assembly, good: 諸賢 [shoken], literally, wise ones.
ātman: See soul.
attached to, something to be: 愛處 [aisho], literally, place to love.
attachment: 愛惜 [aijaku].
attain, directly: 即得(す) [sokutoku(-su)].
attain buddhahood. See also buddha, become a.
attain liberation: 度脱す [dodatsu-su].
attain the way: See way, attain the.
attendant, incense: 燒香侍者 [shōkō jisha]. Assists the officiant in ceremonial offering of incense.
attendant monk: 侍者 [jisha]. A monk high in seniority who works for the abbot as a secretary and sometimes as an assistant teacher.
authenticated: 正決を得 [shōketsu wo u].
authenticity: 嫡意 [tekii], literally, mind of (authentic) heir.
authenticity, determine the: 決擇す [ketsujaku-su].
autumn, god of: See god of autumn.
Avadāna. See also Divisions, Twelve.
Avalokiteshvara: Skt. 觀音 [Kannon], literally, observer of voices; 觀世音菩 薩 [Kanzeon Bosatsu], bodhisattva who is observer of voices (cries of suffering) in the world; 觀自在菩薩, [Kanjizai Bosatsu], bodhisattva who sees freely; 大悲菩薩 [Daihi Bosatsu], bodhisattva of great compassion. Sometimes described as having one thousand hands and eyes. Also, the name of a monastery and the title of the Thirty-fourth fascicle of this book.
Avatamsaka School: Skt. 華嚴宗 [Kegon Shū]. (Chinese) Huayan School. Established by Fazang, it flourished during the Tang Dynasty along with the Tiantai School before the Zen School became dominant in China. Provided a theoretical background for much of Zen thought. The teaching is based on the principle in the Avatamsaka Sūtra of all things interacting with one another without obstruction. As the Kegon School in Japan, it became one of the six schools of Buddhism in the Nara Period (710–794).
Avatamsaka Sūtra: 華嚴經 [Kegon Kyō]. A major Mahāyāna sūtra, known for its magnificent cosmic view of all things interreflecting, centering on Vairochana Buddha.
avatar: Skt. avatāra. 權者 [gonsha]. Manifestation of a Buddhist deity as a god in local religion.
aversion: 棄嫌 [kiken]. Hatred or avoidance. Opposite of attachment.
avīchi crimes, five types of: 五無間業 [go mugengō]. Killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an arhat, causing a buddha body to bleed, and harming the community of dharma. Those who commit any of these crimes will fall into Avīchi Hell in the next lifetime.
Avīchi Hell: Skt. Transliteration: 阿鼻 [Abi]. Translation: 無間 [Mugen], literally, no interval. The hell of unceasing suffering, the worst of all hells.
avoid, no place to: 無迴避處 [muehisho].
awaken others: 覺他 [kakuta].
awaken sentient beings, expound dharma to: 度生説法 [doshō seppō].
awakening: 覺 [kaku], enlightenment. 度 [do], bringing (sentient beings) across the ocean of birth and death to the shore of enlightenment; saving (sentient beings).
awakening, have thorough: 豁然として大悟す [katsunen to shi te daigo-su].
awakening is seen within: 證中見證 [shōchū kenshō], literally, in realization seeing realization.
awakening of the way: 悟道 [godō].
awakening, ocean of: 佛海 [bukkai], literally, buddha sea.
awesome manifestation: 威儀 [iigi]: Awesome presence; dignified form; noble conduct. Expression of buddha dharma through a home leaver’s posture and behavior.
Awesome Presence of Active Buddhas: 行佛威儀 [Gyōbutsu Iigi]. Twenty-fourth fascicle of this book.
awesome virtue: 威徳 [itoku].
bad. See also unwholesome.
Baiyun Shouduan: See Haihui Shouduan.
Baizhang Huai Hai: 百丈懐海 [Hyakujō Ekai]. 749–814, China. Dharma heir of Mazu Daoyi, Nanyue Line. Many of Huaihai’s students from all over built a monastery on Mount Daxiong in Hao Region (Jiangxi). Even when he was older he always participated in communal labor and is known for his words “A day of no work is a day of no eating.” As compiler of the first known Zen monastic guidelines, he contributed greatly to the establishment of monastic practice suited to Chinese seekers. He produced outstanding students including Guishan Lingyou and Huangbo Xiyun. His posthumous name is Zen Master Dazhi, 大智禪師 [Daichi Zenji].
Bai Zhuyi: 白居易 [Haku Kyoi]. 772–846, China. Bo Letian (Bai Jui). One of the most reknowned poets of the Tang Dynasty. He lived in the suburb of the capital city Luoyang (Henan) accompanied by poetry, wine, and lute. He worked as a government official and called himself Layman Xiangshan. Studied with Niaoke Daolin of the Niutou School.
Baizhao Zhiyuan: 白兆志圓 [Hakuchō Shien]. Ca. ninth–tenth century, China. Also called Qinfeng. Dharma heir of Gantan Ziguo, Qingyuan Line. Taught at Zhugan Monastery, Mount Bozhan, An Province (Hubei). Qingfeng was the first teacher of Baoen Xuanze. When Xuanze asked him, “What is the self of a Zen student?” Qingfeng replied, “The fire spirits are here to look for fire.” Later, when he studied with Fayan, Xuanze understood Qingfeng’s meaning. His posthumous name is Great Master Xianjiao 顯敎大師 [Kenkyō Daishi].
balanced equilibrium: 平 [hei].
balancing scale: 秤子 [hyōsu].
Baling Haojian: 巴陵顥鑑 [Haryō Kōkan]. Ca. ninth–tenth century, China. Dharma heir of Yunmen Wenyan, Yunmen School. Taught at Xinkai Monastery, Baling, Yue Region (Hunan). Called Multiple Mouth Hao for his eloquence.
ball, red flesh: 赤肉團 [shaku nikudan]. Bare human body.
ball (you are holding a): 一團子 [ichi dansu].
bamboo, tall: 脩竹 [shūchiku].
bamboo node: 破節 [hasetsu]. Become free from dualistic thinking.
bamboo pipes, breaking: 竹筒 [chikutō].
bamboo pole, top of a one-hundred-foot: See pole, top of a one-hundred-foot bamboo.
bandits: 種賊 [shuzoku].
banner: 幖幟 [hyōshiki]. Identifying symbol raised in a temple or monastery.
banner, wind and the. See also wind and the banner.
banner pole: 刹竿 [sekkan].
Banyan Grove: Skt., Nyagrodha Vana. 尼拘陀林 [Nikuda Rin]. Located in Kapilavastu. This is where the Buddha stayed when he visited his hometown.
Baoche: See Mayu Baoche.
Baoen Xuanze: 報恩玄則 [Hō’on Gensoku]. Ca. ninth–tenth century, China. First studied with Qingfeng and then with Fayan Wenyi, Fayan School. He was enlightened as a student of Fayan Wenyi and became his dharma heir. Taught at Baoen Monastery, Jinling (Jiangsu).
Baofu Congzhan: 保福従展 [Hofuku Jūten]. d. 928. Dharma heir of Xuefeng Yicun, Qingyuan Line. He became a student of Xuefeng at fifteen and was ordained at eighteen. Founded Baofu Monastery, Zhang Region (Fujian), where he always had more than seven hundred students. When he became ill at the end of his life, he refused medicine, told his monks his time had come, crossed his legs, and passed away.
Baoji: See Panshan Baoji.
Baojing: See Xiangshan Baojing.
Baoning Renyong: 保寧仁勇 [Honei Nin’yū]. Ca. eleventh century, China. Dharma heir of Yanqi Fanghui, Linji School. As a young man he was dignified and intelligent. He traveled on pilgrimage for more than twenty years and studied with many Zen teachers. Eventually he settled and taught at Baoning Monastery, Jinling (Jiangsu).
Baotong: See Dadian Baotong.
barbarian, when a: 胡來胡現 [korai kogen].
barbarian, red-bearded: 赤鬚胡 [shakushu ko].
barbarians’ invasion: 胡亂 [uron].
barbarians with red beards: 胡鬚赤 [koshu shaku].
barrel with no bottom: 脱底桶 [dattei tō].
Barrier Station Officer: 關令子 [Kanreishi]. Book by Xi, Lord Zhou, a follower of Laozi.
barrier, arrive at a: 始到牢關 [shi tō rōkan], literally, begin to arrive at a prison gate.
barrier, pass through the: See pass through the barrier.
barrier, penetrate the: 透關 [tōkan]. Become free from
dualistic thinking.
base, true: 正本 [shōhon].
basket, great: 大藏 [daizō]. Buddhist canon.
beads: 珠數 [juzu], literally, jewels for counting. Most commonly, rosaries of beads are used for subduing that many kinds of delusions. Used in some schools of Buddhism for counting mantras or prostrations.
become a buddha: See buddha, become a.
bee inside the sleeves, holding a stinging: そてのなかに蜂あり [sode no naka ni hachi ari]. To have sharp understanding within.
before and after, born together: 前後生 [zengo shō].
before and after, independent of: 前後際斷 [zengo sai dan], literally, past (zensai) and future (gosai) are cut off (from the present). Dōgen’s view of time is not that it is a simplistic sequence of past, present, and future. He explains that every moment of the present is inclusive of the entire period of time. Thus, there is no past or future separate from the present moment.
before form arose: 朕兆已前 [chinchō izen], 朕兆未萠 [chinchō mibō], 朕兆不 打 [chinchō fuda], 未萠以前 [mibō izen]. Timeless beginning.
begging: 乞食 [kotsujiki], literally, begging food. Walking and asking for donation, an important practice of home leavers.
beginner: 初心 [shoshin], beginner(s), literally, beginner’s mind. 初心始學 [shoshin shigaku], literally, beginner’s mind; one who starts to study.
beginning, middle, and end: 初中後 [sho chū go].
beginning, middle, and end, independent from one another: 初中後際斷 [sho chū go sai dan]. See also before and after, independent of.
being: 有 [u].
being, a temporal: 假有 [keu].
being, embryonic: 始有 [shiu].
being, great: 大人 [dainin]. Buddha, bodhisattva, or mature practitioner of dharma.
being, imaginary: 妄有 [mōu].
being, inconceivable: 妙有 [myōu].
being, insentient: 非情 [hijō], 無情 [mujō]. A being that does not have feelings, for example, a plant, stone, or cloud.
beings, all: 群類 [gunrui], literally, various groups.
beings, many: 群品 [gumbon], literally, group of things.
beings, myriad: 百頭 [hyakutō], literally, one hundred heads.
beings, sentient: 衆生 [shujō], literally, assembly of (those with) life. Also, ordinary unenlightened beings, as opposed to buddhas. 有情 [ujō], those who have feelings. 生 [shō], living beings.
beings, various: 群生 [gunjō], literally, group of (those with) life.
beings with spirits: 含靈 [ganrei], literally, holding spirit. Living beings.
Beita Guangzuo: See Zhimen Guangzuo.
bend forward in a formal manner: 曲躬如法 [kyokukyū nyohō], literally, arching in accordance with dharma.
bend self and push others without ceasing: 屈己推人也未休 [kutsuko suinin ya mikyū].
Bends, Nine Great: 九浙 [kyūsetsu]. The Huang River, which in its entirety, is said to have nine great curves.
beneficence: うるほひ [uruoi], literally, moisturizing (by rain).
beneficence: 恩 [on]. Kindness (by someone senior or in a higher position); worldly obligation to return kindness.
beneficial action: See action, beneficial.
Benji: See Caoshan Benji.
beyond: 無 [mu], 不 [fu], 非 [hi], literally, no, not, non-. Also represents transcendental negation; such as “not one, not many.”
beyond, inquire: 向上の問著 [kōjō no monjaku], literally, question in going beyond.
beyond buddha, go: See go beyond buddha.
beyond birth: 不生 [fushō], literally, no birth.
beyond consciousness, realm: 非想 [hisō].
beyond death: 不滅 [fumetsu], literally, no destruction.
beyond deluded, person who is: 不迷者 [fumei sha], literally, one who is not deluded.
beyond enlightenment. See also enlightenment.
beyond grasping: 不得 [futoku].
beyond knowing: 不識 [fushiki], literally, not knowing.
beyond knowledge: 不知 [fuchi].
beyond perception: 不覺 [fukaku].
beyond purpose, merit: 無爲の功徳 [mui no kudoku], literally, virtue of not doing.
beyond thinking: See thinking, beyond.
beyond this buddha: 不是佛 [fuzebutsu].
beyond this mind: 不是心 [fuzeshin].
beyond this object: 不是物 [fuzemotsu].
beyond unconsciousness, realm: 非非想 [hi hisō].
beyond understanding: 不會 [fue].
beyond words and speech: 言語道斷 [gongo dōdan], literally, words that cut through expression.
beyond-express a beyond-expression: 不道得を不道 [fudōtoku wo fudō].
beyondness: 一如 [ichinyo], literally, one thusness. A state beyond dualism. Going beyond.
Bhadrapāla: 跋陀婆羅 [Batsudabara]. Bodhisattva, regarded as a dharma descendant of Prajñātāra, Bodhidharma’s teacher.
Bhadrika: 拔提 [Batsudai], 婆提 [Badai]. One of the five monks who practiced with the Buddha after he left the palace. The second one (after Ājñātakaundinya) who was enlightened upon hearing the Buddha’s first discourse. A grandson of King Simhahanu.
Bhaishajyarāja Bodhisattva: 藥王菩薩 [Yaku Ō Bosatsu], literally, Medicine King Bodhisattva.
Biandan Xiaoliao: 匾擔曉了 [Hentan Gyōryō]. Ca. seventh–eighth century, China. Student of Sixth Ancestor Huineng. Taught at Mount Biandan (Zizhiou). It is said he picked acorns for his meals.
billion worlds: 大千界 [daisen kai]. Billion worlds of phenomena, literally, great thousand realms. 大千法界 [daisen hokkai], literally, great thousand dharma worlds. Also called三千世界 [sanzen sekai], literally, three thousand (but meaning, one thousand cubed) worlds. Sahā Worlds.
binding the self with no rope: 無繩自縛 [mujō jibaku]. Although there is in reality nothing to bind the mind with, one is bound up with one’s own delusions.
bird: Often represents freedom.
bird’s path: 鳥道 [chōdō].
birth, beyond: 不生 [fushō], 無生 [mushō], literally, unborn.
birth, egg. See also birth, four forms of.
birth, four forms of: 四生 [shishō]. Ways in which living beings are born: womb birth, 胎生 [taishō]; egg birth, 卵生 [ranshō]; moisture birth, 濕生 [shisshō]; and transformation (magical) birth, 化生 [keshō]. Devas born as a result of karma are classified in the last category.
birth, moisture. See also birth, four forms of.
birth, previous: 夙生 [shukushō].
birth, those who already have understanding at: 生知 [shōchi].
birth, transformation. See also birth, four forms of.
birth, womb. See also birth, four forms of.
birth after birth: 生生 [shōshō].
birth and death: 生死 [shōji]. Life and death. Life is seen as a number of births and deaths at each moment of a person. That is why “life” is often called “birth” in Buddhism. 1. The ongoing cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, which in Buddhism is viewed as suffering. 2. Life viewed as a continuous occurrence of birth and death moment by moment. 3. Birth as a complete, independent experience in the present moment without reference to other moments; death in the same manner.
birth-and-death: Birth and death seen as not separable.
Birth and Death: 生死 [Shōji]. Ninety-third fascicle of this book.
birth and death, coming and going of: 生死去来 [shōji korai].
birth-and-death, detachment from: 出生死 [shutsu shōji]. Literally, leaving birth-and-death.
birth-and-death, let go of: 捨生死 [sha shōji].
birth and death, pass through: 流轉生死 [ruten shōji].
birth-and-death, penetration of: 入生死 [nisshōji]. Literally, entering birth-and-death.
birth and death, sea of: A cycle of transmigration seen as continuous suffering. A way toward the shore of enlightenment.
birth-and-deat
h, vitalize: 度生死 [do shōji], literally, bringing birth-and-death (to the other shore of enlightenment.).
birth and death at each moment: 刹那生滅 [setsuna shōmetsu].
bits and pieces: 片片 [hempen]. 片片條條 [hempen jōjō], literally, pieces and strips. Sometimes means moment-by-moment actualizing practice.
bitter gourd has a bitter root: 苦瓠連根苦 [kuka renkon ku].
black stone tortoise: See tortoise, black stone.
blind one leads a blind one: 一盲引一盲 [ichimō in ichimō]. Blind leads the blind: 一盲引衆盲 [ichimō in shumō].
blink. See also treasury of the true dharma eye.
bliss, dharma: See dharma bliss.
blood vein: 血脈 [kechimyaku]. Continuation of the dharma and precept lineage.
blossom: 華 [hana].
blossom, spring: 春華 [shunka].
blossom, wondrous: 妙華 [myōke].
blows, thirty: 三十棒 [sanjūbō]. Hitting with a stick thirty times, as a means to awaken a student.
blue-eyed: 碧眼 [hekigan]. Bodhidharma.
board rolls on a pearl: 盤走珠 [ban sō ju].
boar hat, wild: 猪皮冠 [chohi kan].
boat, treasure: 寶乘 [hōjō].
bodhi. See also enlightenment; way, attain the.
bodhi tree: The tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment.
bodhi tree, glorious one under the: 覺樹王 [kakuju’ō], literally, bodhi tree king.
Bodhidharma: Skt. 菩提達磨 [Bodaidaruma]. Ca. fifth–sixth century, India and China. Reportedly a prince of 香至 Xiangxi Kingdom, of which the Sanskrit name is unknown. Regarded as the Twenty-eighth Indian Ancestor and the First Chinese Ancestor in the Zen tradition. Dharma heir of Prajñātāra, India. According to legend, he had a dialogue with Emperor Wu of the southern kingdom of Liang, but Wu did not understand him. Then he went to the northern kingdom of Wei and sat at Shaolin Temple, Shaoshi Peak, Mount Song (Henan). He taught Huike, Daoyu, Daofu, and the nun Zongchi. The dharma lineage of Huike, the Second Chinese Ancestor, has flourished.
Bodhidharma School: 達磨宗 [Daruma Shū]. A Japanese Zen school founded by Dainichi Nōnin in the late twelfth century.
Bodhiruchi: 菩提流支 [Bodairushi]. Ca. fifth–sixth century, China. An Indian monk who arrived in Luoyang (Henan) in 508 and engaged in translation of sūtras into Chinese. Purportedly one of the monks who accused and attempted to oppress Bodhidharma.
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