188, 306
Harvie, John, 487n19
Henry, Patrick
and acquisition of western lands, 8
and antislavery sentiment, 403
biographical sketch of, xvi
and Conway Cabal, 485n24
election to Virginia legislature, 528n13
and Fairfax Resolves, 185–86
and First Continental Congress, 188–89, 191–92
and ratification of the Constitution, 306, 308, 309, 504n21
and resistance to Coercive Acts, 181
and Richmond Convention, 198–99
and Robinson scandal, 147
and shared waterway issues, 288
and soldier pay and pensions, 272
and Stamp Act taxes, 144
and Washington’s career trajectory, 390
Hercules (slave), 408, 409
Hessians, 219, 222, 228, 256, 258, 260, 264
Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 283
House of Burgesses (Virginia)
and Battle of Fort Necessity, 47
and Braddock expedition, 50
and committee of correspondence, 175
and economic conflicts with Britain, 139–40, 168–69, 181
election of Washington’s brother, 51
and First Continental Congress, 194
and funding for military, 37–38
journal of, 462n33
land ownership of members, 455n13
and oratory skills, 460n2
and political skills of Washington, 415–16
reorganization of Virginia military, 76, 85
and Robinson scandal, 147
and Virginia’s currency problems, 169–70, 460n16
and Washington’s career trajectory, 6, 13, 64, 71–72, 89, 97–98, 109–10, 117–18, 133–42, 173–74, 298, 315, 388, 390, 454n1
Washington’s elections to, 108, 135–37
and Washington’s family background, 8, 23
and Williamsburg, 115
See also Virginia Convention
Howe, William, 222–23, 228–30, 251, 253–54
Humphreys, David, 406
Hunter, William, 115
impressment of sailors, 375–77
indentured servitude, 13, 152, 195, 465n13, 469n23
Indians. See French and Indian War; specific individuals and tribes
Innes, James, 43–44, 49
Iroquois Confederacy, 47, 433n13
Irvine, William, 512n32
Jackson, William, 335, 337
James River Company, 498n35
Jay, John, 291, 294–95, 319, 323, 372, 376, 378, 389
Jay Treaty, 376–77, 379, 383–85, 388, 390–91, 393, 398, 513n21, 522n7
Jefferson, Thomas
on aging of Washington, 516n2
and antislavery sentiment, 403
and Bank of the United States debate, 348–49, 516n15
biographical sketch of, xvi
and black descendants, 532n4
and Compromise of 1790, 338–40, 340–42, 514n24
and correspondence styles, 109
and corruption allegations against Randolph, 380, 383, 517n7
and criticisms of Washington, 388
and economic conflicts with Britain, 139–40
and first constitutional government, 326
and French neutrality crisis, 363–65
and Jay Treaty, 385
and partisan divisions in America, 352
and Potomac navigation project, 284, 285–86
and ratification of the Constitution, 309
and residence-of-the-government debate, 343
resignation from Washington’s cabinet, 367, 372, 374, 517n7, 518n7
and resistance to Coercive Acts, 181
and Richmond Convention, 199
on road-building in Virginia, 441n8
and Robinson scandal, 147
and Second Continental Congress, 202
and Washington’s Farewell Address, 390–91
on Washington’s horsemanship, 15
and Washington’s humor, 517n8
and Washington’s second term, 357, 358–59, 360
Jenifer, Daniel of St. Thomas, 300
Johnson, Thomas, xvii, 206, 514n29
Johnson, William, 47
Johnston, George, 463n4
Jones, John Paul, 304
Judge, Ona (slave), 409
Kentucky, 308, 360
Keppel, William Anne (Lord Albemarle), 432n28
King, Rufus, 300
Knollenberg, Bernhard, 468n21
Knox, Henry
background, 220–21
biographical sketch of, xvii
and conclusion of Revolution, 274
and Constitutional Convention, 292–94, 295, 303–4
and military appointments of Washington, 257, 453n15
and organization of constitutional government, 319, 326
and postwar economic challenges, 365
and Quasi War, 399–400
resignation from Washington’s cabinet, 374
and seniority battles, 528n10
and soldier pay and pensions, 270
and Washington’s elections, 311–12
and Washington’s presidential style, 323, 325
and Washington’s resignation from command, 276
Lady Washington (ship), 210
Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de
and antislavery sentiment, 404
and Battle of Monmouth Court House, 264
biographical sketch of, xvii
and British evacuation of Philadelphia, 259–60
and conclusion of Revolution, 275
and Conway Cabal, 234, 235
and early battles of the Revolution, 222
and French Revolution, 363
on Mary Washington, 15
McHenry on, 491n14
and military recommendations to Washington, 257
and Quebec expedition, 236
on Saratoga victory, 230
and Valley Forge, 224
Washington’s correspondence with, 308, 310
on Washington’s marriage, 120
on Washington’s retirement from military, 281, 283
Lake Champlain, 236
Langdon, John, 338
Lansing, John, 502n25
Laurens, Henry
and Battle of Monmouth Court House, 265
biographical sketch of, xvii
and British evacuation of Philadelphia, 260
and Conway Cabal, 234, 235, 237–39
on failings of Second Continental Congress, 242
and First Continental Congress, 391
and military recommendations to Washington, 257
and soldier pay and pensions, 247
Steuben’s reports to, 251
and Valley Forge, 228–29, 246
Laurens, John
and antislavery sentiment, 403
and Battle of Monmouth Court House, 264
biographical sketch of, xvii
and conclusion of Revolution, 275
and Conway Cabal, 234, 237
and First Continental Congress, 391
praise of Washington, 491n26
and Valley Forge, 249, 253–54, 255
Law, Eliza, 413, 532n4
Law, Thomas, 412, 413, 532n4
Lear, Tobias, xvii, 337, 405, 407, 409, 410–12, 495n8
Lee, Arthur, 171, 180, 310, 470n7
Lee, Charles
Attorney General appointment, 383, 515n32
and Battle of Monmouth Court House, 261, 261–62, 265–66, 492nn33–34
biographical sketch of, xvii
and British evacuation of Philadelphia, 259–60
conflicts with Washington, 220, 491n21
court martial, 265–66
death, 275
and Fort Duquesne campaign, 53
and land speculation, 116
military background, 205
and military recommendations to Washington, 257
and military strategizing, 196, 200
and organization of Continental Army, 207–8, 210
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 134
Lee, Frank, 132
Lee, Henry, III (“Light Horse Harry”), xvii–xviii, 310, 371, 372–73, 515n32
Lee, Richard Bland, xviii, 344
Lee, Richard Henry
and antislavery sentiment, 403
and Battle of Germantown, 481n17
and Battle of Monmouth Court House, 266
biographical sketch of, xviii
and Conway Cabal, 233
and economic conflicts with Britain, 139
and Fairfax Resolves, 185
and First Continental Congress, 189, 191, 194
and onset of Revolution, 197
and ratification of the Constitution, 306
and resistance to British acts, 145, 170, 181, 463n11
and Richmond Convention, 199
and Second Continental Congress, 202, 243
and Stephen’s career, 481n17
and Washington’s career trajectory, 390
Lee, William (“Billy”; valet), 132, 296, 413
L’Enfant, Peter, 343
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Franklin), 156
Lewis, Betty Washington
biographical sketch of, xviii
children of, 517n4
death, 394
illness, 295
and Lawrence Washington’s estate, 433n20
marriage, 25
and resettlement of Mary Washington, 158
and Washington’s family background, 16
and the Washingtons’ social life, 120
Lewis, Fielding, xviii, 25, 98, 158–59, 462n34
Lexington, Massachusetts, 199–200, 273, 328
Liston, Henrietta, 387, 391, 393, 397
Little Hunting Creek, 13–14, 16–17. See also Mount Vernon
Livingston, Robert, 313
logistics and supply challenges
and Battle of Monmouth Court House, 264
and British control of Forks of the Ohio, 102–3
and early battles of the Revolution, 223–24
and French naval power, 252–53
and Valley Forge, 225–29, 240–41, 244–47
and Washington’s appointment to army command, 206
Washington’s personal oversight of, 225–27
Logstown conference, 30–31, 33–34
London Magazine, 43
Loring, Elizabeth, 228–29
Loudoun, John Campbell, Earl of, 80
Louisiana, 519n22
Louis XV, King of France, 30
Louis XVI, King of France, 362
Lovell, James, 230, 233, 243–44, 245, 484n9
Loyalists, 115–16, 200, 221, 256, 290, 428n1
Mackay, James, 40, 44–45, 438n34
Maclay, William, 320–21, 325, 335, 338, 342, 346
Madison, James
on Annapolis Conference, 498n35
and antislavery sentiment, 403
and Bank of the United States debate, 347, 348–49, 516n16
biographical sketch of, xviii
and Compromise of 1790, 339–40, 514n24
and Constitutional Convention, 293–95, 297–98, 300–301, 303, 391
and corruption allegations against Randolph, 383
criticism of John Adams, 505n34
and French neutrality crisis, 364
and partisan divisions in America, 352–53
and political opposition to Washington, 374
and postwar economic challenges, 333–35
and postwar geopolitical challenges, 291–92
and Potomac navigation project, 286–87
and ratification of the Constitution, 306, 308–9
and residence-of-the-government debate, 331–32, 341–43
and shared waterway issues, 288
and trade embargoes, 375
and Washington’s death, 410
and Washington’s Farewell Address, 389
and Washington’s presidency, 310, 314, 322–23, 358
and Washington’s writing style, 19
Maine, 377, 393
manumission of slaves, 403, 408, 531n23
Marshall, John, 8, 528n13
Marshall, Thomas, 462n34
Martin, Thomas Bryan, 98, 108
Maryland, 286, 287–88, 290, 343–44
Mason, George
and antislavery sentiment, 403
biographical sketch of, xviii
and boycott enforcement, 196
and Constitutional Convention, 297–98, 303, 306, 374
and Fairfax Resolves, 182–84
judicial service of, 152, 465n14
and laws on treatment of slaves, 131
opposition to ratification of Constitution, 303, 306, 374
and Potomac navigation project, 195
and ratification of the Constitution, 306
and resistance to Townshend duties, 168–72
and shared waterway issues, 288
and Washington’s career trajectory, 6, 71, 149, 390
and Washington’s land acquisitions, 162
and the Washingtons’ social life, 121
Massachusetts, 292, 303, 307, 322, 403, 514n22
Massachusetts Assembly, 403
McClurg, James, 297, 502n15, 506n51
McHenry, James, xviii, 303, 383, 400, 491n14, 506n51
McKenzie, Robert, 193
Mease, James, 227–28
Mercer, George, 80–81, 101, 108, 136, 196
Mercer, Hugh, 275
Methodists, 403, 404–5
Miami Indians, 30, 433n13
Middleton, Henry, 187
Mifflin, Thomas, 232
and Board of War/Conway Cabal, 231–35, 236–38, 243, 246–47, 251, 266, 484n9
and C
onstitutional Convention, 299
and Continental Army supply problems, 227
and First Continental Congress, 192
and Shays Rebellion, 370–71
and Washington’s resignation from command, 276–77
and Washington’s second term, 359
militia units
and British evacuation of Philadelphia, 258
Hamilton’s criticism of, 512n3
and Indian raids, 140
Militia Act, 370
and onset of Revolution, 196, 198–203
and recruitment and supply challenges, 50–53, 77–78, 84
and slave insurrections, 131
and Washington’s appointment to army command, 206
and Washington’s career trajectory, 8
Washington’s uniform designs, 208
Mingo Indians, 44, 433n13
Mississippi Land Company, 161, 162, 466n1
Mississippi River, 291, 369, 371, 384, 519n22
Monongahela River, 286
Monroe, James, 309, 340–41, 377, 385–86, 400, 410
Morgan, Daniel, 221, 267–68, 371, 453n15
Morgan, Edmund, 449n5
Morocco, 384. See also Barbary pirates
Morris, Gouverneur
and conditions at Valley Forge, 245
and Constitutional Convention, 301, 302
and Conway Cabal, 486n37, 487n19
and ratification of the Constitution, 305–6
recalled from France, 385–86
and soldier pay and pensions, 269, 270, 272–73
and Washington’s election, 310
and Washington’s severe personality, 501n8
Morris, Mary, 345
Morris, Robert
and Bank of the United States debate, 345
and Compromise of 1790, 338, 340
and Constitutional Convention, 297–98, 301
and residence-of-the-government debate, 331–32
and soldier pay and pensions, 269, 270–73
and treaty powers conflict, 325
on Washington’s retirement from military, 283
Morristown, New Jersey, 220
Mount Vernon, 156
and agricultural production, 154, 282–83, 402
and conclusion of Revolution, 268
distillery at, 128, 393, 400
family life at, 120–23, 125
fox hunting at, 283
Jack Washington’s management of, 80
leasing of farm lands, 357–58
and Martha’s arrival, 119–20
and onset of Revolution, 199–200
origins of, 13–14, 17
renovations and improvements, 88, 105, 114, 119–20, 123–24, 178–79, 393
and residence-of-the-government debate, 343
slavery at, 124, 282, 393, 400–402, 406–7, 532n4, 532n7