The Republic- The Fight for Irish Independence

by Charles Townshend

  55. See e.g. Coleman, County Longford, pp. 75–6.

  56. Fergus Campbell, Land and Revolution: Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland 1891–1921 (Oxford 2005), p. 237.

  57. BMH WS 1770 (Kevin O’Shiel).

  58. ‘The Pig Push’ – Dedicated to Diarmuid Lynch, Sinn Féin Food Controller. NLI MS 5637.

  59. Campbell, Land and Revolution, pp. 106, 240–41.

  60. Ibid., pp. 223, 242.

  61. Michael Farry, Sligo 1914–1921 (Trim 1992), pp. 112–13.

  62. Cf. Terence Dooley, ‘IRA Veterans and Land Division in Independent Ireland’, in Fearghal McGarry (ed.), Republicanism in Modern Ireland (Dublin 2003), p. 88.

  63. J. A. Gaughan (ed.), The Memoirs of Constable Jeremiah Mee RIC (Dublin 1975), pp. 51–3.

  64. Special Circular re Cattle-driving, 23 Feb. 1918, q. Campbell, Land and Revolution, p. 241.

  65. BMH WS 1287 (Joseph Noonan).

  66. MAI, MSP A/3 (5), Bde Activity Reports, Cork III Bde.

  67. BMH WS 1253 (Joseph Daly).

  68. Sligo Champion, 2 Mar. 1918. Farry, Sligo 1914–1921, p. 117. C.S.O. Intelligence Notes, 1918, NA CO 903/19/4.

  69. Paul Bew, ‘Sinn Fein, Agrarian Radicalism and the War of Independence, 1919–1921’, in D. George Boyce (ed.), The Revolution in Ireland 1879–1923 (London 1988), p. 225.

  70. Speech by Edward Dwyer [Eamon O’Dwyer], 6 Dec. 1917. NA CO 904/122.

  71. Military Intelligence report, Midland and Connaught District, Mar. 1918. NA CO 904/157.

  72. Malcolm Bickle diary, q. Hart, IRA and its Enemies, p. 60.

  73. BMH WS 450 (Brighid O’Mullane); Sinéad McCoole, No Ordinary Women: Irish Female Activists in the Revolutionary Years 1900–1923 (Dublin 2003), p. 71.

  74. CI West Cork, Monthly Report Apr. 1918. NA CO 904/105.

  75. Hart, IRA and its Enemies, p. 61.

  76. BMH WS 1268 (Patrick J. Hargaden).

  77. Liam de Paor, On the Easter Proclamation and Other Declarations (Dublin 1997), pp. 48–50.

  78. BMH WS 1770 (Kevin O’Shiel).

  79. UCDA P104/1309.

  80. BMH WS 1166 (Patrick Lyons), WS 1329 (Patrick Walsh); Farry, Sligo 1914–1921, p. 95.

  81. BMH WS 1114 (John Scannell).

  82. BMH WS 1141 (Richard Glavin).

  83. BMH WS 909 (Mrs Sidney Czira).

  84. Seamus Robinson memoir, NLI MS 21265.

  85. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).

  86. BMH WS 959 (Patrick Houlihan).

  87. J. J. O’Connell, ‘Reorganisation 1917’, NLI MS 22117.

  88. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).

  89. Desmond Ryan, Seán Treacy and the Third Tipperary Brigade, IRA (Tralee 1945).

  90. O’Duffy to Cathal Brugha, 24 Nov. 1921. UCDA P7A/5, q. Fearghal McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy: A Self-Made Hero (Oxford 2005), p. 26.

  91. BMH WS 1672 (Thomas Meagher).

  92. BMH WS 819 (Liam Archer).

  93. Peter Hart, Mick: The Real Michael Collins (London 2005), pp. 139–45.

  94. BMH WS 958 (Denis J. O’Sullivan).

  95. Hart, IRA and its Enemies, pp. 232–4.

  96. BMH WS 446 (Frank Hynes).

  97. Florence O’Donoghue, ‘Guerrilla Warfare in Ireland 1919–1921’, An Cosantóir XXIII (May 1963), p. 294.

  98. Collins to Austin Stack, 28 Nov. 1918. Fitzpatrick, Politics and Irish Life, p. 207.

  99. Seán Moylan statement, NLI MS 27731.

  100. General Richard Mulcahy, ‘Conscription and the General Headquarters Staff’, Capuchin Annual 35 (1968), p. 392.

  101. BMH WS 1498 (Michael Murray), WS 1146 (Eugene Kilkenny).

  102. BMH WS 1115 (Edward O’Sullivan).

  103. BMH WS 487 (Joseph O’Connor).

  104. BMH WS 1178 (Andrew Keaveney), WS 1476 (Seán O’ Ceallaigh).

  105. Cork Bde orders, 2 Oct. 1918. NLI MS 31196.

  106. Cabinet Conversation, 16 May 1918. NA CAB 23/17.

  107. Irish Volunteer, 2 May 1914, q. Matthew Kelly, ‘The Irish Volunteers: A Machiavellian Moment?’, in D. George Boyce and Alan O’Day (eds.), The Ulster Crisis 1885–1921 (Basingstoke 2006), p. 75. BMH WS 1634 (Alfred Burgess).

  108. BMH WS 1541 (Thomas Meagher), WS 1370 (Joseph Clancy).

  109. Deasy, Towards Ireland Free, p. 19; BMH WS 1332 (John O’Gorman).

  110. Military Council minutes, 17 Jan. 1919. French papers, IWM JDPF 8/2; Guns Committee note, NA HO 20049.

  111. BMH WS 1076 (Anthony Malone).

  112. BMH WS 1247 (Michael Higgins), WS 1368 (William Hanly).

  113. BMH WS 1205 (Patrick Mckenna), WS 1166 (Patrick Lyons), WS 1220 (James Keating).

  114. BMH WS 1008 (Thomas Brady); Seán Moylan statement, NLI MS 27731.

  115. BMH WS 1393 (Edmond McGrath).

  116. HQ Staff order, 11 Jun. 1918. MAI Maurice Crowe MSS, CD 208/1/4.

  117. Peter Hart, ‘The Social Structure of the Irish Republican Army’, in The IRA at War 1916–1923 (Oxford 2003), pp. 114–16.

  118. Ibid., p. 123.

  119. Deasy, Towards Ireland Free, p. 29; BMH WS 487 (Joseph O’Connor).

  120. BMH WS 1076 (Anthony Malone).

  121. BMH WS 1434 (Paul Mulcahy); WS 1721 (Seamus [Seumas] Robinson.

  122. Florence O’Donoghue, No Other Law (Dublin 1954, 1986), p. 20.

  123. BMH WS 395 (Thomas Fitzpatrick/Bob McDonnell).

  124. BMH WS 1016 (Seamus McKenna).

  125. BMH WS 1723 (Joseph Martin).

  126. BMH WS 1008 (Thomas Brady), WS 928 (John Shields).

  127. BMH WS 529 (James McCullough).

  128. Joost Augusteijn, From Public Defiance to Guerrilla Warfare: The Experience of Ordinary Volunteers in the Irish War of Independence 1916–1921 (Dublin 1996), p. 86.

  129. BMH WS 1450 (John C. Ryan).

  130. BMH WS 446 (Frank Hynes), WS 1111 (James Daly).

  131. BMH WS 1626 (Bernard Brady).

  132. O’Malley’s notebooks, UCDA P17/B/111, q. Hart, IRA and its Enemies, p. 195.

  133. O’Donoghue to Capt. J. Crowley, OC 3rd Bn, 16 Aug. 1918. NLI MS 31181.

  134. O’Malley papers, MAI CD 53/1.

  135. The English version, ‘The Irishwomen’s Council’, though rather flat, was in a sense more national.

  136. Margaret Ward, ‘The League of Women Delegates and Sinn Féin’, History Ireland, Autumn 1996, pp. 38–40.

  137. Ann Matthews, Renegades: Irish Republican Women 1900–1922 (Cork 2010), p. 240.

  138. Senia Pašeta, Nationalist Women in Ireland 1900–1918 (Cambridge forthcoming), ch. 10.

  139. Sighle Humphreys MSS, UCDA P106/1165.

  140. The Times, q. in R. C. Escouflaire, Ireland: An Enemy of the Allies? (London 1919; translation of L’Irlande: ennemie … ?, Paris 1918), p. 215.

  141. Shaw Desmond, The Drama of Sinn Féin (London 1923), pp. 345–6.

  142. BMH WS 587 (Nancy Wyse Power).

  143. Cal McCarthy, Cumann na mBan and the Irish Revolution (Dublin 2007), pp. 110–11.

  144. Margaret Mac Curtain, ‘Women, the Vote and Revolution’, in Mac Curtain and Donncha Ó Corráin (eds.), Women in Irish Society (Dublin 1978), pp. 34–6.

  145. Cumann na mBan, 1918 Convention: Report (Dublin 1918), q. Aideen Sheehan, ‘Cumann na mBan: Policies and Activities’, in David Fitzpatrick (ed.), Revolution? Ireland 1917–1923 (Dublin 1990), p. 88.

  146. BMH WS 450 (Brighid O’Mullane).

  147. ‘Military Activities’, Leabhar na mBan [n.d.]. MAI CD 160/1.

  148. McCarthy, Cumann na mBan, pp. 117–18.

  149. NLI MS 31198.

  150. BMH WS 450 (Brighid O’Mullane).

  151. Máire Comerford memoir, UCDA P200/65, q. McCarthy, Cumann na mBan, p. 120.

  152. 1st Cork Bde IV to Sec., Cork District Council, CnmB, 14 Feb. 1919. NLI MS 31181.

  153. Leabhar na mBan (1919), q. McCarthy, Cumann na mBan, p. 118.

  154. Margaret Ward, ‘Marginality and Militancy: Cumann na mBan 1914–1936’, in Austin Morgan and Bob Purdie
(eds.), Ireland: Divided Nation, Divided Class (London 1980), pp. 103–4.

  155. IG RIC Report, Nov. 1918. NA CO 904/107.

  156. Military Intelligence report, Southern District, Jan. 1918. NA CO 904/157. Laffan, Resurrection of Ireland, p. 245.

  157. Joost Augusteijn, ‘The Importance of Being Irish: Ideas and the Volunteers in Mayo and Tipperary’, in Fitzpatrick (ed.), Revolution?, p. 25.

  158. O’Malley to Molly Childers, 17 Dec. 1923. Richard English and Cormac O’Malley (eds.), Prisoners: The Civil War Letters of Ernie O’Malley (Swords 1991), pp. 123–4.

  159. Tom Garvin, 1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy (Dublin 1996), p. 16.

  160. NLI MS 21523, q. David Fitzpatrick, The Two Irelands 1912–1939 (Oxford 1998), p. 29.

  161. BMH WS 1766 (William O’Brien).

  162. Garvin, Nationalist Revolutionaries, pp. 25, 51.

  163. Diarmaid Ferriter, The Transformation of Ireland 1900–2000 (London 2005), p. 195.

  164. BMH WS 389 (Roger McCorley).

  165. Consul at Queenstown (Cobh), 30 Sep. 1916. Garvin, Nationalist Revolutionaries, p. 112.

  166. Hart, IRA and its Enemies, p. 205.

  167. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, pp. 3–4.

  168. Terence MacSwiney, ‘Frontiers’, in Principles of Freedom (Dublin 1921) (online edition).

  169. De Blacam, What Sinn Féin Stands For, pp. 132–6.

  170. O’Brien to Collins, 19 Sep. 1920. NLI MS 8427.

  171. NLI MS 31367.

  172. Seán Moylan statement, NLI MS 27731.

  173. Irish Volunteer, 7 Feb. 1914.

  174. Ben Novick, Conceiving Revolution: Irish Nationalist Propaganda during the First World War (Dublin 2001), pp. 155–7.

  175. Garvin, Nationalist Revolutionaries, p. 125.

  176. Richard English, Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland (London 2006), p. 274; Jeffrey Prager, Building Democracy in Ireland: Political Order and Cultural Integration in a Newly Independent Nation (Cambridge 1986), p. 41.

  177. Matthews, Renegades, p. 219.

  178. Robinson memoir, NLI MS 21265; Andrews, Dublin Made Me, p. 99.

  179. UCDA P48b, q. Garvin, Nationalist Revolutionaries, p. 127.

  180. Darrell Figgis, Recollections of the Irish War (London 1927), pp. 228–9.

  181. David Fitzpatrick, Harry Boland’s Irish Revolution (Cork 2003), pp. 108–109.

  182. Uinseann MacEoin (ed.), Survivors (Dublin 1980), p. 23.

  183. Fitzpatrick, Boland’s Irish Revolution, p. 107.

  184. Brian Farrell, The Founding of Dáil Éireann: Parliament and Nation Building (Dublin 1971), p. 30.

  185. Diane Urquhart, Women in Ulster Politics 1890–1940 (Dublin 2000), p. 114.

  186. John Coakley, ‘The Election that Made the First Dáil’, in Brian Farrell (ed.), The Creation of the Dáil (Dublin 1994), p. 31.

  187. BMH WS 487 (Joseph O’Connor).

  188. GHQ to T. Mac Curtain, 19 Nov. 1918. NLI MS 31191.

  189. M. Noyk statement, NLI MS 18975.

  190. BMH WS 571 (Michael Newell).

  191. BMH WS 1229 (James Mansfield).

  192. BMH WS 1770 (Kevin O’Shiel), 804.

  193. BMH WS 1193 (Bridget Doherty).

  194. Oliver Coogan, Politics and War in Meath 1913–23 (Dublin 1983), pp. 86–7.

  195. NLI MS 18975.

  196. Laffan, Resurrection of Ireland, p. 164.

  197. Patrick Maume, The Long Gestation: Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918 (Dublin 1999), p. 213.

  198. J. J. Lee, Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and Society (Cambridge 1989), p. 41.

  199. Laffan, Resurrection of Ireland, pp. 163, 244.

  200. Q. in Paul Bew, Ireland: The Politics of Enmity 1789–2006 (Oxford 2007), p. 391.

  201. Manifesto to the Irish People, Macardle, Irish Republic, App. 1 No. 6.

  202. BMH WS 1770 (Kevin O’Shiel).

  203. Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins: A Biography (London 1990), p. 92.

  204. Coakley, ‘Election’, p. 44.

  205. Farrell, Founding of Dáil Éireann, p. 56.

  206. Arthur Mitchell, Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dáil Éireann 1919–22 (Dublin 1995), p. 17.

  207. Piaras Béaslaí, Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland, 2 vols (Dublin 1926), vol. I, p. 295.

  208. Message to the Free Nations of the World, Macardle, Irish Republic, App. 1 No. 10.

  209. Lee, Ireland, p. 41.

  210. Briollay, Ireland in Rebellion, pp. 20–21.

  211. Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, Impressions of Sinn Féin in America (Dublin 1919).

  212. Figgis, Recollections, p. 251.

  213. United Irishman, 4 Nov. 1905, q. Gerard Keown, ‘The Ideas and Development of Irish Foreign Policy from the Origins of Sinn Féin to 1932’, DPhil thesis, Oxford University 1997 (2010), p. 33.

  214. BMH WS 825 (Leopold H. Kerney).

  215. BMH WS 860 (Elizabeth McGinley).

  216. Briollay, Ireland in Rebellion, p. 52.

  217. Boland diary, 2 Oct., 1 Nov. 1919. Fitzpatrick, Boland’s Irish Revolution, p. 151.

  218. Connie Neenan in MacEoin (ed.), Survivors, pp. 250–51.

  219. National Council, 18 Jun. 1920. New York, Irish American Historical Society, FOIF papers.

  220. Fitzpatrick, Boland’s Irish Revolution, p. 132.

  221. Patrick McCartan, With de Valera in America (New York 1932), p. 152.

  222. Tim Pat Coogan, Eamon de Valera: The Man Who Was Ireland (London and New York 1993), p. 144

  223. Eamon de Valera, The Foundation of the Republic of Ireland in the Vote of the People, Irish Ireland League pamphlet (Victoria 1920).

  224. Coogan, Eamon de Valera, pp. 168–9.

  225. O’Sullivan memoir (holograph), Seán MacEoin MSS, UCDA P308/1/15.

  226. Tom Garvin, ‘Unenthusiastic Democrats: The Emergence of Irish Democracy’, in R. Hill and M. Marsh (eds.), Modern Irish Democracy (Dublin 1993), pp. 14–15.

  227. Seamus Robinson, NLI MS 21265.

  228. BMH WS 1042 (John J. Neylon).

  229. BMH WS 1400 (John Patrick McCormack).

  230. Augusteijn, From Public Defiance to Guerrilla Warfare, p. 147.

  231. An tOglaċ, vol. 1 no. 1 (15 Aug. 1918); no. 12 (n.d. [Mar. 1919]).

  232. An tOglaċ, vol. 1 no. 2 (14 Sep. 1918); no. 3 (30 Sep. 1918).

  233. An tOglaċ, vol. 1 no. 4 (14 Oct. 1918); no. 10 (?Feb. 1919).

  234. Seamus Robinson, NLI MS 21265. In his memoir, My Fight for Irish Freedom (Dublin 1924), Dan Breen said that Robinson did not appear in Tipperary until mid-January.

  235. Ryan, Seán Treacy, p. 63.

  236. Seamus Robinson, NLI MS 21265.

  237. Irish Independent, 21 May 1919.

  238. O’Donoghue, No Other Law, p. 44.

  239. Sinn Féin Executive circular, 22 Mar. 1919, and Chief Sec.’s note. NA CO 904/169.

  240. Chief Sec. to Laurence O’Neill, 31 Mar. 1919. NA CO 904/169.

  241. BMH WS 487 (Joseph O’Connor).

  242. O’Hegarty to G. Gavan Duffy, q. A. Mitchell, ‘ “Exit Britannia” – The Formation of the Irish National State, 1918–21’, in Joost Augusteijn (ed.), The Irish Revolution, 1913–1923 (Basingstoke 2002), p. 74.

  243. Markievicz to Hanna Sheehy Skeffington, 26 Jun. 1919. NLI MS 41177/31.

  244. Michael Tierney, Eoin MacNeill (Oxford 1980), p. 277.

  245. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).

  246. Daily News, 30 May 1919. Maurice Walsh, The News from Ireland: Foreign Correspondents and the Irish Revolution (London 2008), p. 67.

  247. H. N. Brailsford, ‘Is there a Republic in Ireland?’, Nation, 22 Nov. 1919.

  248. Note by R. Barton, D. Macardle collection, MAI CD 9/6/9.

  249. BMH WS 939 (Ernest Blythe).

  250. NLI MS 31390.

  251. Seán MacEntee to Dorothy Macardle, 10 Jun. 1936. MAI CD 9/6/6.

  252. Mulcahy note, Mulcahy MSS, UCDA P7/C/96; Maryann Valiulis, Portrait of a Revolutionary:
General Richard Mulcahy and the Founding of the Irish Free State (Dublin 1992), p. 43.

  253. Kevin B. Nowlan, ‘Dáil Éireann and the Army: Unity and Division (1919–1921)’, in Williams (ed.), Irish Struggle, p. 71.

  254. Gen. Sec. GHQ (Seán McGarry) memo, 2 Jun. 1920. NLI MS 31194.

  255. IV General Orders New Series No. 11, 23 Jul. 1920. NLI MS 31193.

  256. BMH WS 962 (James Dorr); NLI MS 31390.

  257. MSP A/3 (1), Bde Activity Reports, 1 Bn, Cork III Bde.

  258. S. O’Sullivan memoir, MAI CD 308/1/5.

  259. Andrews, Dublin Made Me, p. 116.

  260. Deasy, Towards Ireland Free, p. 82; Béaslaí, Michael Collins, vol. 1, p. 377.

  261. F. M. Carroll, Money for Ireland: Finance, Diplomacy and the First Dáil Éireann Loans, 1919–1936 (Westport, Conn. 2002), p. 16.

  262. Béaslaí, Michael Collins, vol. 1, pp. 344–5. Loan Prospectus, q. Francis J. Costello, Énduring the Most: The Life and Death of Terence MacSwiney (Dingle 1995), p. 111.

  263. Jack Plunkett, NLI MS 11,981. An eyewitness described Emmet being beheaded (after being hanged) on ‘a deal table like a common kitchen table’. Marianne Elliott, Robert Emmet (London 2001), p. 97.

  264. Carroll, Money for Ireland, p. 17.

  265. Collins to MacSwiney, 25 Sep. 1919, q. Costello, Enduring the Most, p. 112.

  266. Finance report, Nov. 1919. NAI DE2/7, q. A. McCarthy, ‘Michael Collins, Minister for Finance 1919–22’, in Gabriel Doherty and Dermot Keogh (eds.), Michael Collins and the Making of the Irish State (Cork 1998), p. 55.

  267. Collins to MacSwiney, 11 Dec. 1919. Costello, Enduring the Most, pp. 112–13.

  268. C. Collins to D. O’Hegarty, 15 Mar. 1920. NAI DE2/404.

  269. BMH WS 1770 (Kevin O’Shiel), 865, WS 1336 (Patrick Lennon).

  270. Report of Propaganda Department, n.d. [May 1920]. NAI DE2/10.

  271. Andrew Boyle, The Riddle of Erskine Childers (London 1977), p. 221.

  272. Childers notebooks, q. ibid., p. 257.

  273. Irish Catholic Directory, 1921, pp. 499–507, 548–9, q. Dermot Keogh, The Vatican, the Bishops and Irish Politics 1919–39 (Cambridge 1986), pp. 38–9.

  274. T. O Fiaich, ‘The Catholic Clergy and the Independence Movement’, Capuchin Annual 37 (1970), p. 501; Patrick Murray, Oracles of God: The Catholic Church and Irish Politics 1922–1937 (Dublin 2000), p. 12.

  275. Brian Heffernan, ‘Catholic Priests and Political Violence in Ireland, 1919–1921’, PhD thesis, National University of Ireland, Maynooth 2010.