The Brothers York

by Thomas Penn

32 TNA E404/72/2/44, 45; Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 331, 406; Lander, ‘Council, administration and councillors’, p. 195; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 351–3.

  33 CC, pp. 138–9; Power, ‘English wool trade’, pp. 20–2; Gray, ‘English foreign trade’, pp. 45–8; Ross, Edward IV, p. 352.

  34 Scofield, LREF, II, pp. 331, 404–7; Lander, ‘The Yorkist council’, p. 39.

  35 Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, pp. 119–27.

  36 Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 70, cit. BN MS Français 2811, f. 53; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 253–6.

  37 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, p. 184.

  38 Dépȇches … milanais, II, pp. 75–81.

  39 Scofield, LREF, I, p. 320.

  40 Getz, Medicine in the English Middle Ages, p. 63.

  41 Three Books … Vergil, pp. 117–18; Kleineke, Edward IV, pp. 79–80; Payling, ‘Widows’, p. 112.

  42 Foedera, V (2), p. 123; CSPM, no. 132.

  43 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, III, pp. 164–75, at pp. 173–4; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 223–4; Macdougall, James III, p. 56; Dunlop, James Kennedy, pp. 242–3; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 152.

  44 Gillingham, Wars of the Roses, p. 152.

  45 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 224; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 4; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 59–60.

  46 ‘William, Gregory’s Chronicle’, pp. 224–6; Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, pp. 178–9; Annales, p. 782; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 4; Priory of Hexham, I, pp. cviii–lxi; Keen, ‘Treason trials’, pp. 99–101.

  47 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 39–40; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 226; TNA E404/72/4/54; Chronicles of London, p. 178; Annales, p. 782; CPR 1461–1467, pp. 295–6; Hicks, Warwick, p. 246.

  48 Warkworth, Chronicle, pp. 37–9; Keen, ‘Treason trials’, pp. 90–92, 95, 97.

  49 TNA C81/1377/27.

  50 CPL, XI, p. 654; Harvey, England, Rome and the Papacy, pp. 85–6; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 336.

  51 Lunt, Financial Relations, pp. 146–50.

  52 In what follows I draw on Allen, Mints and Money, p. 209; Challis, A New History of the Royal Mint; Reddaway, ‘The king’s mint’, pp. 16–17. I am grateful for Barrie Cook’s perceptive thoughts on the impact of Edward IV’s recoinage.

  53 Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 427–8; Cowley, ‘Urban Capital’, p. 34.

  54 Griffiths, Henry VI, pp. 339, 363, 369; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 359, 427; see also Challis, New History of the Royal Mint, pp. 210–12.

  55 TNA E 101/294/18; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 362; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 346.

  56 CCR, p. 216; Morgan, ‘Political afterlife’, pp. 861, 864–5; Hughes, Arthurian Myths, pp. 83, 108–9, 143–4; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 193.

  57 History of the Kings of Britain, ed. Monmouth, Book IX, Ch. IX; Laynesmith, ‘Telling tales’, p. 204.

  5. Now Take Heed …

  1 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, II, pp. 326–7; Chastellain, Oeuvres, V, pp. 23–4; Dépȇches … milanais, II, pp. 213–14; Meek, ‘The practice of English diplomacy’, pp. 72–3.

  2 CSPM, nos. 137, 138, 139; Dépêches … milanais, pp. 276, 292.

  3 Hicks, Edward V, pp. 43–4.

  4 Hepburn, Portraits of the Later Plantagenets, pp. 54–60.

  5 Hicks, Edward V, p. 45; Payling, ‘Widows’, pp. 113–15.

  6 HMC, Hastings MSS (1928–47), 1301–2; Lander, ‘Marriage and politics’, pp. 106–7.

  7 Fabyan, New Chronicles, p. 655; Payling, ‘Widows’, p. 106 n. 16, cit. TNA E163/29/11, m. 5; Hicks, Edward V, p. 41; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 332–3.

  8 Malory, Morte d’Arthur, cit. Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, p. 63; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 226.

  9 Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 60–1, 66–7; Three Books … Vergil, p. 117; Fahy, ‘Italian Source’, p. 665.

  10 Peter Idley’s Instructions to his son, bk 2, ll. 1661, 1674–5, p. 135.

  11 Helmholz, Marriage Litigation, pp. 34–40; Visser-Fuchs, ‘English events in Caspar Weinreich’, p. 31.

  12 Horrox, ‘Introduction’, in Fifteenth Century Attitudes, p. XX.

  13 John Russell’s ‘Boke of Nurture’, in The Babees Book, pp. 189–90; Declamacion of Noblesse; Wakelin, Humanism, pp. XX; Allmand and Keen, ‘History and literature of war’, pp. 103–11.

  14 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, II, pp. 327–8.

  15 More, History of King Richard III, p. 62.

  16 Dépêches … milanais, II, pp. 304–5.

  17 Colvin, History of the King’s Works, I, p. 537 (I am grateful for Joanna Laynesmith’s clarification on this point); Laynesmith, Cecily Duchess of York, pp. 116–17.

  18 Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 43–4; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘The device of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, passim.

  19 Hammond, ‘Illegitimate children of Edward IV’, p. 230.

  20 Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, p. 183.

  21 TNA C81/1377/45; Dépêches … milanais, II, pp. 181, 295–310; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 10; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 26– ; Watts, The Making of Polities, pp. 349–51; Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 336–46, 374–5; Scofield, LREF, II, App. V, pp. 469–70; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 348–51.

  22 TNA C76/148 m. 7; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 21.

  23 Memoires du J le Clerq, XIV, p. 374, cit. Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 347; EHD Myers, 1042–3; Munro, Wool, Cloth and Gold, pp. 163–5.

  24 TNA C81/1378/28; Foedera, XI, p. 536; Thielemans, Bourgogne et Angleterre, p. 414.

  25 Sutton, ‘Caxton was a mercer’, pp. 126–32; Munro, Wool, Cloth and Gold, pp. 164-5; Sutton, Mercery of London, pp. 263–4; Ross, Edward IV, p. 363.

  26 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘A “most benevolent queen”’, pp. 223–4, 232–4.

  27 Hicks, ‘The changing role of the Wydevilles’, passim.

  28 Myers, ‘Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, passim; Given-Wilson, ‘The merger of Edward III’s and Queen Philippa’s households’, pp. 183–6.

  29 Myers, ‘Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, pp. 207–13.

  30 Myers, ‘Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, p. 476.

  31 CPR 1467–1477, p. 33; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 320–1; Sutton, Mercery of London, p. 235.

  32 Myers, ‘Household of Queen Elizabeth Woodville’, pp. 213, 216, 218; GC, p. 195; John Vale’s Book, pp. 79–80, 83, 99–100; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 130; Anne F. Sutton, ‘Cook, Sir Thomas (c.1410–1478)’, ODNB.

  33 Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 80; TNA E404/72/4/77; TNA E405/41; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 364–5; Chambers, Medieval Stage, pp. 391–404; Kisby, ‘The Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 221–3.

  34 Annales, p. 783; Lander, ‘Marriage and politics’, p. 111.

  35 Annales, pp. 785–6; Excerpta Historica, pp. 1974–7; PL Gairdner, III, p. 231; C. S. L. Davies, ‘Stafford, Henry, second duke of Buckingham (1455–1483)’, ODNB; Hicks, ‘Changing role of the Wydevilles’, pp. 214–16.

  36 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, item 53 (pp. 237–9).

  37 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 22–3; Sutton, Mercery of London, p. 265.

  38 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, Introduction, pp. 89–90, item 53 (pp. 237–9).

  39 The Works of Sir John Fortescue, I, pp. 23–5; Griffiths, ‘For the might off the lande’, p. 86; Kekewich, ‘The Lancastrian court in exile’, pp. 97–101.

  40 CSPM, no. 142.

  41 Foedera, XI, 28 March 1465; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 21–4; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 372–5.

  42 Kisby, ‘Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 145–8; Excerpta Historica, p. 172.

  43 Excerpta Historica, pp. 178, 182–3, 188–95.

  44 TNA E404/73/1/124B; Excerpta Historica, p. 193; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 24; Blockmans and Prevenier, The Promised Land, pp. 176–7.

  45 In what follows I draw on Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Entry of Queen Elizabet
h Woodville’, pp. 6–7.

  46 Smith, Coronation of Elizabeth Wydeville, pp. 61–8; Annales, p. 784; The Register of the … Garter, Appendix, passim; Pilbrow, ‘Knights of the Bath’, pp. 202–9; Ross, Edward IV, p. 95.

  47 ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 228; Fleming, ‘The Hautes and their “circle”’, pp. 94–5.

  48 TNA E403/824; TNA E404/72/1/112, 72/4/22; E404/72/1/100, 72/2/5; John Vale’s Book, p. 85; ‘William Gregory’s Chronicle’, p. 222; Calendar of Letter-Books: L, pp. iii–iv; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, pp. 126–7, 340–41.

  49 Smith, Coronation of Elizabeth Wydeville, passim; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 24–5.

  50 Smith, Coronation of Elizabeth Wydeville, p. 10.

  51 Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 65–6, 69; Hicks, Warwick, p. 262.

  52 Chronicle of John Stone, pp. 93–4; Warkworth, Chronicle, p. 5, 40–43; Visser-Fuchs, ‘English events in Caspar Weinreich’, pp. 312–13; Annales, p. 785; Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, p. 80; TNA E404/73/2; E404/73/3; E405/48, 13 May, 25 June; Issues of the Exchequer, p. 490; CPR 1461–1467, p. 268; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 382–4; Henry the Sixth … Blacman, p. 44.

  53 Jesus College, Oxford MS 114; Allan, ‘Political Propaganda’, pp. 285–7.

  6. They Are Not to be Trusted

  1 Leland, Collectanea, pp. 2–14; LP WF, II, p. 785; Woolgar, ‘Fast and feast’, pp. 23–5; Michael Hicks, ‘George Neville (1432–1476)’, ODNB; Pollard, North-Eastern England, p. 300. Scofield, LREF, I, p. 400.

  2 Annales, p. 785; TNA E404/73/1/69.

  3 Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, pp. 6–8, 16–17, 20–1, 44–8, 181–210 passim.

  4 Longleat MS 257, f. 98v; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. 2–8, 40–1, 217–19, and Catalogue II, pp. 279–81.

  5 Issues of the Exchequer, p. 390; Ross, ‘Some “servants and lovers”’, passim; Sutton, ‘And to be delivered …’, passim; Ross, Richard III, pp. 9–11, 24–6.

  6 Wavrin, Recueil, V, pp. 458–9; RP, VI, p. 193; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 20, 31; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 233–4.

  7 CPR 1461–1467, pp. 198–90, 212–13, 226–7, 327–8, 331, 362, 454–5; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 20, 24, 156–8; Ross, Edward IV, p. 117.

  8 PROME, XIII, 1463 April, pp. 86–7; TNA C49/56–65; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), p. 24 and n. 72; Wolffe, Royal Demesne, pp. 152–4.

  9 TNA E404/73/1/124B; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, pp. 131–2; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 404 n. 1.

  10 Weightman, Margaret of York, pp. 23–4, 51–2, 65; Michael Jones, ‘Margaret, duchess of Burgundy (1446–1503)’, ODNB.

  11 Commynes, Memoirs ed. Jones, pp. 82–3; Armstrong, ‘La politique matrimoniale’, pp. 260–1; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 30–1.

  12 Leland, Collectanea, IV, p. 249; Staniland, ‘Royal entry into the world’, passim.

  13 Le Goff, The Birth of Europe, pp. 186–7. The following passage is based on The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, passim.

  14 The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, pp. 45, 52; Household EIV, p. 217.

  15 The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, p. 48; Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, p. 113.

  16 The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, p. 47.

  17 The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, pp. 45, 61–2; Laynesmith, Last Medieval Queens, pp. 250–1.

  18 Household EIV, p. 22; Wolffe, Royal Demesne, pp. 175–6.

  19 Grummitt, ‘Public service, private interest’, pp. 155–7; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 397–8.

  20 TNA E404 73/3/2; Clark, ‘The benefits and burdens of office’, passim.

  21 Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, App. 4B, pp. 420–1.

  22 TNA E401/888 m. 13; E403/830 m. 2 [1463], cit. Grummitt, ‘Public service, private interest’, p. 157; Steel, The Receipt of the Exchequer, pp. 330–2, 356–7.

  23 For Port, see Griffiths, Henry VI, pp. 480, 657; CPR 1452–1461, p. 329; CCR 1454–1461, p. 154; McFarlane, England in the Fifteenth Century, p. 137.

  24 CPR 1461–1467, p. 476. I am grateful to Linda Clark for an advance copy of her biography of Thomas Vaughan, forthcoming in History of Parliament: Commons 1433–1504.

  25 Foedera, XI, pp. 562–6; Thielemans, Bourgogne et Angleterre, p. 419.

  26 Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 4–5, 165; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 40.

  27 Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 338–9.

  28 Roover, Rise and Decline, p. 88.

  29 Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 340–2; Walsh, Charles the Bold and Italy, pp. 121–3.

  30 George Holmes, ‘Canigiani [Caniziani], Gherardo (1424–1484)’, ODNB; Holmes, ‘Lorenzo de’ Medici’s London branch’, passim; Mallett, ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations’, p. 254; Ruddock, Italian Merchants, pp. 208–11.

  31 CPR 1461–1467, p. 518; John Vale’s Book, p. 265; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 433; TNA E404/73/1/124B; Mallett, ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations’, p. 252; Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 330–1.

  32 Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, pp. 131–2; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 41–2; BN MS Français 20600, f. 70, quoted in Ballard, ibid., p. 42.

  33 Munro, Wool, Cloth and Gold, pp 167–8; Thielemans, Bourgogne et Angleterre, pp. 420–1; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence, pp. 29–30.

  34 Lettres de Louis XI, III, pp. 87–9; Foedera, XI, p. 568; Meek, ‘The Practice of English diplomacy’, pp. 75–6; BL Harleian MS 69, f. 19; Barber, ‘Malory’s “Le morte Darthur”, pp. 146–7.

  35 TNA C81/1379/14; C81/1379/15; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 407; Lander, ‘The Yorkist council’, p. 38.

  36 Ross, Edward IV, p. 110.

  37 Keir, ‘George Neville’, pp. 195–7.

  38 Foedera, XI, pp. 573–4.

  39 ADN B330/16128; BL MS Cotton Galba B I f. 211, pr. in ‘Actes concernant les rapports …’, pp. 45–6; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 42; Armstrong, ‘Politique matrimoniale’, pp. 276–7.

  40 ‘Actes concernant les rapports …’, pp. 105–6; LP WF, II, p. 785; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 142.

  41 R. A. Griffiths, ‘Herbert, William, first earl of Pembroke (c.1423–1469)’, ODNB; Hicks, ‘Changing role of the Wydevilles’, pp. 214, 218; Scofield, LREF, I, p. 397.

  42 LP WF, II, p. 785; Hicks, ‘What might have been’, p. 294.

  43 TNA PSO 1/64/41; Plumpton Correspondence, no. XII; Hicks, False, Fleeting Clarence (1992 edn), pp. 14–15, 157–67.

  44 Hicks, ‘Restraint, mediation and private justice’, passim and esp. p. 145, citing Birmingham Reference Library MS 437204.

  45 Steel, The Receipt of the Exchequer, pp. 291–2, 354.

  46 Holmes, ‘Lorenzo de’ Medici’s London branch’, p. 274; Mallett, ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations’, p. 252; Zippel, ‘L’allume di Tolfa’, pp. 430–3; Roover, Rise and Decline, pp. 152–3.

  47 TNA E404 73/2/37; Ruddock, Italian Merchants, pp. 213–14.

  48 CSPM, nos. 147, 148.

  49 What follows draws on CSPM, no. 146; Kekewich, The Good King, pp. 74–5, 213–20.

  7. Love Together as Brothers in Arms

  1 PL Davis, I, nos. 116, 236, 327; II, no. 745; Castor, Blood and Roses, pp. 182–3, 197–8.

  2 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 47.

  3 Fox, Cambridge University Library: The Great Collections, pp. 65–6; Wakelin, Humanism, pp. 146–7; Blades, Life and Typography of William Caxton, pp. 96–8.

  4 CSPM, nos. 147, 148, 149; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 57.

  5 PL Davis, I, no. 237.

  6 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 61–2; Anglo, ‘Anglo-Burgundian feats of arms’, p. 275.

  7 Excerpta Historica, p. 198.

  8 TNA E404/73/3/73b.

  9 LP WF, II, p. 786; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 64; Hicks, Warwick, p. 269.

  10 Anglo, ‘Anglo-Burgundian feats of arms’, p. 275.

&nb
sp; 11 PROME XIII, 1467 June, Introduction, p. 250. LP WF, II, p. 786. Roskell, The Commons and their Speakers, p. 280.

  12 PROME, XIII, 1467 June, item 7 (pp. 256–7), 15 (p. 354).

  13 Clark, ‘The benefits and burdens of office’, p. 122.

  14 PROME, XIII, 1467 June, item 8 (pp. 257–343); TNA C49/64, no. 17; LP WF, II, p. 786; Kleineke, Edward IV, p. 167; Wolffe, Royal Demesne, p. 153; Hicks, Warwick, p. 263.

  15 TNA E101/474/1; E364/101 m. 71b; Anglo, ‘Financial and heraldic records’, p. 187.

  16 Utrecht MS f. 202, cited in Anglo, ‘Anglo-Burgundian feats of arms’, p. 277; Anglo, ‘Financial and heraldic records’, pp. 183–95; Barber and Barker, Tournaments, pp. 107–37, esp. pp. 107, 110–12; Barber, ‘Malory’s “Le morte Darthur”’, p. 140.

  17 Excerpta Historica, p. 208.

  18 GC, pp. 203–4; Anglo, ‘Financial and heraldic records’, p. 191.

  19 Anglo, ‘Anglo-Burgundian feats of arms’, p. 281; Sutton, Mercery of London, p. 265.

  20 ‘Hearne’s Fragment’, pp. 18–19; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 60.

  21 Mémoires d’Olivier de la Marche, III, p. 56. Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 48–50; Brown, ‘Exit ceremonies in Burgundian Bruges’, p. 113.

  22 BN MS Français 88, ff. 228–228v; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, p. 83.

  23 Wavrin, Anciennes Chroniques, II, pp. 346–8, 353–4; Annales, p. 787; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, pp. 86–8; ‘Meek, The practice of English diplomacy’, pp. 77–84.

  24 PROME, XIII, 1467 June, item 16 (pp. 354–5).

  25 Foedera, XI, pp. 580–1; Annales, p. 789; Chronicles of the White Rose, p. 22; Three Books … Vergil, p. 118; Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations’, pp. 67–8; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 425–9; Hicks, Warwick, p. 263; Calmette and Périnelle, Louis XI, p. 89; Meek, ‘Conduct and Practice’, p. 135.

  26 Annales, p. 789.

  27 Ballard, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Relations, pp. 70–1.

  28 Foedera, XI, p. 590; Ballard, ‘Du sang de Lancastre’, p. 84; Scofield, LREF, I, pp. 430–3.

  29 Carus-Wilson and Coleman, England’s Export Trade, pp. 102–3; Tucker, ‘Government and Politics’, p. 363; Bolton, ‘Warwick, Clarence and London’, pp. 12–14; Ballard, ‘An expedition of archers’, passim.