immigrants
Asian, 269–282
Caribbean, 155 Central American, 240, 242, 251
DACA and, 69, 254–255
in ethnic enclaves, 8
hyperselectivity of, 277–280
Latinx, 237–244, 251–256, 278, 282
MENA, 289–291, 295
refugees, 273
stereotypes and, 255–256
Trump and, 69
undocumented, 69, 239, 251–256
immigration, Chicanx and, 251, 278, 282
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 289
implicit-association test (IAT), 223–225
“incremental theory” of intelligence, 162–164
Indian Americans. See Asian Indians
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA), 261
individualism, 196–199
in-group favoritism, 225
institutional racism, 93, 128, 199, 203, 227, 337
intelligence, theories of, 162–164, 280–281
intergroup dialogue, 355–358
internalized oppression, 86, 123–124
interracial dating, 137
interracial marriage
antimiscegenation laws and, 270, 272, 300–301
attitudes toward, 305
increase in, 304
See also multiracial families, identity development in
intersectionality, 39
of class, 38, 101
of identities, 101, 107, 196–197
White privilege and, 92
Inupiaq, 267–268
“Invisibility Is an Unnatural Disaster: Reflections of an Asian American Woman” (Yamada), 284–285
Irving, Debby, 186
Islam, 57, 172, 293–295, 297
See also Muslims
Japanese Americans, 269, 271–272, 276–277
Jewish Americans, 102, 197, 352
Jim Crow, 13, 19, 106, 256, 309
Johnson, Lyndon, 215
Johnson, Micah, 59
Johnson, William, 55–56
Jones, Van, 64
Judaism, 102, 197, 352
Jung, Grace, 287
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 179–180
Kellogg Foundation, 349–350
Kennedy, Anthony, 11
Kennedy, John F., 260
Khanna, Nikki, 314–318, 320
Al-Khatahtbeh, Amani, 291–294, 296
Kiang, Peter Nien-chu, 285
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 17, 71
Kivel, Paul, 187
Kohl, Herbert, 106
Korean Americans, 269, 272, 281, 322–325
labor market patterns, race and, 211–212
Landau, Alex, 325–326
language
“color,” 117–118, 124
English, 250
learning, 167–168, 250
of race, 94–97
Spanish, 245–251
“us-them,” 70
Lao immigrants, 273
late adulthood, 178–179
Latinx
adoptees, 326–327
affirmative action backlash and, 10
Central American, 240, 242, 251
Chicanx, 95–96, 238–239, 251, 278, 282
Cuban, 240–242
demographics, 2, 237–238
diversity of, 236–237
familism, 243–245
Great Recession influencing, 11–12
Hispanic, 95, 237, 242–243
immigrants, 237–244, 251–256, 278, 282
mass incarceration of, 14–16
in multiracial families, 304, 326–327
Puerto Rican, 239–240, 246–247
racial identity development, 235–236, 245–251
residential segregation and, 7
Salvadoran, 240, 242
South American, 242
use of the term, 95–96, 237–243
Lau, Eunice, 286–287
Leadbeater, Bonnie Ross, 137
leadership
importance of, 70–71
by women, 38
Lebanon, 289
Lee, Jennifer, 268–269, 277–283
Lee, Valerie, 275
Lewin, Kurt, 75
LGBTQ Americans, 38, 45, 59, 197–198, 202
The Lion King (movie), 127
Little, Malcolm. See Malcolm X
Little Soldier, Lee, 263
Loftin, R. Bowen, 41, 43
Lomawaima, K. Tsianina, 257
looking-glass self, 99
López, Ian Haney, 227–228
Lorde, Audre, 103
Loving v. Virginia, 300
Lowery, Joseph, 16
Lowery, Wesley, 29
Luo, Michael, 52–53
Lynch, Loretta, 60
Malcolm X, 139, 171–172
Marcia, James, 132, 174
marginalization, 244–245
marriage. See interracial marriage
Marshallese, 275
Martin, Biddy, 48, 50–51
Martin, Trayvon, 25–28, 35, 71
Marvasti, Amir, 291
mascots, 264–266
mass incarceration, 9, 13–16
mass shootings, 295
McCain, John, 18
McIntosh, Peggy, 88, 196
McKesson, DeRay, 36
McKinney, Karyn, 291
MCSP. See Michigan Community Scholars Program
media, 105, 122–123
See also social media
MENAs. See Middle Easterners and North Africans
Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) program, 156–157
Mexican Americans. See Chicanx
Michigan Community Scholars Program (MCSP), 353–355
Mickelson, Roslyn, 136, 148–149
microaggressions, 51–53, 140
middle adulthood, 175–177
Middle Easterners and North Africans (MENAs)
Arab, 288–289
demographics, 288–289
diversity of, 236–237, 288–289
immigrants, 289–291, 295
institutional acknowledgment of, 296–297
Muslim, 288–297
racial identity development, 235–236, 288–294, 296
stereotypes, 288–289, 294, 297
use of the term, 288
Mien immigrants, 273
millennials
Black Lives Matter and, 25–39
color-blind, myth of, 22–25
Miller, Jean Baker, 104, 107, 337–338
Miller, Robin Lin, 320
Million Man March, 172–173
mind-set, 280–281
minority
model, myth of, 268, 276–286
use of the term, 95
mixed-race, use of the term, 304
See also multiracial families, identity development in
model minority
myth of, 268, 276–287
voice and, 284–287
Molina, Natalia, 255–256
Moore, Darnell, 30
Morgan, Laura, 64
Mount Holyoke College, 84, 204
Mufaro’s Beautiful Daughters: An African Tale (Steptoe), 125
Muhammad, Dedrick, 11–12
Mullainathan, Sendhil, 217–218
Mullen, Kirsten, 334
multiracial families, identity development in
adoptive families, 272, 321–327
Asian and Pacific Islanders and, 304, 322–325
Black Americans and, 304–322, 325–327
class and, 314
color-blindness and, 321, 324–325
factors in, 299–300
gender and, 315
increase in, 3, 299–300
parents’ socializing role in, 319–321
“push-pull” phenomena in, 314
racial categorization and, 300–304
racism and, 308, 321, 323–325, 327–328
social comparison theory and, 315–318
stereotypes and, 305, 318
well-adjusted, 328
<
br /> White Americans and, 304–327
Murphy, Cullen, 49, 51
Murrell, Audrey, 229
Muslim Girl: A Coming of Age (Al-Khatahtbeh), 291–294
MuslimGirl website, 293–294
Muslims
demographics of, 3
harassment of, 67–68, 291–292, 295
hijab worn by, 67, 291, 293–294
Islamophobia and, 293–295, 297
MENA, 288–297
Trump and, 56–57, 295–296
Myers, Linda James, 95
The Myth of Racial Color Blindness (Neville, Gallardo, and Sue), 227
Names We Call Home (Thompson and Tyagi), 101
NAREB. See National Association of Real Estate Boards
Nation of Islam, 172
National Association of Real Estate Boards (NAREB), 5
National Fair Housing Alliance (NFHA), 6
National Survey of Black Americans, 173
Native Americans, use of the term, 96
See also American Indians and Alaska Natives
Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders (NHPI), 275
Native Lives Matter (NLM), 48
Naturalization Act, 271
Nepalese, 283
Neville, Helen, 227
The New Jim Crow (Alexander), 14–16
Newsome, Bree, 27
NFHA. See National Fair Housing Alliance
NHPI. See Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders
Nieto, Sonia, 249–251, 266
9/11 terrorist attacks, 3, 21, 289–290, 295
Nixon, Richard, 14, 215
NLM. See Native Lives Matter
non-Whites, use of the term, 95
Nordmark, Bill, 345–347
North Carolina, 65, 136
not-learning, 106–107
Obama, Barack
DACA implemented by, 69, 254
election of, 16–22, 71, 209
Howard University commencement speech by, 9, 12
police violence and, 26–27, 35, 41
as role model, 149–150
Trump and, 54
off-reservation boarding schools, 259
Ogbu, John, 143
omissions, prejudice and, 85
one-drop rule, 301–304, 308
Ongtooguk, Paul, 266–267
online racial discrimination, 140–141
“An Open Letter to the Woman Who Told My Family to Go Back to China” (Luo), 52
oppositional identity development, 142–149
oppression
categories associated with, 97, 103
internalized, 86, 123–124
Orlando nightclub shooting, 59
“otherness,” 102–103, 105–106
Pacific Islanders. See Asian and Pacific Islanders
Pager, Devah, 218
Pakistanis, 274–275
Palestinians, 289
Palmer, Parker, 341
Pantaleo, Daniel, 28, 35
parenting
race-conscious, 134, 138, 154, 177–178, 321–322
racial identity in adulthood and, 175–178
social change and, 341
socializing role of, 319–321
Parham, Thomas, 174–175, 178
Pasquerella, Lynn, 351
passive racism, 91
Patel, Eboo, 290
Patrick, Deval, 349
Pearl Harbor, 271
people of color, use of the term, 94–95
Petersen, William, 277
Phillips, Steve, 1–2
Phinney, Jean, 135, 236, 244, 249
Phipps, Susie Guillory, 303–304
Pierce, Chester, 51
Plyler v. Doe, 252
police violence
against American Indians, 46–48
Black Americans and, 25–26, 28–39, 41–42, 46–48, 53, 58–61
Black Lives Matter and, 25–26, 28–39, 41–42
Blue Lives Matter and, 59–60
Ferguson and, 25, 28–36, 40, 45
Obama and, 26–27, 35, 41
presidential election and, 58–59
racism and, 35, 38, 46
Porterfield, Dan, 352
Portraits of White Racism (Wellman), 87
poverty, 272–273, 275
of American Indians and Native Alaskans, 258–259, 261–262
class and, 4, 12–13
power evasion, 227
predominantly White institution (PWI), 74, 78, 169–170
prejudice
defined, 85
development of, 84–87
racism and, 87–90
prepuberty, 134–135
preschool, 112–117, 319
presidential elections
Obama in, 16–22, 71, 209
police violence and, 58–59
of Trump, 13, 53–72, 141, 251
process-oriented affirmative action, 217–219
Program on Intergroup Relations (IGR), 355–357
Project Implicit, 223–226
Proposal 2, 11
Proposition 209, 10
protean identity, 307, 311–312
pseudo-independent, 187, 199
puberty, 100, 132, 134–138, 292
Puerto Ricans, 239–240, 246–247
“push-pull” phenomena, in multiracial families, 314
PWI. See predominantly White institution
quotas, 215–216
race
categorization of, 300–304
in childhood, 111–129
constancy, 122
early memories of, 111–112, 129
labor market patterns and, 211–212
language of, 94–97
relations, painful history of, 117–122
as social construction, 96–97, 300–301
See also cross-racial dialogue; identity development, racial; racial identity; racial-ethnic-cultural identity
Race IAT, 223–224
race-conscious parenting, 134, 138, 154, 177–178, 321–322
racelessness, 147, 176–177, 246
racial discrimination
affirmative action and, 209–215, 217, 219, 221, 223–225, 230
belief in decline of, 209–210
online, 140–141
against White Americans, 210–214
racial identity
border, 307, 310–311
embracing of, 108
ethnic identity and, 96–97, 189
in higher education, 165–171
protean, 307, 311–312
singular, 307–310
transcendent, 307, 313
See also adulthood, racial identity in; identity development, racial; racial-ethnic-cultural identity
Racial Inequity Index, 210
racial microaggressions, 51–53, 140
racial-ethnic-cultural (REC) identity
in adolescence, 133–142, 145–146, 152
in adulthood, 166–167, 174–179
cycles of, 174–179
defined, 97
development of, 133–142, 145–146, 152, 174–179, 200
Racially Mixed People in America (Root), 301
racially restrictive covenant, 5–6
racism
abandoning, 187–195
active, 91
adolescence and, 135, 141–144, 148, 151–152, 154–156, 158
Asian and Pacific Islanders and, 275–276, 282, 285, 287
aversive, 220–222, 224, 226–229
color-blind, 226
cost of, 93–94, 187
cross-racial dialogue and, 331–341
cultural, 85–86, 128, 203, 337
defined, 87–90
institutional, 93, 128, 199, 203, 227, 337
legacy of, 83–87
multiracial families and, 308, 321, 323–325, 327–328
passive, 91
police violence and, 35, 38, 46
prejudice and, 87–90
racial identity development and, 73–74, 77–79
REC identity and, 135<
br />
silence about, 331–335, 337–339, 341–342, 344
stereotypes and, 84–86, 105, 127–128, 137–138, 142–144, 148, 220, 223, 226
White identity development and, 187–196, 198–208
for Whites only, 89–93
See also antiracism
Radical White Identity, 207
Rawlings, Mike, 60
Reagan, Ronald, 14–15
REC identity. See racial-ethnic-cultural identity
Reddy, Maureen, 316
Reed, Kayla, 30
reintegration, 187, 194–195
religion
Christianity, 18, 173, 197, 259, 274, 289, 296
courage for social change and, 339
Hinduism, 274
Islam, 57, 172, 293–295, 297
Judaism, 102, 197, 352
Nation of Islam, 172
Sikh, 295
See also Muslims
Reproducing Racism: How Everyday Choices Lock In White Advantage (Roithmayr), 5
residential segregation, 4–9, 84
resource groups, company-sponsored, 180–181
Rice, Tamir, 36
right action, 341
Ringgold, Faith, 121
Ritchie, Andrea, 39
Robbins, Jill, 190
Rockquemore, Kerry Ann, 304, 307–314, 320
Rodriguez, Richard, 245
Roithmayr, Daria, 5, 8
role models
for adolescents, 149–151
for social change, 340
Roof, Dylann, 22–23
Root, Maria P. P., 301, 308
Rotheram-Borus, Mary-Jane, 320
Rwanda, 70
Sabogal, Fabio, 244
Salvadorans, 240, 242
Samoans, 275
Sanders, Bernie, 58
Santana, Feidin, 36–37
Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women (Crenshaw and Ritchie), 39
Schoem, David, 353
school segregation, 3–4, 13–14
Scott, Walter, 36–37
segregation
class and, 4–5, 8
desegregation and, 4, 156–157
disadvantages of, 8–9
educational, 3–4, 13–14
hypersegregation, 7–8
persistence of, 3–4
residential, 4–9, 84
self-segregation, 142
September 11, 2001. See 9/11 terrorist attacks
Sessions, Jeff, 69
SET. See Student Efficacy Training
sexism, 90, 92, 126
sexuality, 102, 137
See also LGBTQ Americans
Shades of Black: Diversity in African-American Identity (Cross, W.), 133–134
Sharpton, Al, 33–34
Shelby County v. Holder, 19
Showing Up for Racial Justice (SURJ), 204–205
Sikh religion, 295
singular identity, 307–310
Sisters of the Yam: Black Women and Self-Recovery (hooks), 124–125
Skidmore College, 357–358
Slager, Michael, 36–37
slavery, 2, 13, 16, 118–121, 123
Sleeter, Christine, 332–333
social change
coalitions for, 208
courage for, 339–342
education for, 340
leadership and, 38, 70–71
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