Einstein's War
Page 43
Arthur Schuster: Pang, Empire and the Sun, 69.
In a superstitious age: A. S. Eddington, Space, Time, and Gravitation, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920), 113.
“the most perfect discipline”: Pang, Empire and the Sun, 75.
A small observatory: Cambridge University Library, Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives MS.RGO.8.150.
But they rapidly diminished: Dyson, Eddington, and Davidson, “A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun’s Gravitational Field,” 299.
“Eclipse splendid”: The Observatory 540 (June 1919): 256.
“were a few gleams”: 21 June and 2 July 1919, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/9, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
“almost took away”: Eddington, “Forty Years,” 141.
“almost painful”: Pang, Empire and the Sun, 72.
At that moment the astronomers: 14 July x 30 October 1919, “Account of an Expedition to Principe,” A. S. Eddington, EDDN C1/3, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
“We had to carry out”: 21 June and 2 July 1919, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/9, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
He had to pause: Dyson, Eddington, and Davidson, “A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun’s Gravitational Field,” 314.
There is a marvelous spectacle: Eddington, Space, Time, and Gravitation, 115.
“Through cloud. Hopeful.”: The Observatory 540 (June 1919): 256.
“not entirely from impatience”: Eddington, “Forty Years,” 142.
May 30, 3 am: Dyson, Eddington, and Davidson, “A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun’s Gravitational Field,” 309.
We took 16 photographs: 21 June 1919, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/9, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
“large as astronomical measures go”: Eddington, “Forty Years,” 142.
consequently I have: 21 June 1919, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/9, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
“I knew that Einstein’s theory”: Eddington, “Forty Years,” 142.
He called this: Douglas, Arthur Stanley Eddington, 40–41.
“Cottingham, you won’t have”: Ibid., 40.
He would likely arrive: 21 June 1919, Eddington to Sarah Ann Eddington, EDDN A4/9, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
She had successfully: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 427.
No one was allowed: Ibid., 427–28.
He would often work: Abraham Pais, Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 301.
He had heard via: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 438.
Their army would be shrunk: MacMillan, Paris 1919, 158.
“We will search their pockets”: Ibid., 189.
Disgusted, he resigned: Ibid., 182; Jay Winter and Antoine Prost, The Great War in History: Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present, Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare 21 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 41.
“Just as well that”: Thomas Levenson, Einstein in Berlin (New York: Bantam Books, 2003), 242.
“Here the political wave”: CPAE volume 9, document 52, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 1 June 1919,” 43–44.
He continued to try: CPAE volume 9, document 76, “From Hendrik A. Lorentz to Einstein, 26 July 1919,” 64–65, and CPAE volume 9, document 108, “Einstein to Lorentz, 21 September 1919,” 92–93.
“We do not forget”: The Observatory 542 (August 1919): 297.
“We look back at that meeting”: Ibid., 301.
Curtis measured the plates: Ibid., 298.
“some evidence”: Ibid., 299.
“It chances that certain astronomers”: Ibid., 306.
They saw themselves as inaugurating: Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus, “Challenge to Transnational Loyalties: International Scientific Organizations after the First World War,” Science Studies 3, no. 2 (April 1973): 93–118.
“Our grand governess”: Daniel J. Kevles, “Into Hostile Political Camps,” Isis 62, no. 1 (1971): 57–59.
Davidson worked with: Daniel Kennefick, “Not Only Because of Theory: Dyson, Eddington, and the Competing Myths of the 1919 Eclipse Expedition,” in Einstein and the Changing Worldviews of Physics, ed. Christopher Lehner (Boston: Birkhäuser, 2012), 201–32.
Einstein’s predicted deflection: Dyson, Eddington, and Davidson, “A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun’s Gravitational Field,” 320–28.
Measuring those provided: Ibid., 299–309.
“I am glad”: Eddington to Dyson, 3 October, 1919, Papers of Frank Dyson, MS.RGO.8/150/138.
I do not like: Eddington to Dyson, 21 October 1919, Papers of Frank Dyson, MS.RGO.8/150/143.
“They disclose something”: Sponsel, “Constructing a ‘Revolution in Science,’” 445.
Other scientists proposed: “Astronomy at the British Association,” The Observatory (October 1919): 363–65.
Perhaps most important: Sponsel, “Constructing a ‘Revolution in Science,’” 456–57.
He reported back: CPAE volume 9, document 127, “From Hendrik A. Lorentz to Einstein, 7 October 1919,” 109.
“Eddington found stellar shift”: CPAE volume 9, document 110, “From Hendrik A. Lorentz to Einstein, 22 September 1919,” 95.
Full of enthusiasm: Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider, Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, Von Laue, and Planck (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1980). Another version can be found in Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider, “Albert Einstein 14 March 1879–18 April 1955,” Australian Journal of Science (August 1955): 19.
“I knew I was right”: Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 215.
In another version: Alice Calaprice, ed., The Ultimate Quotable Einstein (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 94.
I cannot postpone: CPAE volume 9, document 113, “Einstein to Pauline Einstein, 27 September 1919,” 98; volume 9, document 121, “Einstein to Max Planck, 4 October 1919,” 105.
“congratulate you heartily”: CPAE volume 9, document 185, “From Willem de Sitter to Einstein, 1 December 1919,” 158.
“This is certainly one”: CPAE volume 9, document 127, “From Hendrik A. Lorentz to Einstein, 7 October 1919,” 109.
Ehrenfest hoped to get: CPAE volume 9, document 123, “From Paul Ehrenfest to Einstein, 5 October 1919,” 106–7.
Einstein immediately sent: CPAE volume 7, document 23, “A Test of the General Theory of Relativity,” 97, dated October 9, 1919, published October 10, 1919, in Die Naturwissenschaften 7 (1919): 776.
All doubts have now been spent: CPAE volume 9, document 131, “From the Zurich Physics Colloquium, 11 October 1919,” 113.
Einstein’s responding verse: CPAE volume 9, document 139, “Einstein to the Zurich Physics Colloquium, 16 October 1919,” 118.
“So all is going better”: CPAE volume 9, document 148, “From Heinrich Zangger to Einstein, 22 October 1919,” 126–28.
This evening at the colloquium: CPAE volume 9, document 149, “Einstein to Max Planck, 23 October 1919,” 128.
“How hard this magnificent”: CPAE volume 9, document 160, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 8 November 1919,” 136.
“The result is now definite”: CPAE volume 9, document 151, “Einstein to Pauline Einstein, 26 October 1919,” 130.
“My theory has been verified”: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 9), document 148b, “Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 23 October 1919,” 138.
Alistair Sponsel estimates: Sponsel, “Constructing a ‘Revolution in Science,’” 460.
The whole atmosphere of tense interest: A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (New York: Macmillan, 1947), 15.
“A
fter a careful study”: “Joint eclipse meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society,” The Observatory 42, no. 545 (November 1919): 391.
This meant one could say: Ibid., 393.
This is the most important result: Ibid., 394.
“The conclusion is so important”: Ibid.
He asked if Eddington: Ibid., 395.
H. F. Newall acknowledged: Ibid., 396.
The discovery made at the eclipse expedition: Ibid., 397.
“Professor Eddington, you must be”: As recalled in Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Eddington: The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 83.
It was written by: Sponsel, “Constructing a ‘Revolution in Science,’” 463–64.
“During the war”: The Times, November 8, 1919.
“besieged by inquiries”: Ibid.
There was a genuine sense: CPAE volume 9, document 174, “From Adolf Friedrich Lindemann to Einstein, 23 November 1919,” 145.
A patriot fiddler-composer: Punch, November 19, 1919, 422.
“hundreds were turned away”: CPAE volume 9, document 186, “From Arthur S. Eddington to Einstein, 1 December 1919,” 159.
“The theoretical researches”: A. S. Eddington, “Einstein’s Theory of Space and Time,” Contemporary Review 116 (1919): 639.
We cheered the Eclipse Observers’: “From an Oxford Note-Book,” The Observatory 546 (December 1919): 456.
“astronomer-adventurer”: Joshua Nall, “Constructing Canals on Mars: Event Astronomy and the Transmission of International Telegraphic News,” Isis 108 (June 2017): 280–306, and Pang, Empire and the Sun, 52–53.
“The Great Result”: “From an Oxford Note-Book,” 452.
“It is said that Professor Eddington”: Ibid., 453.
All England has been talking: CPAE volume 9, document 186, “From Arthur S. Eddington to Einstein, 1 December 1919,” 158–59.
I have been kept very busy: Ibid.
CHAPTER 12
“People seem to forget”: A. Vibert Douglas, The Life of Arthur Stanley Eddington (London: Thomas Nelson, 1956), 115.
“but those who are familiar”: “From an Oxford Note-Book,” The Observatory 546 (1920): 37–38.
“We may also find satisfaction”: Ibid., 44.
A few people unhappy: Nature 104 (December 25, 1919): 412.
Most everyone wanted: F. Schlesinger to Dyson, 16 February 1920, Papers of Frank Dyson, MS.RGO.8/150/123.
Within a year or so: “From an Oxford Note-Book,” The Observatory 560 (January 1921): 234–35. See Jeffrey Crelinsten, “William Wallace Campbell and the ‘Einstein Problem’: An Observational Astronomer Confronts the Theory of Relativity,” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 14, no. 1 (1983): 1–91, and Jeffrey Crelinsten, Einstein’s Jury (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).
“the blind leading the blind”: Douglas, Arthur Stanley Eddington, 42.
The historian Andrew Warwick: Andrew Warwick, Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 480–99.
“The thrill of seeing”: Douglas, Arthur Stanley Eddington, 52.
A slight man: Ibid., 51.
“enriched with literary quality”: Ibid., 107; Warwick, Masters of Theory, 482.
He also found room: Douglas, Arthur Stanley Eddington, 117–18.
Oh leave the wise: Ibid., 44.
“an expounder to the multitude”: Ibid., 105.
A common theme: Marshall Missner, “Why Einstein Became Famous in America,” Social Studies of Science 15, no. 2 (1985): 270.
Katy Price points out: Katy Price, Loving Faster than Light: Romance and Readers in Einstein’s Universe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 18, and The Observatory 557 (October 1920): 375.
For some years past: Abraham Pais, Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 310.
Punch presented: Price, Loving Faster than Light, 30, 40.
“little knot of experts”: Ibid., 31; Missner, “Why Einstein Became Famous in America,” 277.
Perhaps the next bit: Albrecht Fölsing, Albert Einstein: A Biography (New York: Viking, 1997), 447.
“a destroyer of time and space”: Missner, “Why Einstein Became Famous in America,” 271–72.
“They cheer me”: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 457.
Virtually nothing but Einstein: CPAE volume 9, document 182, “From Arnold Berliner to Einstein, 29 November 1919,” 155–56.
“You are presented as”: CPAE volume 9, document 174, “From Adolf Friedrich Lindemann to Einstein, 23 November 1919,” 146.
After the lamentable breach: The Times, November 28, 1919.
He went back to Oxford: Heidi König, “General Relativity in the English-Speaking World: The Contributions of Henry L. Brose,” Historical Records of Australian Science 17, no. 2 (December 2016): 2006.
“May I in closing”: CPAE volume 9, document 177, “From Robert W. Lawson to Einstein, 26 November 1919,” 152.
He declined and recommended: CPAE volume 9, document 185, “From Willem de Sitter to Einstein, 1 December 1919,” 158.
Eddington’s letters were in English: CPAE volume 9, document 186, “From Arthur S. Eddington to Einstein, 1 December 1919,” 159; volume 9, document 216, “Einstein to Arthur S. Eddington, 15 December 1919,” 184–85.
The time has come, said Eddington: Douglas, Arthur Stanley Eddington, 116–17.
In Germany he wasn’t: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 449.
a front-page article: Ibid., 452; Thomas Levenson, Einstein in Berlin (New York: Bantam Books, 2003), 219–20; David E. Rowe, “Einstein’s Allies and Enemies: Debating Relativity in Germany, 1916–1920,” in Interactions: Mathematics, Physics and Philosophy, 1860–1930, ed. Vincent F. Hendricks et al. (Dordrecht: Springer, 2006), 221.
For hundreds of thousands: Rowe, “Einstein’s Allies and Enemies,” 223.
“Einstein versus Newton!”: CPAE volume 9, document 175, “Paul Ehrenfest to Einstein, 24 November 1919,” 147.
“Galinka’s little picture”: CPAE volume 9, document 189, “Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 4 December 1919,” 161–62.
“With all our hearts”: Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, 306.
Einstein used his new leverage: CPAE volume 9, document 194, “Einstein to Konrad Haenisch, 6 December 1919,” 165–66.
He wrote to Besso: CPAE volume 9, document 207, “Einstein to Michele Besso, 12 December 1919,” 178.
The latter worried himself sick: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 8), document 152a, “Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 28 October 1919,” 140.
“general, somewhat sensational”: Suman Seth, Crafting the Quantum: Arnold Sommerfeld and the Practice of Theory, 1890–1926 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2010), 190.
One of the first signs: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 451.
Einstein began complaining about: CPAE volume 9, document 198, “Einstein to Max Born, 8 December 1919,” 169.
“harmonizes with every”: Rowe, “Einstein’s Allies and Enemies,” 198.
“Due to the newspaper clamor”: CPAE volume 9, document 233, “To Heinrich Zangger, 24 December 1919,” 197.
“I’m giving a children’s lecture”: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 9), document 17, “Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 17 May 1920,” 163.
“so bad that I can hardly breathe”: Alan Friedman and Carol Donley, Einstein as Myth and Muse (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 11.
“Half the world”: CPAE volume 10 (cited as volume 9), document 20, “From Elsa Einstein to Einstein, 20 May 1920,” 165.
“The dog is very smart”: Alice Calaprice, ed., The Ultimate Quotable Einstein (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 234.
By an app
lication: Albert Einstein, “What Is the Theory of Relativity?” The Times, November 28, 1919.
“Since the light deflection”: CPAE volume 9, document 242, “Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 3 January 1920,” 204–5.
He became famous: Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 224–28.
When asked, he gave: Ibid., 221.
Being photogenic helped: Rowe, “Einstein’s Allies and Enemies,” 199.
“like an artist”: Friedman and Donley, Einstein as Myth and Muse, 18.
There was certainly a sense: Rowe, “Einstein’s Allies and Enemies,” 222.
He was also happy: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 457–58.
“Here there is nothing”: CPAE volume 9, document 84, “Paul Ehrenfest to Einstein, September 8 1919,” 84.
He had been isolated: Fritz Stern, Einstein’s German World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 125.
Soon, though, Haber dedicated: Ibid., 134.
After the war: L. F. Haber, The Poisonous Cloud (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 291–92.
“In a few centuries”: Stern, Einstein’s German World, 60.
“My political optimism”: CPAE volume 9, document 187, “Einstein to Adriaan D. Fokker, 1 December 1919,” 159.
“willing and able to provide”: CPAE volume 7, document 41, “‘On the Quaker relief effort’, after 11 July 1920,” 192.
The German government asked: CPAE volume 10, document 74, “From German Central Committee for Food Relief to Einstein, 9 July 1920, Re: Quaker relief,” 207.
Whatever great political: CPAE volume 7, document 40, “Einstein to the German Central Committee for Foreign Relief, 11 July 1920,” 191.
The most valuable contribution: CPAE volume 7, document 47, “On the contributions of intellectuals to international reconciliation,” published after 29 September 1920, 201.
Scientists could repair: CPAE volume 7, document 69, “Impact of science on the development of pacifism” (before December 9, 1921), 488–91.
“Our English colleagues”: CPAE volume 9, document 187, “Einstein to Adriaan D. Fokker, 1 December 1919,” 159.
“The outcome of the English”: CPAE volume 9, document 208, “Einstein to Willem de Sitter, 12 December 1919,” 179.