The Republic- The Fight for Irish Independence
Page 63
Mc Cormack, W. J., Dublin 1916: The French Connection (Dublin 2012)
Mac Curtain, Margaret and Ó Corráin, Donncha (eds.), Women in Irish Society (Dublin 1978)
McDermott, Jim, Northern Divisions: The Old IRA and the Belfast Pogroms 1920–22 (Belfast 2001)
McDonnell, Kathleen Keyes, There is a Bridge at Bandon: A Personal Account of the Irish War of Independence (Cork and Dublin 1972)
MacEoin, Uinseann (ed.), Survivors (Dublin 1980)
McGarry, Fearghal (ed.), Republicanism in Modern Ireland (Dublin 2003)
McGarry, Fearghal, Eoin O’Duffy: A Self-Made Hero (Oxford 2005)
McGarry, Fearghal and James McConnel (eds.), The Black Hand of Republicanism: Fenianism in Modern Ireland (Dublin 2009)
McGee, Owen, The IRB: The Irish Republican Brotherhood from the Land League to Sinn Féin (Dublin 2007)
Mackay, James, Michael Collins: A Life (Edinburgh 1996)
McKillen, Beth, ‘Irish Feminism and National Separatism, 1914–23’, Eire-Ireland 17 (1982)
MacSwiney, Terence, Principles of Freedom (Dublin 1921)
Maguire, Gloria, ‘The Political and Military Causes of the Division in the Irish Nationalist Movement, January 1921 to August 1923’, DPhil thesis, Oxford University 1985
Maher, Jim, The Flying Column: West Kilkenny 1916–21 (Dublin 1987)
Maher, Jim, Harry Boland: A Biography (Cork 1998)
Malcolm, Elizabeth, The Irish Policeman, 1822–1922: A Life (Dublin 2006)
Mansergh, Nicholas, The Irish Free State: Its Government and Politics (London 1934)
Mansergh, Nicholas, The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and its Undoing 1912–72 (New Haven and London 1991)
Markievicz, Constance de, What Irish Republicans Stand For (Dublin 1922)
Martin, F. X. (ed.), Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916 (London 1967)
Martin, Hugh, Ireland in Insurrection (London 1921)
Matthews, Ann, Renegades: Irish Republican Women 1900–1922 (Cork 2010)
Maume, Patrick, The Long Gestation: Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918 (Dublin 1999)
Maume, Patrick, ‘Young Ireland, Arthur Griffith, and Republican Ideology: The Question of Continuity’, Eire-Ireland 34 (1999)
Maye, Brian, Arthur Griffith (Dublin 1997)
Midleton, Earl of, Records and Reactions (London and New York 1939)
Miller, David W., Church, State and Nation in Ireland 1898–1921 (Dublin 1973)
Mitchell, Arthur, Labour in Irish Politics, 1890–1930: The Irish Labour Movement in an Age of Revolution (Dublin 1974)
Mitchell, Arthur, Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dáil Éireann 1919–22 (Dublin 1995)
Morgan, Austen, Labour and Partition: The Belfast Working Class 1905–23 (London 1990)
Morgan, Austen and Bob Purdie (eds.), Ireland: Divided Nation, Divided Class (London 1980)
Morris, Ewan, Our Own Devices: National Symbols and Political Conflict in Twentieth-Century Ireland (Dublin 2005)
Murphy, Brian P., Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal (Dublin 1991)
Murphy, Brian P., The Origins and Organisation of British Propaganda in Ireland 1920 (Aubane 2006)
Murphy, Desmond, Derry, Donegal and Modern Ulster 1790–1921 (Londonderry 1981)
Murphy, Gerard, The Year of Disappearances: Political Killings in Cork 1921–1922 (Dublin 2010)
Murray, Patrick, Oracles of God: The Catholic Church and Irish Politics 1922–1937 (Dublin 2000)
Neeson, Eoin, The Civil War in Ireland 1922–23 (Cork 1966)
Neeson, Eoin, The Life and Death of Michael Collins (Cork 1968)
Neeson, Eoin, Birth of a Republic (Dublin 1998)
Novick, Ben, Conceiving Revolution: Irish Nationalist Propaganda during the First World War (Dublin 2001)
Ó Broin, Leon, Revolutionary Underground: The Story of the Irish Republican Brotherhood 1858–1924 (Dublin 1976)
O’Connor, Frank, The Big Fellow: Michael Collins and the Irish Revolution (London 1965)
O’Donoghue, Florence, No Other Law (Dublin 1954, 1986)
O’Donoghue, Florence, ‘Guerrilla Warfare in Ireland 1919–1921’, An Cosantóir XXIII (May 1963)
Ó Drisceoil, Donal, Peadar O’Donnell (Cork 2001)
O’Halpin, Eunan, The Decline of the Union: British Government in Ireland 1892–1920 (Dublin 1987)
O’Halpin, Eunan, Defending Ireland: The Irish State and its Enemies since 1922 (Oxford 1999)
O’Halpin, Eunan, ‘Politics and the State, 1922–32’, in J. R. Hill (ed.), Ireland 1921–84, vol. VII of A New History of Ireland (Oxford 2003)
O’Malley, Cormac and Anne Dolan (eds.), ‘No Surrender Here!’ The Civil War Papers of Ernie O’Malley 1922–1924 (Dublin 2007)
O’Malley, Ernie, On Another Man’s Wound (London 1936, Dublin 1979)
O’Malley, Ernie, The Singing Flame (Dublin 1978)
O’Malley, Ernie, Raids and Rallies (Dublin 1982)
Ó Ruairc, Pádraig Óg, Blood on the Banner: The Republican Struggle in Clare 1913–1923 (Cork 2009)
Ó Ruairc, Pádraig Óg, The Battle for Limerick City (Cork 2010)
O’Suilleabhain, Micheal, Where Mountainy Men Have Sown (Cork 1965)
Pakenham, Frank, Peace by Ordeal (London 1935, 1972)
Parkinson, Alan F., Belfast’s Unholy War: The Troubles of the 1920s (Dublin 2004)
Pašeta, Senia, Before the Revolution: Nationalism, Social Change and Ireland’s Catholic Élite 1879–1922 (Cork 1999)
Phillips, Walter Alison, The Revolution in Ireland (London 1923)
Phoenix, Eamon, Northern Nationalism: Nationalist Politics, Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland, 1890–1940 (Belfast 1994)
Prager, Jeffrey, Building Democracy in Ireland: Political Order and Cultural Integration in a Newly Independent Nation (Cambridge 1986)
Regan, John M., The Irish Counter-Revolution 1921–1936 (Dublin 1999)
Regan, John M., ‘The “Bandon Valley Massacre” as a Historical Problem’, History 97 (2012)
Ring, Jim, Erskine Childers (London 1996)
Roche, Desmond, Local Government in Ireland (Dublin 1975)
Rumpf, Erhard and A. C. Hepburn, Nationalism and Socialism in Twentieth Century-Ireland (Liverpool 1977)
Ryan, Desmond, Seán Treacy and the Third Tipperary Brigade, IRA (Tralee 1945)
Ryan, Louise, ‘Drunken Tans: Representations of Sex and Violence in the Anglo-Irish War (1919–21)’, Feminist Review 66 (2000)
Ryan, Meda, The Real Chief: The Story of Liam Lynch (Cork 1986)
Ryan, Meda, Tom Barry: IRA Freedom Fighter (Cork 2005)
Sceilg [J. J. O’Kelly], A Trinity of Martyrs (Dublin 1947)
Sheehan, Aideen, ‘Cumann na mBan: Policies and Activities’, in David Fitzpatrick (ed.), Revolution? Ireland 1917–1923 (Dublin 1990)
Sheehan, William, British Voices from the Irish War of Independence 1918–1921: The Words of British Servicemen Who Were There (Cork 2007)
Sheehan, William, Fighting for Dublin: The British Battle for Dublin 1919–1921 (Cork 2007)
Street, C. J. C., Ireland in 1921 (London 1922)
Taylor, Rex, Michael Collins (London 1961)
Townshend, Charles, The British Campaign in Ireland 1919–1921: The Development of Political and Military Policies (Oxford 1975)
Townshend, Charles, ‘The Irish Railway Strike of 1920: Industrial Action and Civil Resistance in the Struggle for Independence’, Irish Historical Studies 21 (1979)
Townshend, Charles, Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance since 1848 (Oxford 1983)
Townshend, Charles, ‘Civilization and “Frightfulness”: Air Control in the Middle East between the Wars’, in C. J. Wrigley (ed.), Warfare, Diplomacy and Politics: Essays in Honour of A. J. P. Taylor (London 1986)
Townshend, Charles (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War (Oxford 1997)
Townshend, Charles, Ireland: The Twentieth Century (London 1998)<
br />
Townshend, Charles, ‘The Meaning of Irish Freedom: Constitutionalism in the Free State’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, vol. 8 (1998)
Townshend, Charles, ‘Telling the Irish Revolution’, in Joost Augusteijn (ed.), The Irish Revolution 1913–1923 (Basingstoke 2002)
Townshend, Charles, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion (London 2005)
Urquhart, Diane, Women in Ulster Politics 1890–1940 (Dublin 2000)
Valiulis, Maryann, Almost a Rebellion: The Irish Army Mutiny of 1924 (Cork n.d.)
Valiulis, Maryann, Portrait of a Revolutionary: General Richard Mulcahy and the Founding of the Irish Free State (Dublin 1992)
Valiulis, Maryann (ed.), Gender and Power in Irish History (Dublin 2009)
Van Voris, Jacqueline, Constance de Markievicz in the Cause of Ireland (Amherst, Mass. 1967)
Walsh, Maurice, The News from Ireland: Foreign Correspondents and the Irish Revolution (London 2008)
Ward, Alan J., Ireland and Anglo-American Relations 1899–1921 (London 1969)
Ward, Alan J., The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government in Modern Ireland (Dublin 1994)
Ward, Margaret, ‘Marginality and Militancy: Cumann na mBan, 1914–1936’, in Austen Morgan and Bob Purdie (eds.), Ireland: Divided Nation, Divided Class (London 1980)
Ward, Margaret, Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish Nationalism (Dingle 1983)
Williams, T. Desmond (ed.), The Irish Struggle 1916–1926 (London 1966)
Wilson, Tim, ‘Boundaries, Identity and Violence: Ulster and Upper Silesia in a Context of Partition 1918–1922’, DPhil thesis, Oxford University 2007
With the IRA in the Fight for Freedom (Tralee 1955)
Younger, Calton, Ireland’s Civil War (London 1968)
Notes
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES
A/A/C/S Acting Assistant Chief of Staff
A/C/S Assistant Chief of Staff
A/G Adjutant General
ASS Active Service Section
Bde Brigade
BMH Bureau of Military History
Bn Battalion
CnmB Cumann na mBan
C/S Chief of Staff (IV)
DAG Deputy Adjutant General
D/C/S Deputy Chief of Staff
DE Dáil Éireann
Div. Division
D/O Director of Organization
D/P Director of Publicity
HLRO House of Lords Record Office
Inf. Infantry
IO Intelligence Officer
IWM Imperial War Museum
LGP Lloyd George papers
MAI Military Archives, Ireland
MCI Military Court of Inquiry in Lieu of Inquest
M/D Minister for Defence
MSP Military Service Pensions Archive, MAI
NA National Archives, London
NAI National Archives of Ireland
ND Northern Division (IRA)
NLI National Library of Ireland
PRONI Public Record Office, Northern Ireland
QMG Quartermaster General
SD Southern Division (IRA)
S/S Secretary of State
UCDA University College Dublin Archive
WD Western Division (IRA)
WS Witness Statement
INTRODUCTION: UP THE REPUBLIC! REPUBLICANISM IN IRELAND
1. Matthew Kelly, ‘The Irish People and the Disciplining of Dissent’, in Fearghal McGarry and James McConnel (eds.), The Black Hand of Republicanism: Fenianism in Modern Ireland (Dublin 2009), p. 37.
2. Florence O’Donoghue, ‘Illumination’, in John Borgonovo (ed.), Florence and Josephine O’Donoghue’s War of Independence: A Destiny that Shapes our Ends (Dublin 2006), p. 31.
3. Tom Garvin, Nationalist Revolutionaries in Ireland 1858–1928 (Oxford 1987), pp. 35, 119.
4. Hayden Talbot, Michael Collins’s Own Story (London n.d.), q. Brian P. Murphy, Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal (Dublin 1991), p. 98.
5. Tony Crowley, Wars of Words: The Politics of Language in Ireland 1537–2004 (Oxford 2005), pp. 137, 150–57.
6. Charles Townshend, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion (London 2005), p. 35.
7. David Thornley, ‘Patrick Pearse – The Evolution of a Republican’, in F. X. Martin (ed.), Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916 (London 1967), p. 155.
8. Peter Berresford Ellis, A History of the Irish Working Class (London 1972), p. 235. Cf. e.g. Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic 1911–1923 (London 1937), ch. 16; Eoin Neeson, Birth of a Republic (Dublin 1998), ch. 6.
9. Joseph Plunkett notebook, NLI MS 4700.
10. Maxwell to Asquith, 13 May, to French, 16 Jun. 1916. Bodleian Library, Asquith MSS 44.
PART 1: THE IMAGINED STATE: 1918–19
1. Adrian Gregory and Senia Pašeta (eds.), Ireland and the Great War: ‘A War to Unite Us All’? (Manchester 2002); John Horne (ed.), Our War: Ireland and the Great War (Dublin 2008).
2. Charles Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance since 1848 (Oxford 1983), pp. 67–84.
3. Jim Herlihy, The Royal Irish Constabulary (Dublin 1997), p. 75.
4. John D. Brewer, The Royal Irish Constabulary: An Oral History (Belfast 1990), pp. 12–13.
5. Irish Command was a subordinate part of the UK Home Command until 1920 when it became an independent command, and its commander a commander-in-chief (GOC-in-C).
6. Memorandum on the Enforcement of Conscription in Ireland, and note by B. Mahon with additions by IG RIC, 26 Mar. 1918. MAI BMH CD 178/1/1.
7. Lawrence W. McBride, The Greening of Dublin Castle: The Transformation of Bureaucratic and Judicial Personnel in Ireland 1892–1922 (Washington, DC 1991), p. 243.
8. ‘Man-Power of Ireland’, Memo by the Chief Secretary, 27 Mar. 1918. GT 4052, NA CAB 24/46.
9. John Kendle, Walter Long, Ireland and the Union 1905–1920 (Montreal 1992), p. 164.
10. War Cabinet, 3 Apr. 1918. NA CAB 23/14.
11. Duke to Lloyd George, 16 Apr. 1918. HLRO LGP F/37/4/51.
12. War Cabinet, 16 Apr. 1918. NA CAB 23/7/392.
13. French to Lloyd George, 5 May 1918. HLRO LGP F/48/6/10.
14. French to Lloyd George, 18 Apr. 1918. MAI BMH CD 178/1/2.
15. W. J. Mc Cormack, Dublin 1916: The French Connection (Dublin 2012), pp. 55–65, puckishly labels the process ‘baptising the Fenians’.
16. David Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life: Provincial Experience of War and Revolution 1913–1921 (Dublin 1977), p. 138.
17. David W. Miller, Church, State and Nation in Ireland 1898–1921 (Dublin 1973), pp. 391–2.
18. Monthly Confidential Intelligence Report, Midland and Connaught District, 30 Apr. 1918. NA CO 904/157.
19. Jérôme aan de Wiel, The Catholic Church in Ireland 1914–1918 (Dublin 2003), p. 222.
20. Miller, Church, State and Nation, pp. 404–5.
21. IG RIC Report, 20 Apr. 1918. NA CAB 24/49/4326.
22. Tyrone Constitution, 19 Apr. 1918, q. Michael Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923 (Cambridge 1999), p. 137; RIC Report, NA CO 904/105, q. Marie Coleman, County Longford and the Irish Revolution 1910–1923 (Dublin 2003), p. 83.
23. Monthly Confidential Intelligence Report, Midland and Connaught District, 30 Apr. 1918. NA CO 904/157.
24. C. Desmond Greaves, Liam Mellows and the Irish Revolution (London 1971), p. 144.
25. Thomas Johnson papers, MAI CD 258/9.
26. Aodh de Blacam, What Sinn Féin Stands For: The Irish Republican Movement, its History, Aims and Ideals (Dublin 1921), p. 93.
27. War Cabinet Memo by W. H. Long, 9 Oct. 1918. GT 5926, NA CAB 24/66.
28. Eunan O’Halpin, The Decline of the Union: British Government in Ireland 1892–1920 (Dublin 1987), p. 160.
29. Fintan Murphy statement, MAI MSP 34 REF 11815 34A24.
30. BMH WS 1570 (Dominick Molloy).
31. Laffan, Resurrection of Ireland, p. 145.
&nb
sp; 32. Jacqueline Van Voris, Constance de Markievicz in the Cause of Ireland (Amherst, Mass. 1967), pp. 246, 251.
33. The phrases are from F. S. L. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine (London 1971), p. 386.
34. Joost Augusteijn (ed.), The Memoirs of John M. Regan: A Catholic Officer in the RIC and RUC, 1909–1948 (Dublin 2007), p. 113.
35. War Cabinet 381A, 3 Apr. 1918. NA CAB 23/14.
36. Liam Deasy, Towards Ireland Free: The West Cork Brigade in the War of Independence 1917–1921, ed. John E. Chisholm (Dublin and Cork 1973), p. 8; C. S. Andrews, Dublin Made Me: An Autobiography (Dublin 1979), p. 99.
37. On female personifications of the country, see Ewan Morris, Our Own Devices: National Symbols and Political Conflict in Twentieth-Century Ireland (Dublin 2005), pp. 22–6.
38. Sylvain Briollay, Ireland in Rebellion (Dublin 1922) (originally L’Irlande Insurgée, Paris 1921, based on articles written in 1920–21), pp. 18–21.
39. Terence de Vere White, Kevin O’Higgins (London 1948), p. 38.
40. Briollay, Ireland in Rebellion, pp. 26–9, 35–6.
41. BMH WS 857 (Seamus Finn).
42. W. M. Lewis, ‘Frank Aiken and the Fourth Northern Division: A Personal and Provincial Experience of the Irish Revolution, 1916–1923’, PhD thesis, Queen’s University, Belfast 2011, pp. 64–5.
43. Andrews, Dublin Made Me, p. 100.
44. BMH WS 1253 (Joseph Daly).
45. BMH WS 1168 (John O’Keeffe).
46. BMH WS 1314 (Patrick Ryan).
47. Peter Hart, The IRA and its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork 1916–1923 (Oxford 1998), p. 248.
48. BMH WS 1349 (Daniel Conway).
49. Military Intelligence report, Midland and Connaught District, Dec. 1917. NA CO 904/157.
50. BMH WS 1770 (Kevin O’Shiel).
51. Fr Michael O’Flanagan, The Strength of Sinn Fein (Dublin 1934), q. Murphy, Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal, p. 104.
52. Barry M. Coldrey, Faith and Fatherland: The Christian Brothers and the Development of Irish Nationalism 1838–1921 (Dublin 1988), p. 252.
53. Led off in this case by Patrick Lynch’s pioneering chapter ‘The Social Revolution that Never Was’, in T. Desmond Williams (ed.), The Irish Struggle 1916–1926 (London 1966), pp. 41–54.
54. Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, ch. 7.