The Brothers York

by Thomas Penn

  57 Registrum … Whethamstede, I, pp. 376–7, trans. PROME, XII, 1460 October, Introduction, pp. 508–9; Chronicles of London, p. 171; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the earl of Warwick’, pp. 342–52.

  58 Johnson, Duke Richard of York, pp. 213–19.

  59 PROME, XII, 1460 October, pp. 517–18, items 11–19 (pp. 517–23).

  60 PROME, XII, 1460 October, items 20–27 (pp. 523–5); ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 208; Armstrong, ‘Inauguration ceremonies’, pp. 52–3; Morgan, ‘Political afterlife’, pp. 869, 874.

  61 ‘Letter from Prince Edward to the City of London, 1460’, in John Vale’s Book, pp. 142–3; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 210; CC, p. 113; Annales, pp. 774–5; LMA Journal 6, ff. 279, 284; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 279–80; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort Family’, p. 259.

  62 Annales, pp. 774–5; Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 154; Registrum … Whethamstede, pp. 381, 384–5; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 120 n. 3.

  63 Dockray, The Battle of Wakefield, pp. 10–11, 23–7; Hall, Chronicle, pp. 250–1.

  64 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 210; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle’, p. 228; Annales, p. 775; English Chronicle, p. 107; Registrum … Whethamstede, I, p. 382.

  2. The Rose Stands Alone

  1 English Chronicle, pp. 108–9; Griffiths, Henry VI, p. 872; Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, pp. 122–3.

  2 ‘The Battle of Towton’, ll. 12–13, Historical Poems, no. 90, p. 216; PL Davis, I, no. 114; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 282.

  3 CSPM, nos. 56, 58; CSPV, no. 364; POPC, VI, pp. 307–10.

  4 Six Town Chronicles, p. 153; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle’, p. 229; PROME, XII, 1460 October, Introduction, p. 511; TNA E163/28/5; Richmond, ‘The nobility and the Wars of the Roses’, pp. 261–9; McFarlane, ‘Wars of the Roses’, pp. 244–5.

  5 CSPM, no. 76.

  6 CSPM, nos. 54, 59.

  7 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 211–14; CSPM, no. 63. This account of the battle follows Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, pp. 124–9 and refs.

  8 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 211–14; English Chronicle, p. 108; Registrum … Whethamstede, I, pp. 389–90; CSPM, no. 64; Smith and DeVries, The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, pp. 48, 237–8.

  9 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 214; CSPM, no. 71; Registrum … Whethamstede, I, pp. 394–6.

  10 ‘The Battle of Towton’, no. 90, in Robins, Historical Poems, p. 216.

  11 CSPM, no. 64; LMA Journal 6, original ff. 10, 35; English Chronicle, pp. 108–9; John Vale’s Book, p. 142; Barron, ‘London and the crown’, p. 98, Table 2, pp. 103–4 and refs; Bolton, ‘The city and the crown’, pp. 11–12, 21, 98.

  12 Lucia Diaz Pascual, ‘Luxembourg, Jacquetta de, duchess of Bedford and Countess Rivers (c.1416–1472)’, ODNB; John Vale’s Book, p. 83; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 145, 147; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 83.

  13 CSPM, nos. 64, 65; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 144–8; Barron, ‘London and the crown’, p. 97; John Vale’s Book, p. 83.

  14 John Vale’s Book, pp. 77–8, 83, 160; Chronicles of London, p. 174; R. A. Griffiths, ‘Vaughan, Sir Thomas (d. 1483)’, ODNB; Rosemary Horrox, ‘Hatteclyffe, William (d. 1480)’, ODNB; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 82–3.

  15 Laynesmith, ‘The piety of Cecily’, p. 29; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, p. 61.

  16 English Chronicle, pp. 109–10; GC, p. 195; ‘Hearne’s Fragment’, Chronicles of the White Rose, p. 6; Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 82–3.

  17 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 214–15; English Chronicle, p. 109; Fleming, ‘The battles of Mortimer’s Cross’, pp. 100–102; Bolton, ‘The city and the crown’, pp. 11–12.

  18 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 215. For the changing Yorkist line on Henry VI, see Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 76; PROME, XIII, 1461 November, item 14 (pp. 20–1); Foedera, XI, p. 471; Fleming, ‘The battles of Mortimer’s Cross’, pp. 99–100; Evans, Wales and the Wars of the Roses, pp. 130–1.

  19 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 215; English Chronicle, p. 110; Chronicles of London, p. 173.

  20 Michael Hicks, ‘George Neville (1432–1476)’, ODNB. In what follows I draw on Armstrong, ‘Inauguration ceremonies’, passim.

  21 Chronicles of London, pp. 173–4; MS Gough London 10, in Six Town Chronicles, pp. 161–2; GC, p. 195; Armstrong, ‘Inauguration ceremonies’, pp. 54–6; LP WF, II, p. 777; for the debate over ‘many others unnamed’, see Ross, Edward IV, p. 34 n. 3 and Lander, ‘Marriage and politics’, pp. 103–4.

  22 Sermon in Halliwell, ‘Observations upon … Edward the Fourth’, pp. 128–30.

  23 CSPM, no. 78.

  24 TNA E404/72/1/19, 22, 23, 24; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 158–9.

  25 TNA E404/72/1/36, 68; Barron, ‘London and the crown’, Table 2.

  26 TNA C54/313, no. 38d; CCR 1461–1468, pp. 54–6; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 154–6.

  27 Chronicles of London, p. 175; CSPM, no. 78; CPR 1461–1467, p. 31; TNA E404/72/1/29, 80; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 338.

  28 Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, pp. 60–1.

  29 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 216; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, II; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle’; Goodwin, Fatal Colours, pp. 153–4; Goodman, Wars of the Roses, pp. 50–1; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 157–72; Colin Richmond, ‘Mowbray, John (VI), third duke of Norfolk (1415–1461)’, ODNB.

  30 GC, p. 198, cit. in Payling, ‘Edward IV and the politics of conciliation’, p. 94.

  31 In this account of the battle I draw on Goodwin, Fatal Colours, ch. 10 passim; Goodman, Wars of the Roses, pp. 50–2; Maurer, Margaret of Anjou, p. 202.

  32 Strickland and Hardy, The Great Warbow, esp. ch. 19. See also Richmond, ‘The nobility and the Wars of the Roses’, pp. 76–7.

  33 Hall, Chronicle, p. 255.

  34 GC, pp. 196–7.

  35 Three Books … Vergil, p. 111; Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, p. 187.

  36 Hounslow, ‘Scattered skeletons’, passim; Novak, ‘Battle-Related Trauma’, pp. 90–102.

  37 Sutherland, ‘Recording the Grave’, pp. 40–1; Knusel and Boylston, ‘How has the Towton Project …’, pp. 185–6; Hall, Chronicle, pp. 255–6.

  38 TNA C81/382; PL Davis, I, no. 90; CSPM, nos. 78, 79, 83; Chronicles of London, p. 175; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 37–8.

  39 Hicks, Warwick, p. 237.

  40 PL Davis, II, no. 628; CPR 1461–1467, pp. 29, 45, 95; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 285.

  41 Registrum … Whethamstede.; ‘The Battle of Towton’, Historical Poems, p. 216.

  42 Payling, ‘Edward IV and the politics of conciliation’, pp. 81–94; Ross, Edward IV, p. 45; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 210; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 173–4; CC 110–11.

  43 CSPM, nos. 85, 86.

  44 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, pp. 357–8; Chronicle of John Stone, p. 83; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 178; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 6–7; Colvin, History of the King’s Works, II, pp. 998–1001.

  45 Chronicles of the White Rose, p. 10; ‘The maner of makynge knyghtes’, in Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, pp. 106–13.

  46 TNA E404/72/1/114.

  47 ‘The Battle of Towton’, ll. 66–71, Historical Poems, no. 90, p. 218; TNA KB/145/7/1, Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 49; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 182–4.

  48 Free Library of Philadelphia, Lewis E 201, sec. 7, https://libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/item/3335.

  49 BL Harleian MS 7353; BL Additional MS 18268A.

  50 Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 7–8.

  51 ‘Brief Latin Chronicle’, p. 174; Armstrong, ‘Inauguration ceremonies’, p. 71 and n. 4.

  52 E.g. CPR 1461–1467, p. 19; Foedera, V (II), pp. 66, 106; TNA E72/1/71, 75, 109. Further examples are cited by Allan, ‘Political Propaganda’, pp. 345–6.

  53 Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, p. 154.

  54 TNA E404/72/1/10.

  3. The World is Right Wild

  1 CSPM, no. 117;
Vale, Charles VII, p. 177; Peyronnet, ‘The distant origins of the Italian wars’, p. 41.

  2 CSPM, nos. 117, 120.

  3 Fortescue, Laws and Governance, p. 10; Household EIV, pp. 45–6; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 283; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 261–2 and refs.

  4 TNA E101/82/10; CSPM, no. 117; Henry the Sixth … Blacman, p. 8, cit. in Ross, Henry VI, p. 24.

  5 CSPM, no. 120; CPR 1461–1467, p. 97.

  6 Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 353–4; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 157–62; Vale, Charles VII, pp. 189, 192–3.

  7 See e.g. TNA C81/1377 and TNA C81/1486-8, passim.

  8 CSPM, nos. 81, 117.

  9 PL Davis, I, no. 117.

  10 Foedera, XI, p. 473; Linda Clark, ‘Bourchier, Henry, first earl of Essex (c.1408–1483)’, ODNB; Anne Crawford, ‘Howard, John, first duke of Norfolk (d. 1485)’, ODNB.

  11 More, History of King Richard III, p. 52; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 69, 89; Rosemary Horrox, ‘Hastings, William, first Baron Hastings (c.1430–1483)’, ODNB.

  12 TNA E28/89/29.

  13 TNA E28/89/28; TNA SC 8/29/1435A; Original Letters, ed. Ellis, 1st ser. 1, p. 116; Ross, Edward IV, p. 49; Bellamy, ‘Justice’, p. 136; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 197–200.

  14 Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 40–3; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 203–4.

  15 TNA E404/72/1/55B, 96; Household EIV, pp. 111–12.

  16 Household EIV, pp. 123–4; Rawcliffe, ‘More than a bedside manner’, pp. 72, 84.

  17 Kisby, ‘The Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 195, 221; Ross, Richard III, pp. 9–10.

  18 PROME, 1461 November, item 7, pp. 11–13; Lander, ‘Attainder and forfeiture’, pp. 119–20.

  19 Wolffe, ‘Management of royal estates’, passim; Wolffe, Royal Demesne, pp. 162–3, 168 n. 73, 169–71.

  20 Household EIV, pp. 45–6.

  21 Household EIV, p. 127; CPR 1461–1467, p. 101.

  22 PROME, XIII, 1461 November, items 38–9 (pp. 63–6).

  23 PL Davis, I, no. 63; II, no. 662; PL Gairdner, IV, pp. 32, 235; CPR 1461–1467, pp. 100–1; Ross, Edward IV, p. 44; Richmond, ‘English naval power’, p. 8–9.

  24 PL Davis, II, no. 6361; I, no. 167.

  25 Chronicles of London, p. 177; CPR 1452–1461, p. 465; ‘John Benet’s Chronicle’, p. 232; CSPM, no. 125; Ross, Foremost Man, pp. 36, 41–7; Scofield, ‘Early life of John de Vere’, pp. 228–9.

  26 Benjamin G. Kohl, ‘Tiptoft [Tibetot], John, first earl of Worcester (1427–1470)’, ODNB. I am grateful for David Rundle’s perceptive thoughts on Tiptoft’s character and outlook. CPR 1461–1467, p. 74; MacCulloch, Reformation, pp. 76–7; ‘A Letter Preface from John Free to John Tiptoft’, pp. 101–3, tr. Wakelin, Humanism, Reading and English Literature, p. 71.

  27 Keen, ‘Jurisdiction and origins’, passim; Keen, ‘Treason trials’, p. 88; Bellamy, ‘Justice’, pp. 140–1.

  28 GC, pp. 198–9; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 5; ‘Hearne’s Fragment’, p. 289 (I am grateful to James Ross for this reference).

  29 Ross, Foremost Man, pp. 49–51; ibid, ‘Treatment of traitors’ children’, p. 135.

  30 Renewing companies’ privileges e.g. CPR 1461–1467, pp. 242–3 (Goldsmiths); Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 251, 253, 338, 342–3; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 205–6.

  31 Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 19–21; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 251–4; Harriss, ‘Struggle for Calais’, p. 51.

  32 Scofield, LREF, I, p. 258.

  33 Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, pp. 158–9; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, p. 259.

  34 LMA Journal, pp. 170–1, 7, ff. 6–9; John Vale’s Book; CPR 1461–1467, p. 231; Annales, pp. 779–80; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 253.

  35 Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, pp. 158–9; Allan, ‘Political Propaganda’, pp. 306–7; Morgan, ‘House of policy’, p. 55.

  36 P. J. C. Field, ‘Malory, Sir Thomas (1415x18–1471)’, ODNB; TNA C67/45, m. 14 (24th October 1462); Field, ‘Last years’, pp. 436–7; Barber, ‘Malory’s “Le morte Darthur”’, p. 138; Carpenter, ‘Sir Thomas Malory’, pp. 31–43.

  37 Malory, Works, book XXI, p. 724.

  38 Piccolomini, Commentaries, pp. 22–5; Goodman, ‘The Anglo-Scottish Marches’, pp. 18–33; Pollard, North-Eastern England, pp. 15, 21, 41–2, 171–2.

  39 GC, pp. 199–200; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 218–19.

  40 John Vale’s Book, pp. 171–2; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 241–3.

  41 John Vale’s Book, pp. 170–1; LMA Journal 7, ff. 8, 9; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 2; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 241–3.

  42 PL Davis, I, no. 320.

  43 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 3; Annales, pp. 780–1; Ross, Edward IV, p. 52.

  44 PL Davis, II, no. 675; Extracts from the Municipal Records of York, p. 33; John Vale’s Book, pp. 149–50; Annales, p. 781; GC, p. 200; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 242–3.

  45 Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 176 (tr. Ross, Edward IV, p. 52); Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, pp. 259–60; Payling, ‘Edward IV and the politics of conciliation’, pp. 89–90.

  46 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 2–3; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 219; CPR 1461–1467, p. 262.

  47 Jones, ‘Edward IV and the earl of Warwick’, pp. 351–2, cit. TNA DL 37/32/79.

  48 Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, pp. 259–60.

  49 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, Introduction, p. 84, item 1 (p. 92); Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 273–4.

  50 PROME, XIII, 1483 April, item 18 (p. 105).

  51 Postan, Hanse, pp. 97–9.

  52 ‘Libel of English Policy’, in Political Poems and Songs, 2, pp. 172, 176; Holmes, ‘The “Libel of English Policy”’, pp. 200–1; Harriss, Shaping the Nation, pp. 269–70; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 127, 344–5; Bolton, Medieval English Economy, pp. 311–15.

  53 ‘On England’s Commercial Policy’, Political Poems and Songs, 2, pp. 282–7.

  54 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, items 18–22 (pp. 105–15); ‘On England’s Commercial Policy’, Political Poems and Songs, 2, p. 284; Munro, Wool, Cloth and Gold, pp. 160–1.

  55 Hicks, Warwick, p. 244.

  56 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 219–21.

  57 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 219–22; GC, p. 200; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, p. 260 n. 17; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 273.

  58 CPR 1461–1467, pp. 13, 134, 266; TNA E101/82/6/4; Ross, Edward IV, p. 75; Payling, ‘Widows’, p. 112.

  59 ‘William, Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 221–2.

  60 Waurin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 159–60; Priory of Hexham, I, no. 85; Annales, p. 781; Bittmann, ‘La campagne Lancastrienne’, pp. 1061–2, 1082–3; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 227; Macdougall, James III, p. 54.

  4. Two Kings of England

  1 Emery, Greater Medieval Houses, II, pp. 238–42; Colvin, History of the King’s Works, II, pp. 649–50; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 268.

  2 Scofield, LREF, I, p. 297.

  3 Scofield, LREF, II, App. I, p. 300; TNA E101/411/15, f. 14v; Chastellain, Oeuvres, IV, pp. 279–80; Annales, p. 781; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 79; Sutton, ‘Chevalerie …’, pp. 117–18.

  4 Chronicle of John Stone, p. 88; CPR 1467–1477, pp. 295–6; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 14; Keir, ‘George Neville’, pp. 193–4.

  5 RP, VI, p. 168; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 156–7.

  6 RP, VI, p. 193.

  7 TNA E361/6 mm. 53d, 54; E403/825, m. 2; E404/72/3/47; E404/72/4/2; CPR 1461-1467, pp. 52, 197, 212–13; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 8–11; Ross, Richard III, pp. 9–11.

  8 Scofield, LREF, I, p. 216.

  9 Chronicle of John Stone, p. 88; TNA DL 37/31/36.

  10 Chastellain, Oeuvres, IV, pp. 282–5; Thielemans, Bourgogne et Angleterre, pp. 367–410; Vaughan, Philip the Good, p. 357; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 301–23.

  11 Mémoires d’Olivier de la Marche, II, pp. 214–17; Vaughan, Cha
rles the Bold, pp. 156–7; Ballard, ‘Du sang de Lancastre’, pp. 83–6.

  12 Commynes, Memoires, ed. Dupont, III, pp. 201–2; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 67 and n. 16.

  13 Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 336–54; Ballard, ‘Du sang de Lancastre’, pp. 83–6.

  14 Foedera, V (2), p. 117; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 70.

  15 Kekewich, ‘Lancastrian court in exile’, p. 96.

  16 TNA E404/72/3/57, 68; CPR 1461–1467, pp. 280, 292–3; Hoare et al., Old and New Sarum, p. 158.

  17 Scofield, LREF, I, p. 309.

  18 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 173–4; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, p. 260, citing Scofield, LREF, I, p. 296 n. 2.

  19 Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 177; LMA Journal 7, f. 65v; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 339–40.

  20 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 221; PROME, XIII, 1463 April, items 8, 11 (pp. 97–8); Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, pp. 273–4.

  21 Dunlop, James Kennedy, p. 242.

  22 Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 3; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 223; TNA C81/796/1301; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, p. 261 and n. 31.

  23 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 178–81; Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, pp. 260–62.

  24 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, item 28 (p. 122); point made by Pollard, Wars of the Roses, p. 39.

  25 CPR 1461–1467, p. 292; TNA C81/1494/3953; E159/240, brevia Hill.3 Edw.IV m.1; Ross, Richard III, p. 10.

  26 Jones, ‘Edward IV and the Beaufort family’, pp. 261–2.

  27 PL Gairdner, IV, pp. 88, 91; EHL, p. 356; Bellamy, ‘Justice’, pp. 136–7; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 318–20; Ross, Edward IV, p. 398.

  28 PL Davis, I, no. 321.

  29 ‘Short English Chronicle’, p. 80.

  30 Bolton, Medieval English Economy, pp. 75–80; Spufford, Money and its Use, pp. 331–2, 360–1; Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 358–60, 480–1; Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 182–6.

  31 CCR 1461–1468, pp. 230, 259; Jurkowski, ‘Parliamentary and prerogative taxation’, p. 274.