George Washington
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social life at, 281–83, 308
wartime damage, 282
Washington’s land speculation, 160
Washington’s management of, 225, 244, 289, 309–10, 326, 366
Washington’s marriage, 90
and Washington’s resignation from command, 275, 278
Washington’s return, after presidency, 393
and Washington’s return from militia command, 51
and the Washingtons’ social life, 108
Mount Vernon Compact, 288
mutinies, 215, 224–25, 246, 268–69, 271–74, 315, 374, 416, 448n10
mythical status of Washington
and assumption of Continental Army command, 209–10
and Braddock expedition, 65–66
and carriage accident, 304
and First Continental Congress, 190
and Forks of the Ohio campaign, 36
and Indian prophecy tale, 66
and resignation from command, 276–77
and Washington’s presidential tour of the country, 327
and Washington’s public image, 9–12
National Bank of Washington, 346, 349, 532n4
naval power
and blockades, 95
and British control of New York, 220
and Franco-American alliance, 252–53, 255
and French ship seizures, 518n7
and impressment of sailors, 375–77
and Jay Treaty, 376, 380, 381
and privateering, 362–64, 378, 519n13
Nelson, William, 171
Nemacolin, 56
neutrality, 216, 298–99, 362–67, 369, 376–79, 382, 391
Neville, John, 370
Newburgh mutiny, 374
New Hampshire, 292–93, 299, 307, 308, 503n12
New Orleans, 384
newspaper media, 43, 62, 306, 307, 320–21, 324, 470n7. See also specific publications
New York (state)
and Compromise of 1790, 338, 339
and Constitutional Convention, 299, 502n25
military occupation, 219
and ratification of the Constitution, 307–8
and regional dynamics of constitutional governance, 322
and residence-of-the-government debate, 330
and Washington’s winter trip to Boston, 74–75
New York Assembly, 500n16
New York City, 74–75, 219, 222, 274, 290, 329–30, 504n26
New York Provincial Congress, 209
Nicholas, Robert Carter, 425n11, 469n1
Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn, 527n3
non-importation/exportation campaigns, 168–72, 182–85, 188, 191–93, 195, 198
North Carolina, 307–8, 310, 322, 334–35
Northwest Ordinance, 305
Northwest Territory, 349, 360, 375, 377, 385
Notes of the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 441n8
Ohio Company, 30–31, 33, 37, 87, 431n12
Ohio Indians, 40, 198, 433n13
Ohio River, 287. See also Forks of the Ohio
Ohio valley, 36, 95, 161–63, 186, 433n9
oratory skills, 117–18, 454n11
Paine, Thomas, 224, 388
pardons, 372
Parliament, 167, 171, 182, 184, 186, 189, 197, 203, 252
Peale, Charles Willson, 173, 301
Pendleton, Edmund
and currency disputes, 139
and Fairfax Resolves, 185, 186
and First Continental Congress, 189
and Robinson scandal, 147
and Washington’s appointment to army command, 206, 207
and Washington’s career trajectory, 390
and Washington’s legislative efforts, 135
Pennsylvania
and antislavery sentiment, 403
and Compromise of 1790, 337–38, 513n17
political dynamics of, 75
and Proclamation of 1763, 161–62
and residence-of-the-government debate, 343, 509n5
and Washington’s second term, 359
See also Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania General Assembly, 194
Pennsylvania State House, 202
Perrine’s Hill, 261–64. See also Battle of Monmouth Court House
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
and Compromise of 1790, 337, 339–40, 342
and early battles of the Revolution, 222–23
military occupation, 219
newspaper media in, 74–75
Philadelphia Free Library, 189
and president’s residence, 345–46
and residence-of-the-government debate, 330, 504n26, 509n5
social life in, 301–2
and Washington’s election to presidency, 312
Philipse, Polly, 75, 81
Pickering, Timothy, xix, 230, 374, 380, 381–83
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 399
Pinckney, Thomas, 372
piracy, 384. See also privateering
Pitt, William, 92, 95, 100, 102, 376
Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 376
political pamphleteering, 156, 192, 194, 205, 274, 283, 332–33, 400
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 138
Popes Creek, 14, 17
postal service, 319–20, 323, 332
Potomac Company, 287, 331, 343–44, 498n35, 514n22
Potomac River
and Compromise of 1790, 339, 342–43, 504n26, 514n24, 514n29
ferry crossing, 135, 277
as fishery resource, 126–27
and Mount Vernon, 119–20
navigation improvement project, 173, 195, 282, 284, 286–88, 309, 311, 339, 343–44, 400
and residence-of-the-government debate, 330–32, 338–40, 340–42, 343, 346–47, 350–51, 391, 513n13
and Washington’s family background, 13–14
Powel, Elizabeth, 301
Powel, Samuel, 301
Powhatan Confederacy, 13
Presbyterians, 192
privateering, 362–64, 378, 519n13
Proclamation of 1754, 466n1, 468n21
Proclamation of 1763, 138, 161–62
public debt, 332–35, 336, 337–40. See also assumption-of-debt debate
“Publius” essays, 306
Putnam, Israel, 208, 210
Quakers, 75, 95, 192, 221, 233, 330, 335, 403–4, 511n25
Quartermaster General’s Office, 226–27, 235
Quebec, Canada, 219, 235–36
Quebec Act, 186
Raleigh Tavern, 170, 181–82
Randolph, Edmund
and antislavery sentiment, 403
and Bank of the United States debate, 348, 349
biographical sketch of, xix
and Constitutional Convention, 293, 297–98, 303
corruption allegations against, 380–83, 517n7
family influence in Virginia politics, 115
Fauchet on, 523n22
and first constitutional government, 326
and Jay Treaty, 379
and ratification of the Constitution, 308
State Department appointment, 367
and Washington’s cabinet, 374
and Washington’s presidential tours, 351–52
and Washington’s second term, 358
and Whiskey Rebellion, 370–71, 372
Randolph, Peyton
appointed speaker of the House of Burgesses, 166
and economic conflicts with Britain, 139
and Fairfax Resolves, 185
and First Continental Congress, 189, 194
and resistance to Coercive Acts, 182
and Richmond C
onvention, 198–99
and Robinson scandal, 147, 469n1
and Stamp Act taxes, 144
and Washington’s career trajectory, 390
Rappahannock River, 16, 427n14
Reed, Joseph, 487n19
regional politics and tensions
and appointment of Continental Army generals, 207–8
and assumption-of-debt debate, 334–35
and Bank of the United States debate, 348
and Compromise of 1790, 344
and dynamics of constitutional governance, 319, 322
and residence-of-the-government debate, 330
Report on Public Credit of January 1790, 333
Republican Party, 367, 383, 384
residence-of-the-government debate, 329–32, 336, 338–43, 391, 504n26, 509n5, 512n32, 513n17. See also Compromise of 1790
Revere, Paul, 191, 193
Rhode Island
and antislavery sentiment, 403
and Black soldiers, 403
and Compromise of 1790, 339, 340–44
and Constitutional Convention, 299
and ratification of the Constitution, 306–8, 310
and regional dynamics of constitutional governance, 322
Richmond, Virginia, 198
road construction and maintenance, 55–58, 57, 100–104, 441n8
Robinson, John, 76, 78, 115–16, 134, 139, 144, 146–48, 166, 390, 469n1
Ross, David, 168
Ross, Hector, 152
Ross, James, 371
Royal American Regiment, 80
Royal Navy, 20–21, 93, 95, 259, 267, 290, 375, 376
Rush, Benjamin, 485n24
Rutherford, Thomas, 141
Rutledge, John, 301
Santo Domingo, 400
Schuyler, Philip, 207–8, 210
Second Continental Congress (1775–1781)
and appointment of army generals, 207–8
and Battle of Monmouth Court House, 266
and British peace efforts, 255
and conditions at Valley Forge, 241–47, 344
and Continental Army supply problems, 226–29
and Conway Cabal, 231–35, 237–39
and early battles of the Revolution, 222–25
and Lee’s court-martial, 265
and onset of Revolution, 198–99, 199–200, 202–4
and plan to invade Canada, 236–37
and soldier pay and pensions, 246–47
and Steuben’s appointment, 249
and treaty with France, 252
and Valley Forge war council, 251
and Washington’s appointment to army command, 204–6, 210–11
and Washington’s career trajectory, 10, 326, 353, 390–91
Washington’s deference to, 220–21, 241
Sedgwick, Theodore, 341–42, 343, 511n25, 513n21
Seneca Indians, 433n13
Seneca’s Morals (Seneca the Younger), 19
Seven Years’ War, 79, 252, 433n13
Shag, Will (slave), 131
Shakespeare, William, 272, 456n10
Sharpe, Horatio, 75
Shawnee Indians, 3, 56, 78–79, 433n13
Shays Rebellion, 292–95, 370–71
Sheels, Christopher (slave), 408, 411
Sherman, Roger, 501n13
Shirley, William, 73, 74
Six Nations, 433n13
slaves and slavery
antislavery and abolitionist sentiment, 50, 402–9, 414
and Barbados, 26
and Constitutional Convention, 302
“dower” slaves, 406, 413–14, 532n4
and emancipation efforts, 358, 403–8, 413–15, 530n20
and Fairfax Resolves, 184
and Jay Treaty, 377
and manumission, 403, 408, 531n23
and Martha Washington’s estate, 90
and military service of African Americans, 403 (see also African American soldiers)
at presidential residence in Philadelphia, 351
Quaker opposition to, 335, 403–4, 511n25
revolts, 400
and role of Virginia militia, 32
runaway slaves, 129, 131, 408–9, 465n13
violence among slaves, 25
Virginia laws regarding, 431n11, 530n9
Washington’s changing position on, 11, 216, 403–9, 416–17, 532n8
and Washington’s childhood, 4
and Washington’s estates, 119, 124, 125–27, 128–32, 282, 393, 400–402, 406–7, 412–15, 425n4, 530n9, 530n15, 532n4, 532n7
and Washington’s public image, 9–10
smallpox, 27, 129, 226, 411
Smollett, Tobias, 157
smuggling, 143–44, 168
Smyth, John F. D., 1
Society of the Cincinnati, 283–84, 293
Sons of Liberty, 145
South Carolina, 307, 330, 335, 403, 405
Spectator, The, 19
spies and espionage, 42, 221
Springfield Arsenal, 293
Springsbury Club, 301–2
Stamp Act, 141–42, 143–46, 151, 154, 166, 168, 183, 463n11
Stanwix, John, 6–7, 8, 93
states’ rights, 309, 349
Stephen, Adam
and Battle of Fort Necessity, 41–42, 46
and Battle of Germantown, 481n17
biographical sketch of, xix
and Braddock expedition, 59–63
corruption charges against, 140–41
court martial, 481n17
electoral campaigns, 135–36
and Forks of the Ohio campaign, 38
and Indian raids in western lands, 67
and military training and discipline, 73, 75, 78, 446n22
rivalry with Washington, 481n17
and Virginia’s frontier fort strategy, 79
and Washington’s command style, 69
and Washington’s conflict with Dinwiddie, 83
and Washington’s political ambitions, 72–73, 149
Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 248–52, 250, 254, 257, 488n1, 489nn9–10
Stewart, Robert, 121–22
Stuart, David
and antislavery sentiment, 335, 405–6, 407, 409
biographical sketch of, xix
and postwar economic challenges, 334
and residence-of-the-government debate, 331–32, 514n29
and social life at Mount Vernon, 281
and Washington’s presidential style, 322
Stuart, Gilbert, 392–93
Suffolk Resolves, 191
Summary View of the Rights of British America (Jefferson), 156, 185
surveying of lands, 21–22, 24–26, 29–33, 51, 162–63
Susquehanna River, 330–31, 337, 513n17
Susquehannock Indians, 436n12
Swearingen, Van, 136
Tanaghrisson (“the Half-King”), 31, 33–34, 36, 38–41, 44, 46–47, 435n12
Tarborough, North Carolina, 351
taxes and tariffs
and Bank of the United States debate, 346–47, 350
and Boston Tea Party, 180–81
and causes of revolution, 212
collection of, 145–46, 150–51, 292
colonial resistance to British taxes, 143–46
and Constitutional Convention, 302
and end of Seven Years’ War, 137
and French neutrality crisis, 363
and national securities (bonds), 499n9
and non-importation movement, 168–72
and postwar economic challenges, 290–91
and ratification of the Constitution, 309
and Robinson scandal, 146–48
and soldier pay and pensions, 269
Stamp Act, 141–42, 143–46, 151, 154, 166, 168, 183, 463n11
Townshend duties, 167–68, 170, 171, 183, 470n7
and Washington’s first term, 323
and Whiskey Rebellion, 346–47, 360, 368–73, 382, 388, 391, 399
See also specific acts
Tenth Amendment, 348
Test Act, 117
Thompson, Mary, 532n8
Thomson, Charles, 189, 475n24
Thornton, Edward, 213
tobacco farming, 14, 51, 125–26, 139, 143, 150–51, 154, 170, 184
Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (Defoe), 19
Townshend duties, 167–68, 170, 171, 183, 470n7
Treatise of Military Discipline, A (Bland), 71
Treaty of Alliance (1778), 252, 273, 362–63, 366
Treaty of Paris (1763), 137
Treaty of Paris (1783), 376
Trent, William, 36, 37–40
Trenton, New Jersey, 220–21, 248, 266, 302, 312, 329–31. See also Battle of Trenton
tuberculosis, 25–28, 357–58
Tucker, St. George, 408
Tyler, John, 498n35
United States Congress (1789–present)
and assumption-of-debt debate, 332–33, 334–35
and Bank of the United States debate, 346–47, 348–51
and Compromise of 1790, 337, 338–39, 341–42, 344
and French neutrality crisis, 364–65, 366
and residence-of-the-government debate, 329–32
and slavery issue, 405, 407–8
and trade embargoes, 375–76
Washington’s annual messages to, 348, 366, 369, 373, 383–84, 393, 519n12
and Washington’s career trajectory, 353
and Washington’s election, 311–12
and Washington’s first term, 319–21, 321–23, 323–24, 326–27
and Washington’s health problems, 335–36
and Washington’s inaugural address, 314–15
and Washington’s legacy, 416
and Washington’s second term, 357
and Whiskey Rebellion, 368–69, 373–74
and XYZ Affair, 398–99
United States Department of the Treasury, 332, 346
Unites States Constitution
and Bank of the United States debate, 347–49
Constitutional Convention votes on, 300
and executive powers, 301
and foreign policy powers, 385
and Jay Treaty, 379
and scope of Washington’s accomplishments, 11, 215
and soldier pay and pensions, 488n35
and style of American presidency, 315–16, 319–21
and Washington’s first term, 322