The American West
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Arkansas, 166, 185, 191, 200, 374, 425
Arkansas River, 162
Armstrong, John, 116
Arness, James, 446, 447
Arroyo de la Cuesta, Fr. Felipe, 100
art of the West, 148–53, 346–48, 351–54, 357. See also specific artists
Asbury, Francis, Bishop, 274
Ashley, William, 163–65
Asian Americans, 423–24, 426. See also Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans; Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans
Asisara, Lorenzo, 101
Aspen, Colorado, 437
assimilation policies, 285–87, 380
Assiniboines, 208, 371
Astor, John Jacob, 155
Astoria, 155–56
Atchison, David Rice, 210
Athearn, Robert, 10
atomic bomb, 392
Austin, Moses, 167–69, 313
Austin, Stephen F., 167, 168–69, 187, 188
automobiles, 324, 399, 401, 436
Autry, Gene, 446
Aztecs, 15–20, 21, 24, 29, 31
Bacon’s Rebellion, 60–61
Baker, Ross, 405
Balderrama, Francisco E., 335
Ballinger, Richard, 366
Bambaataa, Afrika, 455
Bank of America, 390, 391
Banks, Dennis, 409
Bartlett, John Russell, 200
Bassett, Isabel, 367
Battle of Fallen Timbers, 107, 125–26
Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 132, 179
Battle of Little Bighorn, 263–65, 344
Battle of the Blue Licks, 110
Battle of the Thames, 131
Battle of Tippecanoe, 130
beach access, 428–30
Bear Dance, The (Catlin, c. 1844), 152
Bear Flag Republic, 195–96
bears, 349
Beaumont, Texas, 414
beaver, 43–44, 69, 153, 163–65, 349
Beaver Wars, 69
Bechtel, Stephen, 391
Benedict, Ruth, 381
Bent, Charles, 165, 194, 220
Bent, George, 219–20
Bent, William, 165, 219
Benton, Thomas Hart, 172–73, 174
Bering, Vitus, 96
Berkeley, George, 3
Berkeley, Sir William, 60
BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bidwell, John, 298
Bierstadt, Albert, 351–53, 357
Big Eagle (Sioux chief), 215, 287
Big Foot (Sioux chief), 288, 290–91
Biloxi, Mississippi, 51
Bird, John, 186
bison: decline and disappearance, 251–53, 254, 348–49, 356; hide trade, 143–44; Indian hunting and use of, 81, 143–44, 165–66, 252–53
Black Elk (Sioux), 290, 295, 344
Black Hawk, 183, 186
Black Hawk and his lieutenants in chains (Catlin), 186
Black Hills: Great Sioux Reservation, 260–63, 265 (see also Battle of Little Bighorn); Indian conflicts over, 145; mining in, 228, 245
Black Kettle (Cheyenne chief), 217–20, 263
Black Panthers, 418–20
Blackfeet Indian Reservation, 356
Blackfoot Indians, 382
BLM (Bureau of Land Management). See Bureau of Land Management
Blue Lake (New Mexico), 411
Boas, Franz, 381
Bodmer, Karl, 148–49, 150, 152, 153
Boeing, William, 391–92
Boeing Aircraft, 392, 393
Boetticher, Budd, 446
Bontemps, Arna, 333
Boone, Daniel, 78–79, 119–21, 135–37, 138, 141
Boone, Rebecca Bryan, 78–79, 119
Boone and Crockett Club, 345, 356, 363
Boonesborough, 119
Borchert, John, 394–95
Bosque Redondo reservation, 216–17
Boudinot, Elias, 133–34
Bowie, James (Jim), 160, 187, 188
Boyd, William, 446
Bracero Program, 420–21
Brackenridge, Henry Marie, 120
Braddock, Edward, Gen., 90
Brant, Joseph (Mohawk leader), 107–9, 110, 111, 121
Brisbin, James, 237
British colonies, 50. See also specific colonies
Brown, Jerry, 421
Brown, John, 210
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), 417
Browne, J. Ross, 249
Bryant, William Cullen, 314
Bryce, James, 321–22
Buchanan, James, 278
buffalo. See bison
Buffalo Bill, the King of Border Men (Buntline), 342
“Buffalo Bill’s Wild West” show, 342–44. See also Cody, William
Buffalo Soldiers, 220–21, 448
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 207, 215, 285, 381–86. See also reservations
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 376. See also land policy, federal
Bureau of Reclamation, 371, 372–73
Burlingame Treaty (1868), 258, 297
Burnett, Peter H., 170, 249
Burnham, Frederick Russell, 297
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (Brown), 410–11
Bush, George H. W., 402
Bush, George W., 402
Butler, Doris Elder, 273
Butte, Montana, 245–46, 291–92
Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez, 22–23
Cain, James M., 324
Calamity Jane, 160, 161
Calhoun, John C., 199
California: 20th-century population boom, 394, 395; aerospace industry, 389–90, 393; African American population (WWII), 413; agriculture, 247–48, 298–99, 324; beach access, 428–30; Bear Flag rebellion, 195–96; Chinese in, 231–33, 298–300; cotton production, 212; Depression-era migration to, 374; environmental impact of mining in, 227, 350–51; ethnic diversity, 229; farm-labor strikes (1930s), 307–9; Gold Rush (1848–55), 225–30, 232, 235, 248–49; and the Greater California economic region, 395–96; high-tech industry, 393; hydroelectric projects, 378; illegal immigration, 423–24; Indians in, 99–102, 248–51; Japanese in, 300–303, 331–32, 336–38; logging in, 361–62; majority minority in, 424, 425; Mexican-American political participation, 415–16; migration from (1990–present), 426–27; oil fields, 331, 351; petrochemical industry, 392; property tax revolt, 403; racial / ethnic conflict in, 229–30, 249–51; segregation in, 332–33, 417–18; Spanish colonization of, 98–102; statehood, 200; suburban development, 322, 324, 397–99; U.S. acquisition of, 193, 194–96, 198–200; WWII-era industrialization, 380. See also Mexican Americans; Mexican immigrants; Mexicans; and specific cities and locations
California Battalion of Mounted Volunteers, 196
California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 392
California Redwood Company, 240
Camp 4 climbers, 438–40
camp meetings, 275
Canada: border with U.S., 157, 171, 192, 200; British supremacy over the French, 91–92; Sitting Bull refused asylum, 265; westward expansion, 166 (see also Pacific Northwest). See also Great Britain; New France; and specific provinces, territories, cities, tribes, and individuals
Canasatego (Iroquois leader), 87
Cane Ridge revival meeting, 275
captivity narratives, 22–23, 67–69
Caribbean islands, 12–15, 27, 85, 91, 92, 139. See also specific islands
Caribs, 15
Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 285, 286
Carlton, James H., 216–17
Carson, Kit, 160, 174, 176, 216–17, 446
Carter, Jimmy, 401, 403
Cartier, Jacques, 41–44
Cartwright, Peter, 274–75
Casement, Jack and Dan, 242, 243
Cashin, Joan E., 185
casinos, Indian, 411–12
Catherine the Great, Tsarina, 97
Catholic missionaries: and the Aztecs, 20; in California, 98–102; and the Cayuse, 158; conversion of Indians in New France, 49, 51–53; and the Iroquois, 69–71; an
d the Pueblos, 31, 33–37; and Spanish treatment of Indians, 23 (see also Las Casas, Bartolomé de); Spanish vs. French approach, 52, 53
Catlin, George, 150–52, 186
cattle: bison supplanted, 251–52, 254; cattle trails and drives, 254–55, 256; Chicago meatpacking industry, 316–17; in colonial New Mexico, 34; Indian cattle ranching, 383–84; land granted by Austin for, 169; large-scale ranching, 237–38, 256–57; Texas longhorns, 253–54. See also ranching
Cayugas, 45, 69, 107–9. See also Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee; Five Nations; Six nations); Iroquois peoples
Cayuse tribe, 158–59
Central Pacific Railroad, 234–36, 237, 242–45, 257–58
Chae Chan Ping v. United States (1889), 304
Champlain, Samuel de, 44, 45–46
Chan, Thomas, 424
Charbonneau, Toussaint, 142
Charles I, King (Spain), 24
Charleston, South Carolina, 85
Chavez, Cesar, 420–21
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831), 181
Cherokees: acculturation vs. traditionalism among, 131–34; alliance with the French, 84; and the American Revolution, 131; casino, 412; and the Civil War, 212, 213; enrollment queries, 405; and the French and Indian War, 91; and the Indian Removal Act, 179–83; land ceded to British, 95; land lost through allotment, 380; population, 81; written language and literacy of, 132–34, 180
Cheyenne Autumn (1964 film), 448
Cheyennes: Bents’ alliance with, 165; Dog Soldiers, 217, 220; and the Indian Removal Act, 180; migration and intertribal conflicts, 145; Plains travel treaties, 208–9; Sand Creek Massacre, 217–20; strength of, 175; wars with the U.S., 263–65
Chicago, 315–17, 339, 350
Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 236, 315–16
Chicanos (term), 423. See also Mexican Americans; Mexican immigrants
Chickasaws, 29, 84, 94, 179–80, 212
Chief Joseph (Nez Perce leader), 283
China, treaties with, 297
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 258, 304, 330
Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans: Chinatowns, 232, 258, 300, 328–30; citizenship of, 298, 304; legal cases, 233–34, 304, 329–30; miners, 231–34; railroad workers, 242–44, 258; violence against, 258, 259, 298–300
Chinooks, 159
Chisum, John, 238
Chivington, John M., 212, 217, 219–20
Choctaws, 84, 94, 179–80, 212
Chouinard, Yvon, 440
Chouteau, Jean Pierre, 162
Chouteau family, 162
Christianity, and the European worldview, 8–9. See also Catholic missionaries; churches
Chrysler ads, ix, xi, xii–xiii
Church, Benjamin, 68–69, 388
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. See Mormons
churches: African American, 280–81; of immigrants, 291, 294; in settler communities, 273–76, 280–81, 291. See also Catholic missionaries; Mormons; Society of Friends (Quakers)
Cincinnati, Ohio, 311–13
circuit riders, Methodist, 274–75
cities: 20th-century population boom, 394, 395; city planning, 397; economic relationships between, 394–95; failure vs. success of, 313–14; female migration to, 325, 327; immigrant populations, 327–28 (see also specific groups); Indian migration to, 409; metropolitan regions and dependent hinterlands, 395–96; riots, 418, 419; role in westward expansion, 310–11; suburban development, 324, 396–400; traffic, 399; as urban jungles, 387–88. See also specific cities
Civil Rights Act (1870), 232
Civil War, 209, 211–13, 254
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 376
Clappe, Louisa Amelia, 229
Clark, George Rogers, 109–10, 122
Clark, William, Capt., 138, 140–43, 145–47. See also Lewis and Clark expedition
Clay, Henry, 191
Clayton, James L., 393
Cleveland, Grover, 363
Clinton, Bill, 401, 405
Clinton, George, Gov., 109
clothing: Levi’s, 227, 401, 403; outdoor apparel companies, 440–42; Western, 401, 403 (see also Stetson hats)
Clovis culture, 4
coastal resources, native peoples and, 5–6
code talkers, 405–6
Cody, William (“Buffalo Bill”), 317–18, 342–44
Cold War, xi–xii, 447
colleges, Indian, 412–13
Collier, John, 381–86
colonial wars, 84–87. See also specific wars
colonias, 306–7. See also Mexican immigrants
Colorado: mining in, 227–28; minority population (map), 425; outdoor recreation industry, 437–38; population boom (1990–2010), 396; statehood, 200; U.S. acquisition of, 200; white-Indian conflict in, 217–20. See also Denver
Colorado River’s Hoover Dam, 378, 379
Colt, Samuel, 213
Colt revolvers, 213, 214
Colter, John, 163
Columbia River, 140, 157, 378, 392, 432. See also Lewis and Clark expedition; Oregon Country; Pacific Northwest
Columbus, Christopher, 1–3, 12–14, 27, 28
Comanches: horse herds, 145, 166, 175; and the Indian Removal Act, 180; migration and raiding by, 81–82, 98, 145, 166; territory controlled, 84; Treaty of Fort Atkinson signed, 208–9
commodity trading, 316
communications revolution (1800s): 19th-century depictions of the West, 159–61, 170, 173–75; manifest destiny propounded, 177–78
Compromise of 1850, 210
computers, 393. See also information revolution (internet); Microsoft
Comstock, Sarah, 331
Comstock Lode, 245, 321
Concomely (Chinook chief), 159
Conestoga Indians, 102–3
Confederacy, 211–12. See also Civil War
Confederation Congress: authority over Western lands assumed, 112–13; and the Land Ordinance (1785), 113–15; land sales by, 115–17; Northwest Ordinance of 1787, 117–19, 122; Six Nations treaty, 111. See also Congress (U.S.)
Congregationalists, 157–58, 273–74
Congress (U.S.): African-American regiments authorized, 220; Agricultural Adjustment Act (1932), 373–74; Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 258, 304, 330; Civil Rights Act (1870), 232; Compromise of 1850, 210; Corps of Topographical Engineers created, 172; Department of the Interior created, 207; Edmunds Act (1882), 279; Federal Aid Highway Act (1956), 437; forest management legislation, 232, 361–63; Homestead Act (1862), 115, 211, 238–41; immigration reform (1965), 423; Immigration Restriction Act (1924), 301, 336; Indian Citizen Act (1924), 385; Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988), 412; Indian Intercourse Act (1790), 122–24, 284; Indian Removal Act (1830), 180; Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 381–82, 384; Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act (1975), 409; and Indian sovereignty, 285, 384; Indians forced to cede territory, 111; Los Angeles harbor improvements authorized, 322; and the Mexican War, 193; minorities elected to, 416; National Park Service created, 367; national parks created, 353, 357–58, 364, 434; and Plains conservation, 376; polygamy outlawed, 279; and the railroads, 236, 237, 240; Reclamation Act (1902), 370–71; Rural Electrification Act (1936), 378–80; and the slavery issue, 178, 210–11; Southern Homestead Act (1866), 279; Termination program enacted, 406; Texas admitted, 191–92; tribal claims settled, 406–8; Western territories created, 213; Wilderness Act (1964), 436. See also Confederation Congress; federal power and authority
Connecticut, 112–13, 200, 425
conquistadors, Spanish: in the Caribbean, 12–15; desire for gold, 13–14, 17–18; encomienda system, 14–15, 23, 35; in Florida, 21–22, 28; Incas conquered, 20–21; intermarriage with natives, 27–28; invasions (map), 28; Mexico conquered, 15–20, 21; in South America, 20–21, 23; in the Southwest, 28, 31–33; treatment of natives by, 12–15, 23–26. See also New Spain; Spanish empire; and specific individuals
conservation. See environmental movement; national forests (forest reserves); national parks
conservative politics (1945–present), 402. See also Reagan, Ronald
Constitution of the United States, 123
Conzen, Kathleen Niels, 291
Cook, James, Capt., 155
Cooke, Jay, 209, 223–24, 357
Coolidge, Calvin, 373
Cooper, Gary, 443, 444, 446
Cooper, James Fenimore, 159–60, 348
copper mines, 245–46
Cornplanter (Seneca chief), 126
Cornwallis, Charles, Gen., 110
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 28, 31
corporations: graft by, 236–37; power of, 224–25. See also industrial capitalism; and individual corporations
Corps of Discovery. See Lewis and Clark expedition
Cortés, Hernán, 14, 16–20, 28, 29
Cortez Colony, 302
Cortina, Juan, 203–4
cotton, 131, 169, 179, 212
cotton gin, 131, 179
country and western music, 401
Covenant Chain, 71–72, 85
covenants, housing. See restrictive covenants
cowboys, 256; in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show, 342; in fiction and film, 446 (see also fictional depictions of the West); Indian cowboys, 383–84; Mexican vaqueros, 254. See also cattle; ranching; Reagan, Ronald; Roosevelt, Theodore
Crazy Horse (Oglala leader), 260–63, 265
Creeks: alliance with English settlers, 84; and the Civil War, 212; and the Indian Removal Act, 180; population, 81; resettlement in Florida, 85; smallpox among, 94; Tecumseh and, 130; U.S. treaty with, 123; war with the U.S., 132. See also Seminoles
Crees, 145
Creoles (Russian-Aleuts), 98
Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de, 115
Crocker, Charles, 234–36, 242–43
Crockett, David (Davy), 160, 186, 188, 446
Cronon, William, 316
Crook, George, Gen., 263, 266
Crows, 145, 208
cultural pluralism, 381, 382
Cushinberry, Grant, 280–81
Custer, George Armstrong, Gen., 125, 263–65, 344
Cutler, Manasseh, 116
Dakota Territory, 228, 232, 246, 247–48. See also Black Hills; North Dakota; South Dakota
Dallas-Fort Worth, 395, 395
Dalrymple, Oliver, 247
Daly, Marcus, 291
dams, 371, 378–80, 390, 392, 432