38. Nydia Garcia-Preto, “Latino Families: An Overview,” in Ethnicity and Family Therapy, 3rd ed., ed. Monica McGoldrick, Joe Giordano, and Nydia Garcia-Preto (New York: Guilford Press, 2005), 153–165.
39. Carola Suárez-Orozco and Marcelo Suárez-Orozco, Transformations: Immigration, Family Life, and Achievement Motivation Among Latino Adolescents (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995), 136.
40. Fabio Sabogal et al., “Hispanic Familism and Acculturation: What Changes and What Doesn’t?” Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 4 (1987): 397–412.
41. Anthony D. Ong, Jean S. Phinney, and Jessica Dennis, “Competence Under Challenge: Exploring the Protective Influence of Parental Support and Ethnic Identity in Latino College Students,” Journal of Adolescence 29, no. 6 (2006): 961–979; Germán, Gonzales, and Dumka, “Familism Values as a Protective Factor for Mexican-Origin Adolescents Exposed to Deviant Peers.”
42. Suárez-Orozco and Suárez-Orozco, Transformations, 52.
43. For further discussion of these four options and their connection to Tajfel’s social identity theory, see Jean S. Phinney, Bruce T. Lochner, and Rodolfo Murphy, “Ethnic Identity Development and Psychological Adjustment in Adolescence,” in Ethnic Issues in Adolescent Mental Health, ed. Arlene Rubin Stiffman and Larry E. Davis (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990), 53–72.
44. Richard Rodriguez, Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez (New York: Bantam, 1982), 23.
45. Maria Zavala, “Who Are You If You Don’t Speak Spanish? The Puerto Rican Dilemma,” (presentation at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, April 1996).
46. Maria Zavala, “A Bridge over Divided Worlds: An Exploration into the Nature of Bilingual Puerto Rican Youths’ Ethnic Identity Development” (master’s thesis, Mount Holyoke College, 1995).
47. Zavala, “Who Are You If You Don’t Speak Spanish?,” 9.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid., 11.
50. Edward Fergus, “The Relevance of Skin Color in the Construction of an Ethnic Identification Among Mexican and Puerto Rican Boys,” in Invisible No More: Understanding the Disenfranchisement of Latino Men and Boys, ed. Pedro Noguera, Aída Hurtado, and Edward Fergus (New York: Routledge, 2012), 228.
51. Vasti Torres, “Influences on Ethnic Identity Development of Latino College Students in the First Two Years of College,” Journal of College Student Development 44, no. 4 (2003), 542.
52. Ibid.
53. Mark Hugo Lopez, “Is Speaking Spanish Necessary to Be Hispanic? Most Hispanics Say No,” Fact Tank, Pew Research Center, February 19, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/19/is-speaking-spanish-necessary-to-be-hispanic-most-hispanics-say-no/.
54. Nieto and Bode, Affirming Diversity, 227.
55. Ibid., 224.
56. Ibid., 226.
57. Natalia Molina, “How Mexican-Americans Assimilate into U.S. Culture,” San Diego Union-Tribune, November 23, 2016, http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/sd-mexican-americans-molina-20161123-story.html.
58. Katie Reilly, “Kids Are Stressed About Donald Trump. So Los Angeles Schools Launched a Hotline,” Time, December 8, 2016, http://time.com/4595309/los-angeles-school-counselors-donald-trump/.
59. Jens Manuel Krogstad, Jeffrey S. Passel, and D’Vera Cohn, “5 Facts About Illegal Immigration in the U.S.,” Fact Tank, Pew Research Center, November 3, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/03/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/.
60. Jie Zong and Jeanne Batalova, “Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States,” Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute, April 14, 2016, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states.
61. Krogstad, Passel, and Cohn, “5 Facts About Illegal Immigration in the U.S.”
62. Ibid.
63. J. Manuel Casas, “Caution: Immigration May Be Harmful to Your Health,” in Handbook of Multicultural Counseling, 4th ed., ed. J. Manuel Casas et al. (Los Angeles: Sage, 2017), 348–359.
64. Hirokazu Yoshikawa and Jenya Kholoptseva, Unauthorized Immigrant Parents and Their Children’s Development, Migration Policy Institute, March 2013, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/unauthorized-immigrant-parents-and-their-childrens-development.
65. Ibid.
66. Roberto G. Gonzales, “Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood,” American Sociological Review 76, no. 4 (2011): 602–619.
67. Ibid., 605–608.
68. Ibid., 610.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid., 605.
71. Ibid., 615.
72. Ibid., 617.
73. Jens Manuel Krogstad, “Unauthorized Immigrants Covered by DACA Face Uncertain Future,” Fact Tank, Pew Research Center, January 5, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/05/unauthorized-immigrants-covered-by-daca-face-uncertain-future/.
74. Gonzales, “Learning to Be Illegal,” 614.
75. Molina, “How Mexican-Americans Assimilate into U.S. Culture.”
76. Lewis Lord, “How Many People Were Here Before Columbus?” U.S. News & World Report, August 18–25, 1997, 68–70, http://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/4/5/34767803/Pre-Columbian%20population.pdf.
77. US Census Bureau, “American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2016,” Facts for Features, November 2016, http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/newsroom/facts-for-features/2016/cb26-ff22_aian.pdf.
78. R. D. Herring, “Native American Indian Identity: A People of Many Peoples,” in Race, Ethnicity, and Self: Identity in Multicultural Perspective, ed. Elizabeth Pathy Salett and Diane R. Koslow (Washington, DC: National MultiCultural Institute, 1994), 170–197.
79. C. Matthew Snipp, “American Indian Studies,” in Handbook on Research on Multicultural Education, 2nd ed., ed. James A. Banks and Cherry A. McGee Banks (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 2004), 315–331.
80. Ibid., 318.
81. K. Tsianina Lomawaima, “Educating Native Americans,” in Banks and Banks, Handbook on Research on Multicultural Education, 442.
82. Timothy Williams, “Quietly, Indians Reshape Cities and Reservations,” New York Times, April 13, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/us/as-american-indians-move-to-cities-old-and-new-challenges-follow.html.
83. “2010 Census Shows Nearly Half of American Indians and Alaska Natives Report Multiple Races” (press release), US Census Bureau, January 25, 2012, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb12-cn06.html.
84. US Census Bureau, “American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2016.”
85. CharlesEtta T. Sutton and Mary Anne Broken Nose, “American Indian Families: An Overview,” in McGoldrick, Giordano, and Garcia-Preto, Ethnicity and Family Therapy, 43–54.
86. Spring, Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality, 13.
87. Nadine Tafoya and Ann Del Vecchio, “Back to the Future: An Examination of the Native American Holocaust Experience,” in McGoldrick, Giordano, and Garcia-Preto, Ethnicity and Family Therapy, 55–64.
88. Spring, Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality, 119–120.
89. Sutton and Broken Nose, “American Indian Families,” 46; Snipp, “American Indian Studies,” 322.
90. Tafoya and Del Vecchio, “Back to the Future.” Note that a shorter version of this quote appears in the third edition. However, I am using the longer version that appeared in the 1996 edition of Ethnicity and Family Therapy.
91. Spring, Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality, 120.
92. See “History,” Diné College, http://www.dinecollege.edu/about/history.php.
93. Kevin K. Washburn, “What’s at Stake for Tribes? The U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel Opinion on Internet Gaming, Testimony of Dean Kevin K. Washburn, Oversight Hearing Before the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, 112th Cong
ress, Second Session,” UNM School of Law Research Paper No. 2012-04, February 9, 2012, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1999813.
94. Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 25 U.S.C. § 2701 et seq. (1988).
95. Washburn, “What’s at Stake for Tribes?”
96. Robin J. Anderson, “Tribal Casino Impacts on American Indians’ Well-Being: Evidence from Reservation-Level Census Data,” Contemporary Economic Policy 31, no. 2 (2013): 291–300, doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7287.2011.00300.x.
97. Matthew A. King, “Indian Gaming and Native Identity,” Chicano-Latino Law Review 30, no. 1 (2011), https://ssrn.com/abstract=2018751.
98. Ibid., 18.
99. Ibid., 32.
100. “Have You Ever Seen a Real Indian? American Indian College Fund Advertising Campaign Challenges Stereotypes” (press release), American Indian College Fund, PRNewswire, March 2, 2001, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/have-you-ever-seen-a-real-indian-american-indian-college-fund-advertising-campaign-challenges-stereotypes-71520017.html.
101. Lee Little Soldier, “Is There an ‘Indian’ in Your Classroom? Working Successfully with Urban Native American Students,” Phi Delta Kappan 78, no. 8 (April 1997): 650–653.
102. Donald Andrew Grinde Jr., “Place and Kinship: A Native American’s Identity Before and After Words,” in Names We Call Home: Autobiography on Racial Identity, ed. Becky Thompson and Sangeeta Tyagi (New York: Routledge, 1996), 66.
103. Nieto and Bode, Affirming Diversity, 152.
104. Stephanie A. Fryberg et al., “Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses: The Psychological Consequences of American Indian Mascots,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 30, no 3 (2008): 208–218.
105. Angela R. Riley and Kristen A. Carpenter, “Owning Red: A Theory of Indian (Cultural) Appropriation,” Texas Law Review 94 (2016): 859–931.
106. Victoria Phillips and Erik Stegman, Missing the Point: The Real Impact of Native Mascots and Team Names on American Indian and Alaska Native Youth (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 2014), http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=fasch_rpt.
107. “Statement of U.S. Commission on Civil Rights on the Use of Native American Images and Nicknames as Sports Symbols” (press release), US Commission on Civil Rights, 2001, http://www.usccr.gov/press/archives/2001/041601st.htm.
108. Phillips and Stegman, Missing the Point.
109. Ibid., 5.
110. Ibid., 8.
111. Fryberg et al., “Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses,” 216.
112. Ibid.
113. Nieto and Bode, Affirming Diversity, 70–72.
114. Paul Ongtooguk, “Remarks of Mr. Paul Ongtooguk,” Alaska Native Education Summit, November 30, 2001, Anchorage, AK. http://www.alaskool.org/native_ed/PO-ANES-speech.htm.
115. Paul Ongtooguk, “Their Silence About Us: The Absence of Alaska Natives in the Curriculum” (presentation at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta, GA, April 1993).
116. Ibid.
117. Elizabeth M. Hoeffel et al., The Asian Population: 2010, C2010BR-11, US Census Bureau, March 2012, https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-11.pdf.
118. Evelyn Lee and Matthew R. Mock, “Asian Families: An Overview,” in McGoldrick, Giordano, and Garcia-Preto, Ethnicity and Family Therapy, 269–289.
119. Min Zhou and Jennifer Lee, “Introduction: The Making of Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity Among Asian American Youth,” in Asian American Youth: Culture, Identity and Ethnicity (New York: Routledge, 2004), 11.
120. Min Zhou and Jennifer Lee, The Asian American Achievement Paradox (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2015).
121. Pew Research Center, The Rise of Asian Americans, updated ed., April 4, 2013, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/06/19/the-rise-of-asian-americans/.
122. Hoeffel et al., The Asian Population: 2010.
123. US Census Bureau, “Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2016,” Facts for Features, April 21, 2016, http://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2016/cb16-ff07.html.
124. Pew Research Center, The Rise of Asian Americans.
125. Ibid.
126. Spring, Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality, 72.
127. Ibid.
128. Zhou and Lee, The Asian American Achievement Paradox, 23.
129. Takaki, A Different Mirror, 188.
130. Zhou and Lee, The Asian American Achievement Paradox.
131. Spring, Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality, 76.
132. Zhou and Lee, The Asian American Achievement Paradox, 24.
133. Ibid.
134. Tazuko Shibusawa, “Japanese Families,” in McGoldrick, Giordano, and Garcia-Preto, Ethnicity and Family Therapy, 339–348.
135. Spring, Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality, chap. 4.
136. Shibusawa, “Japanese Families.”
137. Pew Research Center, The Rise of Asian Americans.
138. Bok-Lim C. Kim and Eunjung Ryu, “Korean Families,” in McGoldrick, Giordano, and Garcia-Preto, Ethnicity and Family Therapy, 349–362.
139. Pew Research Center, The Rise of Asian Americans.
140. Ibid.
141. Maria P. P. Root, “Filipino Families,” in McGoldrick, Giordano, and Garcia-Preto, Ethnicity and Family Therapy, 319–331.
142. Lee and Mock, “Asian Families: An Overview,” 271.
143. Pew Research Center, The Rise of Asian Americans.
144. Ibid.
145. Quoted in Spring, Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality, 75.
146. Ibid., 77.
147. Pew Research Center, The Rise of Asian Americans.
148. Migration Policy Institute, The Pakistani Diaspora in the United States, rev. ed., June 2015, www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/RAD-Pakistan.pdf.
149. Karthick Ramakrishnan and Farah Z. Ahmad, State of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Series: A Multifaceted Portrait of a Growing Population, Center for American Progress, September 2014, http://aapidata.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/AAPIData-CAP-report.pdf.
150. US Census Bureau, “Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: May 2016.”
151. Quoted in David Mura, “A Shift in Power, a Sea Change in the Arts: Asian American Constructions,” in The State of Asian America: Activism and Resistance in the 1990s, ed. Karin Aguilar-San Juan (Boston: South End Press, 1994), 183–204.
152. Kenyon S. Chan and Shirley Hune, “Racialization and Panethnicity: From Asians in America to Asian Americans,” in Toward a Common Destiny: Improving Race and Ethnic Relations in America, ed. Willis D. Hawley and Anthony W. Jackson (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995), 210.
153. Ibid., 215.
154. Ibid., 218.
155. Skin Deep.
156. William Petersen, “Success Story, Japanese-American Style,” New York Times Magazine, January 9, 1966; “Success Story of One Minority in the U.S.,” U.S. News and World Report, December 26, 1966, 73–78.
157. Chan and Hune, “Racialization and Panethnicity,” 222.
158. Zhou and Lee, The Asian American Achievement Paradox, 65.
159. Ibid.
160. Ibid., 31.
161. Ibid., 32.
162. Ibid., 29.
163. Ibid., 9.
164. Ibid., 37.
165. Ibid., 6.
166. Ibid.
167. Ibid., 125.
168. Ibid., 126.
169. Ibid., 120.
170. Ibid., 7.
171. Ibid., 143.
172. Ibid., 172.
173. Ibid., 174.
174. Ibid., 42.
175. National Center for Education Statistics, “Indicator 16 Snapshot: High School Status Dropout Rates for Racial/Ethnic Subgroups,” August 2016, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/raceindicators/indicator_rdcs.asp.
176. National Center for Education Statistics, “Indicator 18 Snapshot: College Participation Rates for Racial/Ethnic Subgroups,” Augus
t 2016, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/raceindicators/indicator_reas.asp.
177. Lisa Delpit, Other People’s Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroom (New York: The New Press, 2006), 171.
178. Nieto and Bode, Affirming Diversity, 195.
179. Valerie Ooka Pang, Peter N. Kiang, and Yoon K. Pak, “Asian Pacific American Students: Challenging a Biased Educational System,” in J. A. Banks and C. M. Banks, Handbook on Research on Multicultural Education, 542–563.
180. Mitsuye Yamada, “Invisibility Is an Unnatural Disaster: Reflections of an Asian American Woman,” in This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, ed. Cherríe Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa (New York: Kitchen Table Press, 1981), 35–40.
181. Ibid., 35.
182. Peter Nien-chu Kiang, “We Could Shape It: Organizing for Asian Pacific American Student Empowerment,” in Struggling to Be Heard: The Unmet Needs of APA Children, ed. Valerie Ooka Pang and Li-Rong Lilly Cheng (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), 243–264.
183. Ibid., 249.
184. Ibid., 259.
185. Ibid.
186. Ibid.
187. Lucy Tse, “Finding a Place to Be: Asian Americans in Ethnic Identity Exploration,” Adolescence 34, no. 133 (Spring 1999): 121–138.
188. Traci G. Lee, “Gangs of Atlanta: New Film Upends Asian ‘Model Minority Myth,’” NBCNews.com, March 11, 2015, http://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/gangs-atlanta-new-film-upends-asian-model-minority-myth-n321421.
189. Ibid.
190. Chan and Hune, “Racialization and Panethnicity,” 208.
191. Phinney, “A Three-Stage Model of Ethnic Identity Development in Adolescence.”
192. Tara Bahrampour, “A U.S. Census Proposal to Add Category for People of Middle Eastern Descent Makes Some Uneasy,” Washington Post, October 21, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/social-issues/a-proposal-to-add-a-us-census-category-for-people-of-middle-eastern-descent-makes-some-uneasy/2016/10/20/8e9847a0-960e-11e6-bb29-bf2701dbe0a3_story.html.
193. Ibid.
194. Nuha Abudabbeh, “Arab Families: An Overview,” in McGoldrick, Giordano, and Garcia-Preto, Ethnicity and Family Therapy, 423–436.
Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? Page 50
