India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy
Page 107
Guy Wint to I. A. Bowman, 16 September 1966, in Mss Eur F229/24, OIOC.
58
Nirmal Nibedon, Nagaland: The Night of the Guerillas (New Delhi: Lancer, 1983), pp. 137–45.
59
Subject File136, D. P. Mishra Papers, Third and Fourth Instalments, NMML; Nandini Sundar, Subalterns and Sovereigns: An Anthropological History of Bastar, 1854–1996 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), chapter 7.
60
Singh, In the Line of Duty, p. 357.
61
See clippings in Mss Eur F158/295. The creation of the new Punja band Haryana States was approved in March 1966, but the decision finally came into effect only in November, after the borders were delimited. Cf. Hindustan Times, 2 November 1966.
62
Cf. C. Subramaniam, Hand of Destiny: Memoirs, vol. 2: The Green Revolution (Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1995), chapter 11 and passim.
63
Mrs Gandhi’s US trip is described in K. A. Abbas, Indira Gandhi: Return of the Red Rose (Delhi: Hind Pocket Books, 1966), pp. 147–57.
64
Chester Bowles, Promises to Keep: My Years in Public Life, 1941–1969 (New Delhi: B. I. Publications, 1972), pp. 525–35. Cf. also Howard B. Schaffer, Chester Bowles: New Dealer in the Cold War (New Delhi: Prentice-Hall India, 1994), pp. 280ff.
65
Anon., ‘India’s Food Crisis, 1965–67’, in File 7, Box 32, Thomas J. Schonberg Files, Dean Rusk Papers, University of Georgia, Athens.
66
Memorandum to President Johnson from Orville Freeman, 19 July 1966, in File 6, Box 32, Thomas J. S chonberg Files, Dean Rusk Papers, University of Georgia, Athens.
67
This account of the 1966 devaluation is based on Rahul Mukherji, ‘India’s Aborted Liberalization – 1966’, Pacific Affairs, vol. 73, no. 3, 2000, supplemented by Kuldeep Nayar, Between the Lines (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1969), chapter 3.
68
Indira Gandhi to Jayaprakash Narayan, 7 June 1966, copy in J. J. Singh Papers, NMML.
69
Thought, 11 June 1966.
70
Jayaprakash Narayan to Indira Gandhi, 23 June 1966, Sarvodaya Ashram, Sokhodeora (Gaya), copy in J. J. Singh Papers, NMML.
71
Indira Gandhi to Jayaprakash Narayan, 6 July 1966, copy in J. J. Singh Papers, NMML.
72
Thought, 15 October 1966.
73
Hindustan Times, 31 October–5 November 1966.
74
Reports in Hindustan Times, 5 and 6 November 1966.
75
Hindustan Times, 7 November 1966; Thought, 12 November 1966.
76
‘Indians Becoming Increasingly Hostile to West’, Sydney Morning Herald, 13 December 1965.
77
Ronald Segal, The Crisis of India (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), pp. 171, 227, 255–7, 272, 309–10.
78
Ursula Betts to Ian Bowman, 25 May 1966, Mss Eur F229/24, OIOC.
79
Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (New York: Ballantine Books, 1968), Preface.
80
William and Paul Paddock, Famine – 1975! America’s Decision: Who Will Survive? (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1968), pp. 60–1, 217–18.
81
S. Mulgaokar, ‘The Grimmest Situation in 19 Years’, Hindustan Times, 3 November 1966.
19. LEFTWARD TURNS
1
Sol W. Sanders, ‘India: A Huge Country on the Verge of Collapse’, U.S. News and World Report, 28 November 1966.
2
Neville Maxwell, ‘India’s Disintegrating Democracy’, in three parts, The Times, 26 and 27 January and 10 February 1967 (emphases added).
3
Cf.Yogesh Atal, Local Communities and National Politics (Delhi: National, 1971); A. M. Shah, ed., The Grassroots of Democracy (New Delhi: Permanent Black, 2007).
4
E. P. W. da Costa, The Indian General Elections 1967: The Structure of Indian Voting Intentions: January 1967. A Gallup Poll with Analysis (New Delhi: Indian Institute of Public Opinion).
5
Thought, 4 March 1967.
6
These paragraphs on MGR and the DMK are based on Robert L. Hardgrave and Anthony C. Neidhart, ‘Films and Political Consciousness in Tamil Nadu’, Economic and Political Weekly, 11 January 1975; N. Balakrishnan, ‘The History of the Dravidian Munnetra Kazhagam, 1949–1977’, unpublished PhD dissertation, School of Historical Studies, Madurai KamarajUniversity, 1985, esp. pp. 278–86.
7
Narendra Subramanian, Ethnicity and Populist Mobilization: Political Parties, Citizens and Democracy in South India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 204–10; Sagar Ahluwalia, Anna the Tempest and the Sea (New Delhi: Young Asia Publications, 1969), pp. 51–7, 82–4.
8
Jyoti Basu, Memoirs: A Political Autobiography (Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1999), pp. 195–209.
9
Bhabani Sengupta, Communism in Indian Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972).
10
Marcus F. Franda, Radical Politics in West Bengal (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971), chapter 6.
11
Cf. Rabindra Ray, The Naxalites and their Ideology (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992).
12
Mainstream, 8 July 1967, quoted in Franda, Radical Politics, p. 171.
13
Shanta Sinha, Maoists in Andhra Pradesh (New Delhi: Gyan PublishingHouse, 1989), chapters 4—7; Sumanta Banerjee, In the Wake of Naxalbari: A History of the Naxalite Movement in India (Calcutta: Subarnarekha, 1980), chapter 5.
14
See clippings and papers in Subject File 3, Dharma Vira Papers, NMML.
15
Sankar Ghosh, The Disinherited State: A Study of West Bengal, 1967–70 (Calcutta: Orient Longman, 1971), chapter 3.
16
Cf. clippings in Mss Eur F158/456, OIOC.
17
Ghosh, The Disinherited State, pp. 248ff.
18
See Subject File 99, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
19
See IB report in Subject File 212, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
20
See Ranjit Gupta, The Crimson Agenda: Maoist Protest and Terror (Delhi: Wordsmiths, 2004), pp. 105, 110–11, 157–9 etc.
21
Inder Malhotra, ‘Naxalites Put City in Fear of Bombs’, Guardian, 19 August 1970.
22
For the (very long) list of charges, see S. N. Dwivedy, The Orissa Affair and the CBI Inquiry (New Delhi: privately published, 1965).
23
Sunit Ghosh, Orissa in Turmoil (Bhubaneshwar: Bookland International, 1991), pp. 149–57; Sukadev Nanda, Coalition Politics in Orissa (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1979), pp. 70–7.
24
Special Branch report marked ‘Top Secret’, 26 February 1967, Subject File 25, D. P. Mishra Papers, Second Instalment, NMML.
25
Mishra to Kamaraj, 21 June 1967, ibid.
26
See R. C. V. P. Noronha, A Tale Told by an Idiot (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1976), chapter 8.
27
Prem Shankar Jha, ‘Telengana: Language is not Enough’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 3 August 1969.
28
S. K. Chaube, Hill Politics in North-East India (Bombay: Orient Longman, 1973), chapters7 and 8.
29
See letters and notes in Subject File 142, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
30
Dipankar Gupta, Nativism in a Metropolis: The Shiv Sena in Bombay (Delhi: Manohar, 1982), pp. 39–40,82–3 etc.; Vaibhav Purandare, The Sena Story (Mumbai: Business Publications, 1999), pp. 22–4, 42–4 etc.
31
Thought, 11 February 1967.
32
See notes in Subject File 128, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
33
Thought, 16 March, 6 July and 19 October 1968; Daily Telegraph, 27 June 1968.
34
See news clippings in Mss Eur F158/239, OIOC.
35
See letters and papers in File 61, Alexander Papers, Friends House, Euston.
36
Thought, 7 June 1968.
37
A. G. Noorani, ‘How Does a Riot Begin and Spread?’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 9 November 1969; N. C. Saxena, ‘The Nature and Origins of Communal Riots in India’, in Asghar Ali Engineer, ed., Communal Riots in Post-Independence India, 2nd edn(Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1991); K. D. Malaviya to Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad, 30 March 1967, in Subject File 128, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
38
Ghanshyam Shah, ‘The 1969 Communal Riots in Ahmedabad: A Case Study’, in Engineer, Communal Riots; untitled report on the Ahmedabad riots by a group of Congress MPs, 7 October 1969, in Subject File 142, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
39
Khushwant Singh, ‘Learning Geography through Murder’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 31 May 1970.
40
Editorial in Thought, 2 March 1968; cf. also S. E. Hassnain, Indian Muslims: Challenge and Opportunity (Bombay: Lalwani Publishing House, 1968).
41
This sketch is based on Bidyut Sarkar, ed., P.N. Haksar: Our Times and the Man (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1989), a conversation with Professor André Béteille, Delhi, February 2005 and the material in the P. N. Haksar Papers, NMML.
42
Katherine Frank, Indira: A Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi (London: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 314.
43
Note dated 21 January 1968, in Subject File 198, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
44
Speech by S. S. Dhawan, London, March 1969, copy in Subject File 197, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
45
Inder Malhotra, Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1989), pp. 108f.
46
The Years of Challenge: Selected Speeches of Indira Gandhi, January 1966–August 1969, 2nd edn(New Delhi: Publications Division, 1985), pp. 25–8, 34–9, 172–4, 268–9.
47
Thought, 8 and 29 March 1969.
48
Uma Vasudev, Indira Gandhi: Revolution in Restraint (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1974), p. 502.
49
Malhotra, Indira Gandhi, p. 116.
50
Thought, 23 December 1967; Morarji Desai, The Story of My Life, vol. 2 (Delhi: Macmillan India, 1974), pp. 243f.
51
The speech is reproduced in A. Moin Zaidi, The Great Upheaval, 1969–1972 (New Delhi: Orientalia India, 1972), pp. 103–6.
52
Thought, 19 July and 16 August 1969.
53
For details see Subject File 153, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
54
Trevor Drieberg, Indira Gandhi: Profile in Courage (Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1972), chapter 7.
55
S. Nijalingappa to Indira Gandhi, 11 November 1969, in Zaidi, The Great Upheaval, p. 231.
56
Sukumar Muralidharan andRavi Sharma, ‘A Congressman from Another Age: S. Nijalingappa, 1902–2000’, Frontline, 1 September 2000.
57
Cf. drafts of speeches in Subject File143, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
58
N(ikhil) C(hakravartty), ‘Syndicate at Waterloo’, Mainstream, 16 August 1969.
59
Nayantara Sahgal, Indira Gandhi: Her Road to Power (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1982), p. 53.
60
Note by P. N. Haksar dated 16 September 1967, Subject File 118, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
61
Subject File 121, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML; Rajinder Puri, India 1969: A Crisis of Conscience (Delhi: privately published, 1971), pp. 67–73.
62
See letters in Subject File 145, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
63
This account of the Parliamentary and judicial interventions in the privy purse controversy is based on D. R. Mankekar, Accession to Extinction: The Story of Indian Princes (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1974), chapters 18 to 20.
64
For details see M. S. Randhawa, A History of Agriculture in India, vol. 4: 1947–1981 (New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 1986), chapters 30 to 32.
65
Don Taylor, ‘This New, Surprising Strength of Mrs Gandhi’, Evening Standard, 21 August 1969.
66
New York Times, 26 January 1970.
67
‘Is India Cracking up?’, editorial in Thought, 4 January 1967.
68
‘The Meaning of Naxalbari’, Thought, 17 June 1967.
69
Kathleen Gough, ‘The Indian Revolutionary Potential’, Monthly Review, February 1969 (based on an essay originally published in Pacific Afairs, winter issue, 1968–9).
70
Lasse and Lisa Berg, Face to Face: Fascism and Revolution in India, trans. Norman Kurtin (Berkeley: Ramparts Press, 1971), pp. 23–4, 28, 31, 56, 125, 162, 209–10.
20. THE ELIXIR OF VICTORY
1
Thought, 22 November 1969.
2
See Election Manifestos 1971 (Bombay: Awake India Publications, 1971).
3
Rajaji to Minoo Masani, 2 January 1971, in Subject File 142, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, Fourth Instalment, NMML.
4
Indira Gandhi to Dorothy Norman, 23 April 1971, in D. Norman, ed., Indira Gandhi: Letters to an American Friend, 1950–1984 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985), p. 132.
5
Thought, 20 May 1972.
6
‘A Special Correspondent’, ‘The Making of Fifth Lok Sabha’, Thought, 20 March 1971.
7
Khushwant Singh, ‘Indira Gandhi’, Illustrated Weekly of India, 14 March 1971.
8
See D. R. Mankekar, Accession to Extinction: The Story of Indian Princes (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1974), chapter 21.
9
D. N. Dhanagare, ‘Urban-Rural Differences in Election Violence’, in S. P. Varma and Iqbal Narain, eds, Fourth General Elections in India, vol. 2 (Bombay: Orient Longman, 1970).
10
This section is based on Election Commission of India, Report on the Fifth General Elections in India, 1971–72 (New Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1973), passim. The CEC was named S. P. Sen Varma; his report the mystical preface apart – was clearly modelled on the first such, written by his great predecessor Sukumar Sen.
11
This and the following paragraphs are principally based on Herbert Feldman, The End and the Beginning: Pakistan 1969–1971 (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), chapters7 to 9. Cf. also D. R. Mankekar, Pak Colonialism in East Bengal (Bombay: Somaiyya Publications, 1971).
12
Lt. Gen. A. A. K. Niazi, quoted in Muntassir Mamoon, The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh (Dhaka: Somoy Prakashan, 2000), p. 159.
13
R. K. Dasgupta, Revolt in East Bengal (Calcutta: G. C. Ray, 1971), pp. 4, 7, 9, 21, 24–5, 29, 39, 52, 61 etc. For the colonial treatment of East Pakistan by the West Punjabi elite, see also Anthony Mascarenhas, The Rape of Bangla Desh (Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1971).
14
Cf. reports by eyewitnesses collected in Anon., Bangla Desh Documents (Madras: The BNK Press, 1972), chapter 6.
15
Jyoti Sen Gupta, History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh, 1943–1973 (Calcutta: Naya Prokash, 1974), pp. 314–16, 325–6. The major who made the announcement was Zia-ur-Rahman, later president of Bangladesh.
16
State Department telegram dated 2 July 1971, reproduced in Roedad Khan, comp., The American Papers: Secret and Confidential India-Pakistan-
Bangladesh Documents, 1965–1973 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 613–15.
17
Maj. Gen. Hakeem Arshad Qureshi, The 1971 Indo-Pak War: A Soldier’s Narrative (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 60, 71. The sentences quoted could as easily have been penned by an Indian army commander writing about Nagaland in 1957.
18
Werner Adam, ‘Pakistan’s Open Wounds’, Washington Post, 6 June 1971; report in the New York Times, 25 June 1971; World Bank team report in Subject File171, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
19
Anon., Bangla Desh Documents, chapter 7.
20
K. C. Saha, ‘The Genocide of 1971 and the Refugee Influx in the East’, in Ranabir Samaddar, ed., Refugees and the State: Practices of Asylum and Care in India, 1947–2000 (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003).
21
Iqbal Akhund, Memoirs of a Bystander: A Life in Diplomacy (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 201.
22
25-page secret report entitled ‘Threat of a Military Attack or Infiltration Campaign by Pakistan’, RAW, January 1971, copy in Subject File 220, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
23
Dhar to Haksar, 18 April 1971, ibid.
24
Cf. reports in Subject File 169, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
25
The letter is reprinted in F. S. Aijazuddin, ed., The White House and Pakistan: Secret Declassified Documents, 1969–1974 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 129–30.
26
‘Record of PM’s Conversation with Dr Kissinger’, 7 July 1971, in Subject File 225, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
27
Indira Gandhi to Richard Nixon, 7 August 1971, copy in Subject File 220, P. N. Haksar Papers, Third Instalment, NMML.
28
See the documents in Louis Smith, ed., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. 11: South Asia Crisis, 1971 (Washington, DC: Department of State, 2005), pp. 28, 35, 164, 167, 288–9, 303, 316, 324, 557 etc.; and the documents in Aijazuddin, The White House, pp. 242–6, 258–62.
29
For the broader context of India’s changing relations with the superpowers in the early seventies, see T. V. Kunhi Krishnan, The Unfriendly Friends: India and America (New Delhi: Indian Book Co., 1974); Shashi Tharoor, Reasons of State: Political Development and India’s Foreign Policy under Indira Gandhi, 1966–1977 (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1982); and Linda Racioppi, Soviet Policy towards South Asia since 1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).