Einstein's War
Page 44
“The English and Belgians”: CPAE volume 12, document 87, “From Fritz Haber to Einstein, 9 March 1921,” 70.
“It even has to be said”: CPAE volume 12, document 88, “Einstein to Fritz Haber, 9 March 1921,” 71.
“enemy countries”: RAS Papers 2, Council Minutes, volume 11, 14 February 1919; 9 April 1920; 11 February 1921.
Planck tried to get: John Heilbron, The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck as Spokesman for German Science (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 89.
He did what he could: RAS Letters 1919, Arthur Eddington to Andrew Crommelin, 28 December; RAS Letters 1921, Arthur Eddington to W. H. Wesley, 30 January.
Einstein pitched in: CPAE volume 14 (cited as volume 7), document 36a, “An Exchange of Scientific Literature, between 24 March and 4 April 1920,” 3; Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 4 April 1920; CPAE volume 10, document 26, “Einstein to Lorentz, 22 May 1920,” 169.
an excellent target: Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 246–50.
“a Jew with liberal international views”: CPAE volume 7, document 45, “My Response. On the Anti-Relativity Company,”197.
“mass suggestion”: Rowe, “Einstein’s Allies and Enemies,” 217.
Einstein actually sneaked in: Ibid., 227; Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 460–62.
“This world is a strange madhouse”: CPAE volume 10, document 148, “Einstein to Grossmann, 12 September 1920,” 271.
The attacks on Prof. Einstein: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 464.
“The role I play”: CPAE volume 10, document 148, “Einstein to Marcel Grossmann, 12 September 1920,” 271.
Flippantly, he compared: Levenson, Einstein in Berlin, 250.
He had little interest: CPAE volume 7, document 57, “How I Became a Zionist,” 234; CPAE volume 10, document 238, “Einstein to Jewish Community of Berlin, 22 December 1920,” 338.
“I believe that this undertaking”: CPAE volume 9, document 207, “Einstein to Michele Besso, 12 December 1919,” 178.
“One feels in one’s bones”: Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, 303.
The postwar collapse of the German mark: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 475.
She needled him: CPAE volume 10, document 10, “Elsa Einstein to Einstein, 9 May 1920,” 157.
“Admiration for the scientist”: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 479–85.
I hope to show my interest: Eddington to Strömgren. November 1919, quoted in Hertzsprung-Kapteyn, “J. C. Kapteyn,” Space Science Reviews 64 (1993): 81.
He tried to participate: A. S. Eddington, “Das Strahlungsgleichgewicht der Sterne,” Zeitschrift für Physik 7 (1921): 531. It is not clear who translated the article.
“This paper is intended”: August 1921, Manuscript of “Radiative Equilibrium of the Stars,” EDDN C1/2, Eddington Papers, Trinity College Library, Cambridge.
A month later it was: RAS Papers 2, Council Minutes, volume 11, 14 November 1919; 12 December 1919.
“the award of the Gold Medal”: RAS Papers 2, Council Minutes, volume 11, 9 January 1920.
There was a strong implied: R. J. Tayler, ed., History of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 2 (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987), 20.
I am sorry to say: Eddington to Einstein, January 21, 1920, AEA ALS 9-264.
I find it difficult: Ludlam to Einstein, January 23, 1920, AEA ALS 9-266.
“tragicomical”: CPAE volume 9, document 293, “Einstein to Arthur S. Eddington, 2 February 1920,” 245.
The war had just ended: S. Chandrasekhar, Truth and Beauty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 115.
“by his eloquence”: Douglas, Arthur Stanley Eddington, 104.
“a place where miracles happen”: Pais, Subtle Is the Lord, 305, 310; Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 456.
Einstein finally set foot: Ronald Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times (New York: World Publishing, 1971), 270.
“a few ‘irreconcilables’”: König, “General Relativity in the English-Speaking World,” 188.
He gave lectures in German: Fölsing, Albert Einstein, 508.
Einstein either did not realize: Price, Loving Faster than Light, 35.
“takes its own course”: Ibid., 37.
“a splendid chap”: CPAE volume 14, document 127, “Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 1 October 1923,” 123.
The Einstein scholar: John Stachel, “The Young Einstein,” in Einstein from “B” to “Z” (Boston: Birkhäuser, 2002), 21.
EPILOGUE
Every generation has used: For examples see Stephen G. Brush, “Prediction and Theory Evaluation: The Case of Light Bending,” Science 246 (1989): 1124–129; Deborah G. Mayo, Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 133–37, 278–93; and Robert Hudson, “Novelty and the 1919 Eclipse Experiments,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 34 (2003): 107–29.
That drove him: Karl Popper, “On Reason and the Open Society,” Encounter 38, no. 5 (1972): 13.
“dazed”: Roberta Corvi, An Introduction to the Thought of Karl Popper (New York: Routledge, 1996), 4.
“intellectual modesty”: Richard Bailey, Education in the Open Society—Karl Popper and Schooling (New York: Routledge, 2000), 12.
“a scientific model”: Malachi Haim Hacohen, Karl Popper: The Formative Years 1902–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 95.
“to make explicit certain points”: Dario Antiseri, Popper’s Vienna (Aurora, Colorado: Davies Group Publishers, 2006), 25.
Popper’s falsificationism has become: Michael Gordin, “Myth 27: That a Clear Line of Demarcation Has Separated Science from Pseudoscience,” in Newton’s Apple and Other Myths About Science, ed. Ronald Numbers and Kostas Kampourakis (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015), 219–25.
“no point of rest in science”: Popper, “On Reason and the Open Society,” 17.
The results strongly confirmed: Jeffrey Crelinsten, Einstein’s Jury (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).
“partly because the world”: Dennis William Sciama, The Physical Foundations of General Relativity (New York: Doubleday, 1969), 69.
“cooler reflection”: C. W. Francis Everitt, “Experimental Tests of General Relativity: Past, Present and Future,” in Physics and Contemporary Needs, vol. 4, ed. Riazuddin (New York: Springer, 1980), 533.
“Only Eddington’s disarming way”: Ibid., 534.
“their measurement had been”: Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (New York: Bantam, 1988), 32.
The new analysis gave: G. M. Harvey, “Gravitational Deflection of Light,” The Observatory 99 (December 1979): 195–98.
Two astronomers wrote: P. A. Wayman and C. A. Murray, “Relativistic Light Deflections,” The Observatory 109 (October 1989): 189–91.
“despair on the part”: John Earman and Clark Glymour, “Relativity and Eclipses: The British Expeditions of 1919 and Their Predecessors,” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 11 (1980): 49–85.
Earman and Glymour’s argument: H. M. Collins and Trevor Pinch, The Golem (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
It was not just that Eddington was biased: Ibid., 27–56.
“science needs decisive moments”: Ibid., 52.
Surely, he said, science: N. David Mermin, “What’s Wrong with This Sustaining Myth?” Physics Today 49, no. 3 (March 1996): 11–13; N. David Mermin, “The Golemization of Relativity,” Physics Today 49, no. 4 (April 1996): 11–13.
Context, he writes: Daniel Kennefick, “Testing Relativity from the 1919 Eclipse—A Question of Bias,” Physics Today 62 (2009): 37–42, and Daniel Kennefick, “Not Only Because of Theory: Dyson, Eddington, and the Competing Myths of the 1919 Eclipse Expedition,” in Einstein and the Changing Worldviews of Physics, ed. Christopher Lehner (Boston: Birkhäuser, 2012), 201–32.
coll
eagues in astronomy: Matthew Stanley, Practical Mystic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 122–23 and 268 n181.
“opportunely put an end”: Eddington, “Sir Frank Dyson, 1868–1939,” Royal Society Obituary Notices of Fellows 3 (1940), 167.
On the Einstein centenary: W. H. McCrea, “Einstein: Relations with the RAS,” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 20, no. 3 (1979): 251–60.
Hawking called them: Hawking, A Brief History, 32.
In our present time: Clifford Will, Was Einstein Right? (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 76.
The plaque is a celebration: Gisa Weszkalnys, “Principe Eclipsed,” Anthropology Today 25, no. 5 (October 2009), 8–12. Also see Richard Ellis, Pedro Ferreira, Richard Massey, and Gisa Weszkalnys, “90 Years On—The 1919 Eclipse Expedition at Principe,” Astronomy and Geophysics 50, no. 4 (August 2009): 412–15.
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INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Abraham, Max, 64–65, 66
Adler, Friedrich, 197
Airy, George, 269
Annalen der Physik, 21–22, 36–37
Anti-Semitism
in Berlin, 132
conspiracy theories, 186, 248–49
directed at Einstein, 43, 311–13
Haber’s conversion and, 123
Jewish donors to Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes and, 75
in late-nineteenth century, 8
Nazism and, 182
Anti-War Council, 154
“Appeal to Europeans, An” (Nicolai), 97–98, 196–97
Armstrong, Henry, 120
Asquith, H. H., 82, 94
Association of the Like-Minded, 172
Astronomische Gesellschaft, 60, 314
Astronomische Nachrichten, 117–18
Astronomy. See Eclipse expeditions (1919); Eddington, Arthur Stanley; individual names of professional associations
Astrophysical Observatory (Potsdam), 149–50
Atkinson, J. J., 56–57
Austria-Hungary, World War I inception and, 79–81
Baeyer, Adolf von, 95
BASF, 123, 124
Basset, A. B., 119
Bateson, William, 79
Bayer, 124
Belgium
German invasion and occupation, 82–83, 85–86, 88, 106, 125
Louvain, burning of, 89, 93, 167
Berlin Academy of Sciences, 177
Berliner, Arnold, 261, 284
Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung, 304, 305
Berlin Goethe League, 144, 148
Besso, Michele
Einstein/Marić mediation by, 77, 141
Einstein’s early friendship with, 18, 22
on general relativity, 65, 74, 149, 154, 171
on special relativity, 29–30, 35–36
Black Hand, 62, 79–80
Black holes, discovery of, 163
BNV (New Fatherland League), 99, 131, 139, 172, 246, 249
Born, Max, 73, 101, 162, 228, 306, 307
Bosch, Carl, 123
Bragg, Lawrence, 128
Bragg, William Henry, 128, 132
Brazil eclipse expedition (1912), 56–59, 150
Brazil eclipse expedition (1919). See Eclipse expeditions (1919)
Brief History of Time (Hawking), 326
British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA)
Australia meeting of (1914), 78–79, 84, 110, 112, 117
eclipse expeditions (1919) and, 281–82
Eddington as section president of, 55
Eddington on general relativity at, 169–70, 180
Eddington’s early expeditions for, 40
WWI and scientific community rift, 109, 120, 121
British Astronomical Association, 232
Brose, Henry, 302, 317
Brownian motion, theory of, 36
Burtt, Joseph, 265
Cadbury, William, 265–66
Cambridge. See University of Cambridge
Campbell, W. W., 122, 323
Cannon, Annie Jump, 121
Canterbury, Archbishop of, 4, 318
Central Organization for a Durable Peace, 144
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 211
Chaplin, Charlie, 301
Chemical Society of London, 125
Chemical warfare
ammonia synthesis, 50, 107–9, 123
chlorine gas, 123–26
Haber’s Nobel Prize and, 309
mustard gas, 206–7
phosgene gas, 206
Christie, William H. M., 24, 55
Churchill, Winston, 81, 82, 112, 199
Coelostats
description, 57, 58
for eclipse expeditions (1919), 257–58, 270, 272, 280, 286, 325, 327
Collins, Harry, 327–30
Cortie, Aloysius, 256, 257, 266
Cottingham, Edwin T., 256, 258, 260, 263–64, 266–67, 270, 272, 274, 332. See also Eclipse expeditions (1919)
Crichton-Browne, James, 120–21
Crommelin, Andrew, 255, 256, 263, 266, 270–71, 286, 329–30. See also Eclipse expeditions (1919)
Crookes, William, 96
Cunningham, Ebenezer, 134–35, 239, 282, 302
Curie, Marie, 51–52, 74–75, 101, 308
Curtis, Heber, 277
Darwin, Horace, 200
Davidson, Charles, 56–57, 256–57, 263, 266, 271, 279–80, 325, 329–30. See also Eclipse expeditions (1919)
Dease, Maurice, 88–89
De Donder, Théophile, 184
Deflection of light
eclipse expeditions (1919) on, 259–60, 268, 272, 277, 279–80, 282–83, 285–88
Einstein’s theories about, 50–51, 53–54, 66–74, 136–37, 150, 154, 202–3, 206, 217–18, 232
Democratic People’s Union, 248
Derby, Lord, 104
De Sitter, Willem
cosmological models and, 187–93, 214–15
eclipse expeditions (1919) and, 284
Eddington’s correspondence with, 168–73, 180, 274
at Leiden, 156
photo of, 331
relativity publicity and, 302, 310
Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft (DFG, German Peace Society), 193
Douglas, Alice Vibert, 61
Du Bois-Reymond, Emil, 76
Dyson, Frank
death of, 331
early solar eclipse research by, 56
eclipse expedition role of, 254, 256–61, 271, 274, 277–82, 285–89, 327. See also Eclipse expeditions (1919)
Eddington’s objection to conscription and, 236, 239–42
Eddington’s travel with, at beginning of WWI, 79
as Royal Astronomical Society president, 55
WWI and scientific community rift, 96, 111, 118
E = mc2, 36
Earman, John, 327–30
Ebert, Friedrich, 248
Eclipse expeditions (1919), 252–95. See also General relativity publicity
Brazil arrival, 266
check plates and photography, 259, 271–74
coelostats used for, 257–58, 270, 272, 280, 286, 325, 327
cost of, 256
Duhem–Quine thesis and, 324–25
Dyson’s assistance and, 200–204
eclipse event, 269–71
Eddington’s measurements of, 259–60, 278–82, 297
Eddington’s preparations for, 252–53, 254–61, 265
Eddin
gton’s return to Britain, 274–75
Einstein-Eddington correspondence following, 1–2, 294–95, 303, 318
Einstein’s knowledge about, 261–62, 282–85
equipment for, 257–58
falsificationism and, 321–24
as healing of scientific rift, 293–95
historical importance of, 321, 330–34
Hyades stars observed for, 202–4, 268–69, 272, 279
later analysis and critiques of, 324–30
1922 follow-up expedition, 298, 323
presentation of formal results, 285–89
Principe arrival, 262–69
publicity about, 281–82, 289–94
telescopes used for, 255, 257, 266–72, 277, 279–80, 286, 329
Economic Consequences of the Peace, The (Keynes), 276
Eddington, Arthur Henry (father), 13
Eddington, Arthur Stanley. See also Eclipse expeditions (1919); Quakers
biographical information and early education of, 11–16
conscription threats to, 163–68, 232–42
on criticism of relativity, 204–6, 218, 230–32
de Sitter’s communication with, 168–73, 180, 274
Dyson’s assistance, to prove relativity, 200–204
early jobs and research of, 24–26
early knowledge of Einstein by, 133–35
education of, 14–15, 120
Einstein’s correspondence/meeting with, 1–2, 294–95, 303, 318
general relativity publicized by, 296–301, 303, 306, 311, 314–19
hired by Cambridge, 59–62
isolation during WWI by, 103–7, 111, 121–22, 129–30. See also World War I and scientific community
late career of, 325
legacy of, 211, 331–34
lifestyle of, 13, 15–16, 18, 41, 59, 61, 180–81, 198, 296
mathematical ability of, 39–42
photos of, 5, 15, 331
as RAS officer, 1, 54–59, 168
Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation, 211–19, 294–95
at Royal Observatory, 38–42
on scientific internationalism, 121, 174–81
travel by, at beginning of WWI, 78–79, 84
Trimble’s friendship with, 15–16, 38–39, 41, 59–60, 198
Eddington, Sarah Ann (mother), 13, 264, 267, 274
Eddington, Winifred (sister), 13, 41, 61, 264, 267
Edward VII, King, 39