Einstein's War
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CHAPTER 10
“a ‘slice of life’”: Quoted in R. C. Sherriff, No Leading Lady (London: Victor Gollancz, 1968), 45.
What remains in my memory: J. E. Edmonds, Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918: Volume 1, The German March Offensive and Its Preliminaries (London: Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books, 1995 [1935]), 470.
“We’ve no chance”: “1918: Year of Victory,” National Army Museum Online, https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/1918-victory, accessed October 16, 2018.
“write encouragingly to friends”: Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), 17.
One serious problem was: John Keegan, The First World War (London: Hutchinson, 1998), 433.
The Allies, however: Ibid., 437.
The protesters were no longer: Thomas Levenson, Einstein in Berlin (New York: Bantam Books, 2003), 180.
Perhaps it could even: CPAE volume 8, document 521, “Einstein to David Hilbert, before 27 April 1918,” 540, and CPAE volume 8, document 522, “Einstein to David Hilbert, before 27 April 1918,” 541.
He wanted no one: Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography (New York: Viking, 1997), 415.
It would only hurt: CPAE volume 8, document 530, “From David Hilbert to Einstein, 1 May 1918,” 547.
“grave problems”: CPAE volume 8, document 531, “From Ernst Troeltsch to Einstein, 1 May 1918,” 548.
He had wanted to: CPAE volume 8, document 548, “Einstein to David Hilbert, 24 May 1918,” 568.
“German work”: Hubert Goenner and Giuseppe Castagnetti, “Albert Einstein as Pacifist and Democrat During World War I,” Science in Context 9, no. 4 (December 1996): 367.
“by way of thinking”: Ibid., 370.; CPAE volume 8, document 560, “Einstein to Adolf Kneser, 7 June 1918,” 581.
Ilse Einstein, seized by: Wolf Zuelzer, The Nicolai Case (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1982), 230–32.
By summer 1918, Einstein: Belinda Davis, Home Fires Burning: Food, Politics, and Everyday Life in World War I Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 21.
Hoping to spare Albert: CPAE volume 8, document 514, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 22 April 1918,” 535.
“the envy of all Berlin”: CPAE volume 8, document 517, “Einstein to Auguste Hochberger, before 24 April 1918,” 537.
Some part of him: CPAE volume 8, document 514, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 22 April 1918,” 535.
He joked to Max Born: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 418.
This was at best: Ibid., 419.
Pirates, it was thought: Lord Walsingham, “German Naturalists and Nomenclature” Nature 102 (September 5, 1918): 4.
“honestly well disposed”: Ibid.
Prussianism would disappear: W. J. Holland, “Shall Writers upon the Biological Sciences Agree to Ignore Systematic Papers Published in the German Language Since 1914?” Science 48, no. 1245 (November 8, 1918).
“doubt the necessity”: Robert M. Yerkes, ed., The New World of Science: Its Development During the War (New York: Scribner’s, 1920), 409.
“bitter arguments”: Ibid., 410.
There is nothing metaphysical: A. S. Eddington, Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation (London: Fleetway Press, 1918), 29.
“matter-of-fact”: A. S. Eddington, “Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation,” The Observatory 510 (1917): 93.
If he could persuade: “Report of the Meeting of the Association Held on Wednesday, November 27, 1918” Journal of the British Astronomical Association 29, no. 2 (1918–1919): 36–37.
There was talk of eliminating: Peter Brock, Twentieth-Century Pacifism (London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1970), 16. See RSCM Vol. 11, 1914–1920, April 25, 1918, 304.
In making application: Observatory Syndicate Minutes, 1896–1971, March 12, 1918, UA Obsy A1 iii.
Their presence was powerful: James McDermott, British Military Service Tribunals 1916–1918 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011), 56.
in addition to questioning: Cambridge Daily News, March 6, 1916.
“You are exploiting God”: John W. Graham, Conscription and Conscience (London: Allen & Unwin, 1922), 71.
“unpatriotic, a slacker, a weakling”: W.H.W., “A Guide to the Conscientious Objector and the Tribunals,” 6. Note that contemporary writers sometimes also used “CO” to stand for “commanding officer.”
You have presumably heard: Cambridge Daily News, March 4, 1916.
The Earl of Malmesbury: Denis Hayes, Conscription Conflict (London: Sheppard Press, 1949), 208.
“Liberals, Socialists and Pacifists”: Co-ordinating Committee for Research into the Use of the University for War, Cambridge University and War (Cambridge: unknown publisher [pamphlet]), 19. Hereafter CUW.
Things are coming near: CUW, 37–38.
Only then were they told: Hayes, Conscription Conflict, 260, and Graham, Conscription, 81; The No-Conscription Fellowship, “Two Years’ Hard Labour for Refusing to Disobey the Dictates of Conscience” (London: NCF, [1918]), 70.
“the lot of that class”: Graham, Conscription, 82.
Then, refusing to fight: Wormwood Scrubs was the destination of most imprisoned COs, to the point where the largest Quaker Meeting in London during the war was held inside the prison. Thomas Kennedy, British Quakerism 1860–1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 349.
Once he finished his sentence: After the war, the government expressed some misgivings (though not publicly) about rearresting men for what was essentially the same offense. See TNA:PRO MH 47, “Report of the Central Tribunal Appointed Under the Military Service Act 1916” (London: H.M.S.O., 1919), 20.
Eddington personally transcribed: Minutes: Cambridge, Huntington and Lynn Monthly Meeting, January 9, 1918, R59/26/5/4. Courtesy of Cambridgeshire Archives.
I should explain first: Eddington to Lodge, 22 July 1918, MS ADD 89 (Lodge Papers), UCL Library Services, Special Collections.
The chairman briefly mentioned: Cambridge Daily News, June 14, 1918.
Unusually, they gave him: Cambridge Daily News, June 28, 1918.
This caused trouble for many: Cambridge Daily News, March 18, 1916.
Nonetheless, he wanted to be recognized: Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (Basic Books, 1998), 186.
Sometimes COs simply stacked rocks: “Report of the Central Tribunal,” 11–12. TNA: PRO MH 47. Participants with special or technical skills were supposed to be put to use in their fields. Apparently, this did not ever happen. See TNA:PRO MH 47/1, June 28, 1916.
Some COs asked: Graham, Conscription, 232.
He would not abandon: S. Chandrasekhar, “The Richtmeyer Memorial Lecture—Some Historical Notes,” American Journal of Physics 37, no. 6: 579–80. A similar version of the story is told in “Verifying the Theory of Relativity,” in Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 1976, vol. 30, 249–60.
Eddington then left the hall: Cambridge Daily News, July 12, 1918.
The rate of typhoid: Leo van Bergen, “Military Medicine,” in The Cambridge History of the First World War, vol. 3, ed. Jay Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 303.
Half of the medical: Ibid., 301–6.
In February 1915: Jay Winter, “Shell Shock,” in Winter, The Cambridge History of the First World War, 315.
Historians have pointed out: Anne Rasmussen, “The Spanish Flu,” in Ibid., 337.
Military doctors tried: Ibid., 345–49.
“fashionable illness”: Ibid., 335.
“There was no doubt”: Ibid., 334.
In one month Einstein’s Berlin: Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 187.
Elsa had been taking lozenges: CPAE volume 9, document 7, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 28 February 1919,” 8.
The government now recommended: Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 183�
�87.
A British soldier wrote: Dairy of Robert Cude, 8–9 August 1918. IWM CUDE R MM, 177. The National Archives, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/battles/counter.htm.
I saw Wylie: “2010 Private Edward William Wylie,” Australian Red Cross Society Wounded and Missing Enquiry Bureau Files 1DRL/0428, Australian War Memorial Research Centre.
The admiral in charge: Keegan, The First World War, 446.
Lenin sent agents: Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 189.
On October 19: CPAE volume 8B, document 640, “From Max Planck to Einstein, 26 October 1918,” footnote 1, 930–31.
“Think of the oath”: CPAE volume 8, document 640, “From Max Planck to Einstein, 26 October 1918,” 684.
Planck, with whom Einstein: Suman Seth, Crafting the Quantum: Arnold Sommerfeld and the Practice of Theory, 1890–1926, Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2010), 177; John Heilbron, The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck as Spokesman for German Science (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 82.
“canceled because of revolution”: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 421.
“Militarism and the privy-councilor”: CPAE volume 8, document 652, “Einstein to Paul and Maja Winteler-Einstein, 11 November 1918,” 693.
His friends at the BNV: Goenner and Castagnetti, “Albert Einstein as Pacifist,” 361.
“I am enjoying”: CPAE volume 8, document 663, “Einstein to Michele Besso, 4 December 1918,” 703.
“the most precious asset”: Goenner and Castagnetti, “Albert Einstein as Pacifist,” 362.
“Force breeds only bitterness”: CPAE volume 7, document 14, “On the Need for a National Assembly, 13 November 1918,” 76.
Democracy, he thought: Goenner and Castagnetti, “Albert Einstein as Pacifist,” 359.
We do not know exactly how much: Ibid., 362.
“We do not keep to”: Ibid., 364.
This matched nicely: Ibid., 365.
Skirmishes in the streets: Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 199.
In a letter to his sons: CPAE volume 8, document 667, “Einstein to Hans Albert and Eduard Einstein, 10 December 1918,” 707.
On December 7: Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 200.
“The military religion”: CPAE volume 8, document 663, “Einstein to Michele Besso, 4 December 1918,” 703.
“I find everything unspeakably dire”: Seth, Crafting the Quantum, 178.
“of the firm conviction”: CPAE volume 8, document 665, “Einstein to Arnold Sommerfeld, 6 December 1918,” 705–6.
The BNV held a meeting: Goenner and Castagnetti, “Albert Einstein as Pacifist,” 366.
Huge bonfires were lit: Elizabeth Fordham, “Universities,” in Capital Cities at War, vol. 2, eds. Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 307–8.
Suffering and unrest: Cambridge Friends Meeting Minutes November 1918, Cambridgeshire County Records R59/26/5/5.
“squeezing Germany until the pips squeak”: The Times, November 24, 1918.
“misconduct”: Graham, Conscription, 311.
About seventy conscientious objectors: Ibid., 322; Charles L. Mowat, Britain Between the Wars (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955), 6.
They journeyed into far: Edward Thomas, Quaker Adventures (London: Fleming H. Revell, 1935), 1–22.
While chemists are testing: A. Ruth Fry, A Quaker Adventure (London: Nisbet and Co., 1926), 355.
“closely connected”: Ibid., 330–31.
CHAPTER 11
“In journeying to observe”: The Observatory 457 (January 1913): 62.
He was frustrated both: CPAE volume 9, document 10, “Einstein to Ehrenfest, 22 March 1919,” 10.
Finally, he was ordered: Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography (New York: Viking, 1997), 424–25.
“well-fed citizens”: CPAE volume 9, document 3, “Einstein to Hedwig and Max Born, 19 January 1919,” 3.
Unimpressed with the state of Germany: CPAE volume 9, document 17, “Einstein to Pauline Einstein and Maja Winteler-Einstein, 4 April 1919,” 15.
There wasn’t much interest: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 426.
The conference officially opened: Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919 (New York: Random House, 2002), 26, 46, 63.
Answering these questions: Alex Soojung-Kim Pang, Empire and the Sun: Victorian Solar Eclipse Expeditions (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002), 41.
Much of the information: Rory Mawhinney, “Astronomical Fieldwork and the Spaces of Relativity: The Historical Geographies of the 1919 British Eclipse Expeditions to Principe and Brazil,” forthcoming in Historical Geography, 5.
Eddington would go to Principe: “Obituary Notices: Fellows: Cottingham, Edwin Turner,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 101: 131.
Cortie was known: “Obituary Notices: Fellows: Cortie, Aloysius L,” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 86: 175.
Dyson trusted him implicitly: Richard Woolley, “Charles Rundle Davidson. 1875–1970,” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, vol. 17 (November 1971), 193–94.
It had captured good fields: F. W. Dyson, A. S. Eddington, and C. Davidson, “A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun’s Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A, 220 (1920): 295.
Normally, overhauling them: RAS Papers 54, Council Minutes, Minutes of the JPEC Subcommittee, vol. 2, 14 June 1918.
“this in itself calls”: The Observatory 537 (March 1919): 119–22.
Hoping to get: RAS Papers 54, Council Minutes, Minutes of the JPEC Subcommittee, vol. 1, 10 January 1919 and vol. 2, 14 February 1919.
“false trichotomy”: John Earman and Clark Glymour, “Relativity and Eclipses: The British Eclipse Expeditions of 1919 and Their Predecessors,” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 11, no. 1 (1980): 84; Alistair Sponsel, “Constructing a ‘Revolution in Science’: The Campaign to Promote a Favourable Reception for the 1919 Solar Eclipse Experiments,” British Journal for the History of Science 35, no. 127 (December 2002): 442.
There were other possible: “RAS Meeting,” The Observatory 526 (May 1918): 215.
“Eddington will go mad”: A. S. Eddington, “Forty Years of Astronomy,” in Joseph Needham, Background to Modern Science (Cambridge: The University Press, 1938), 117–44, 141–42, and A. Vibert Douglas, The Life of Arthur Stanley Eddington (London: Thomas Nelson, 1956), 40.
By summer they would: Sponsel, “Constructing a ‘Revolution in Science,’” 444–47.
Berliner admitted that: CPAE volume 9, document 19, “From Arnold Berliner to Einstein, 9 April 1919,” 17.
“free your laboratory”: Lawrence Badash, “British and American Views of the German Menace in World War I,” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 34, no. 1 (July 1979): 113.
His son Erwin: Fritz Stern, Einstein’s German World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 46–47.
“He is rooted to”: CPAE volume 9, document 52, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 1 June 1919,” 44.
“The country is like”: CPAE volume 9, document 16, “Einstein to Aurel Stodola, 31 March 1919,” 15.
Of Booth’s: Mawhinney, “Astronomical Fieldwork,” 7.
This was some of the first: 11 March 1919, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/1, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
“unlimited sugar”: Ibid.
The ship stopped: 15–16 March 1919, Funchal, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/2, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
He was instrumental: Mawhinney, “Astronomical Fieldwork,” 8; E. Mota, P. Crawford, and A. Simoes, “Einstein in Portugal: Eddington’s
Expedition to Principe and the Reactions of Portuguese Astronomers,” The British Journal for the History of Science 42, no. 2 (2009): 256.
Finally free of rationing: 15–16 March 1919, Funchal, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/2.; March 27, 1919, Funchal, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/3 Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
“as he was neither beautiful”: 5 May 1919, Principe, Eddington to Winifred Eddington, EDDN A4/8, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
only place to get proper tea: 27 March 1919, Funchal, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/3, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
“I expect Mother”: 5 May 1919, Principe, Eddington to Winifred Eddington, EDDN A4/8, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
The other passengers: Katy Price, Loving Faster than Light: Romance and Readers in Einstein’s Universe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 119.
Many of those companies: Catherine Higgs, Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery, and Colonial Africa (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2012), 16; Carol Off, Bitter Chocolate (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2006), 49.
The Principe authorities: Higgs, Chocolate Islands, 143.
And as the light brightened: Ibid., 59.
They were met by both: Morize, “From Port to Planation,” 14. RAS Papers 54, Council Minutes, Minutes of the JPEC Subcommittee, vol. 2, 14 June 1918 and vol. 2, 14 February 1919.
Police patrolled to keep: Morize, “From Port to Plantation,” 15.
Most evenings the group: 29 April–2 May 1919, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/7, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
Eddington and Cottingham: Mota, Crawford, and Simoes, “Einstein in Portugal,” 258.
The plantation owner: 29 April–2 May 1919, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/7, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
“It was a very fine sight”: Higgs, Chocolate Islands, 61.; 29 April–2 May 1919, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/7, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
He asked after Punch: 5 May 1919, Principe, Eddington to Winifred Eddington, EDDN A4/8, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.