Einstein's War
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Einstein’s visit to grave of, 317
laws of motion, 25, 99–100
legacy of, 4–5, 25–26, 28, 33
Lodge on, 205–6, 218
New York Times, 290, 300
Nicholas, Tsar, 81
Nicolai, George Friedrich, 97–98, 196–97, 228
Noether, Emily, 182
Nordström, Gunnar, 64, 65, 74, 220–21
Norton, John, 72
Observatory, The (Royal Astronomical Society), 133–35, 169, 174–77
Ollard, Lieutenant, 233
“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (Einstein), 30–37
Oom, Frederico Tomás, 263
Ostwald, Wilhelm, 95
Pact of London, 90
Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim, 56
Penck, Albrecht, 109–10
Perrin, Jean Baptiste, 42
Perrine, Charles Dillon, 59, 134
Physical Society (Germany), 37
Physics. See Einstein, Albert; General relativity theory; Newton, Isaac; individual names of professional associations
Physics Today, 329
Physikalische Zeitschrift, 101
Pickering, Edward Charles, 41, 118
Pinch, Trevor, 327–30
Planck, Max
early recognition of Einstein by, 43
on eclipse expeditions (1919), 262
eclipse expeditions (1919) and, 283–84
Einstein’s move to Prussian Academy of Sciences and, 75, 77, 219
Einstein’s recognition by, 36–37
family of, 262
on general relativity, 117, 162, 185
“Manifesto of 93” and, 95, 132, 138–39
relativity publicity and, 311
sixtieth birthday of, 222–23
von Laue and, 64
on WWI, 86, 246
Plummer, W. E., 119
Poincaré, Henri, 64
Poincaré, Raymond, 82
Poor, Charles, 300
Pope, Alexander, 4
Popper, Karl, 322–24, 330
Positivism, 28–29, 145–46
Price, Katy, 300
Princip, Gavrilo, 62, 80
Principe eclipse expedition. See Eclipse expeditions (1919)
Principia Mathematica (Newton), 205
Principle of relativity (Galileo), 20–21, 29–30, 32–33, 99–101
Pringsheim, Peter, 110
Prussian Academy of Sciences, 75–78, 99, 111, 125–26, 185, 191, 219, 304
Publicity. See General relativity publicity
Punch, 291, 300
Quakers
Cadbury chocolate business and, 264–65
conscription and, 163–68, 210, 232–42
Eddington’s work for, 60
Friends’ Guild of Teachers, 41
Peace Testimony of, 12–14, 104–7
postwar statement by, 250–51
war relief work of, 105, 121–23, 177, 250, 294, 309–10, 314
Railroads, 27, 56, 57, 82, 107
Ramsay, William, 85, 120
RAS. See Royal Astronomical Society (RAS)
Rathenau, Walther, 248–49
Renn, Jürgen, 72, 148
Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation (Eddington), 211–19, 294–95
Riemann, Bernhard, 68
Roça Sundy Plantation (Principe), 266–67
Rolland, Romain, 141–42, 220
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 42, 95
Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse, 283
Rowntree, Arnold S., 164
Royal Academy of Sciences (Göttingen), 150
Royal Astronomical Society (RAS)
eclipse expeditions (1919) and, 277–78
Eddington as officer of, 1, 54–59, 168
Eddington/Einstein meeting at, 1–2, 318
general relativity publicity and, 297–98
Gold Medal nominations for Einstein by, 314–16
Monthly Notices, 169
Observatory, The, 133–35, 169, 174–77
WWI and scientific community, 106
Royal Greenwich Observatory
Astronomer Royal, 24, 38, 55–56, 96, 118–19, 200–202, 204, 240, 269. See also Dyson, Frank
Eddington hired by, 24–26
reanalysis of 1919 eclipse by, 326–27
star catalogue project of, 38–40
Royal Institution of Great Britain (RI), 211–19
Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, 57
Royal Observatory, 26, 38, 56–60, 201, 254, 256, 279
Royal Society (Great Britain), 22, 56, 96, 119–20, 126–28, 129–30, 207, 230
Russell, Bertrand, 166–67, 220, 311
Russia
Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination and, 79–81
Bolshevik Revolution, 300
Decree of Peace, 210
Lenin and, 210, 246, 249
pre-WWI build-up, 27
solar eclipse research in Crimea, 83, 150
Rutherford, Ernest, 51, 101, 113, 316
Saboya, Vicente, 266
Sackur, Otto, 109
Sassoon, Siegfried, 179
Sauer, Tilman, 72
Schlick, Moritz, 152–53
Schlieffen Plan, 81–82, 90
Schrödinger, Erwin, 130
Schücking, Walther, 131
Schuster, Arthur, 14, 96, 119–20, 268
Schwarzschild, Karl, 42, 60, 149–50, 152, 157–63, 173, 174, 180–81, 183
Sciama, Dennis W., 325
Scientific internationalism
eclipse expedition (1919) and historical importance to, 332–34
Eddington on, 121, 174–81
Einstein on, 172, 220, 226–29
Inter-Allied Conference on International Scientific Organization, 230
Turner on, 175
Searle, G. F. C., 37
Sherriff, R. C., 224–25
Siemens, Alexander, 119
Silberstein, Ludwik, 288–89, 297
Society of Friends. See Quakers
Solar Union conference, 60
Solovine, Maurice, 18
Solvay, Ernest, 51
Solvay Conference, 51
Sommerfeld, Arnold, 43, 148, 152, 162, 249, 306
Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, 79–80
Space, Time, and Gravitation (Eddington), 213
Spartacists, 228, 253
Special relativity theory
Einstein’s research leading to, 27–37
equivalence principle and, 42–48
“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (Einstein), 30–37
science community on, 42–43, 64–66, 70–71, 171
Sponsel, Alistair, 261
Squire, J. C., 5
Stachel, John, 72
Stark, Johannes, 101
Start, Johannes, 43
St. John, Charles, 298
Strömgren, Elis, 118
Struck, Hermann, 307
Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn), 324
Struve, Otto, 116, 162
Stumpf, Carl, 305
Stürgkh, Count, 197
Talmud, Max, 9
Taylor, A. J. P., 82
Telescopes
for eclipse expeditions (1919), 255, 257, 266–72, 277, 279, 280, 286
radio telescopes, 325–26
Tensors, 70–74
Thomson, J. J., 85, 96, 167, 287
Times (London), 289, 302
Tolkien, J. R. R., 179
Tower, Kinglake, 88–89
Treaty of Versailles, 275–78
Trimble, C. J. A., 15–16, 38–39, 41, 59�
�60, 198
Turner, H. H., 120, 175–79, 201, 207–8, 257, 277, 293, 298, 302, 315
Turner, Margaret, 129
Twain, Mark, 7
Two years’ hard labour for not disobeying the dictates of conscience (Russell), 166–67
United Kingdom. See Great Britain
University College London, 110
University of Berlin, 86
University of Birmingham. See Lodge, Oliver
University of Cambridge
Cambridge Observatory, 60–61
Cavendish Laboratory, 167, 236, 298
conscription exemption and, 163–68, 232–42
Eddington appointed Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy, 59–62
Eddington as student at, 14–15, 24–26
Eddington’s courses/public lectures on relativity, 298–300
Mathematics Tripos examination, 16
St. John’s College, 134–35
University of Göttingen, 64–65, 136–38, 140, 147–51, 181–82, 184
University of Zurich, 49, 52, 67, 74–75
Van der Pol, Balthasar, 282
Victoria, Queen, 12
Von Laue, Max, 37, 64
Von Schlieffen, 27
Von Tirpitz, Alfred, 26
Von Waldeyer-Hartz, Wilhelm, 185
Walsingham, Lord, 229–30
Warwick, Andrew, 298
Weber, H. F., 11, 23
Weisbach, Werner, 172
Wellington House, on “Manifesto of 93,” 96–97
Wells, H. G., 96, 127, 130, 212
Weyl, Hermann, 181
Weyland, Paul, 312
Whitehead, Alfred North, 166, 286
Wien, Wilhelm, 95, 96, 98, 101–2, 132
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 12, 61–62, 81, 85–86, 227, 245–46
Will, Clifford, 332
Williams, William Carlos, 318
Wilson, Woodrow, 250, 275
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 130, 166
Working Party of German Scientists for the Preservation of Pure Science, 312
Worldlines, 215–16
World War I, 224–51. See also Food shortages of World War I
Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination, 79–81
Battle of Gallipoli, 112–13
Battle of Loos, 128
Battle of the Somme, 180
Battle of Verdun, 178–79
beginning of, 82–85
Britain’s declaration of war, 85–86
chemical warfare, 123–26, 206–7
Decree of Peace (Russia) and, 210
disease and flu epidemic, 242–44
Einstein’s objection to, 86, 91–92
First Battle of Ypres, 91, 99, 124
Great Britain/Germany, pre-war rivalry, 11–12, 26–27, 61–62
“home front” term and, 106–7
Kaiserschlacht, 224–26
mental health issues and, 243
Pact of London and, 90
Race to the Sea during, 90–91
resolution of, 244–51
Schlieffen Plan and, 81–82, 90
sound waves and artillery, 128
tanks of, 180
Third Battle of Ypres, 208–10
Treaty of Versailles, 275–78
trench warfare of, 88–89, 91, 107, 140
Triple Entente/Triple Alliance, pre-war formation of, 61–62
United States’ entrance to, 198–99
World War I and scientific community, 93–111, 112–32. See also Einstein, Albert, political beliefs
anger toward pacifists and, 121–23
“An Appeal to Europeans” (Nicolai), 97–98, 196–97
astronomy field and effect of, 117–21
British blockade and effect on, 113–14
British recruitment/conscription of scientists, 102–7, 129, 130, 232–42
British scientists’ attempts to aid war effort, 126–30
chemical warfare development, 123–26
eclipse expeditions and healing of scientific rift, 293–95
Eddington’s desire for international cooperation, 174–81
Eddington’s isolation and, 103–7, 111, 114–17, 131
Einstein’s isolation and, 98–101, 111, 131
Germany’s reputation as intellectual center, 93–94, 120–21, 174–77
Haber’s ammonia synthesis development, 50, 107–9
internment of scientists, 83, 86, 91, 109–11
Louvain, burning of, 89, 93, 167
“Manifesto of 93” and, 94–97, 132, 138–39
nationalism debate among scientists, 229–30
New Fatherland League (BNV), 99, 131, 139, 172
physics community rift in Germany and Britain, 101–2
scientists’ deaths in battle, 112–13
Yates, Emmeline, 24
Yates, Rex, 24
Zeitschrift für Physik, 314
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
MATTHEW STANLEY is a professor of the history of science at New York University’s Gallatin School of Individualized Study. He holds degrees in history, astronomy, physics, and religion. He has published two academic books and has written for Physics Today, Physics World, and the Los Angeles Review of Books. He explains physics to non-scientists in his podcast What the IF? and has appeared in documentaries on the History Channel, BBC, and NPR. Einstein’s War is his first trade book.
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* One sometimes sees the full deflection calculated to be 1.74, or the half-deflection calculated anywhere between 0.83 and 0.87. This can vary according to the constants used in the calculation, or how one chooses to round the results. The overall advice would be that one should not worry too much about the final digit in a calculation of this sort.