Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918
Page 38
papacy 5, 150, 151, 174, 188, 193
peace note 151, 174, 188, 193
Paris 16, 18, 28, 29, 206, 235
“patriotic instruction” 187, 208
peace movement see pacifism
peace offer, Central Powers 193
People’s League for Freedom and Fatherland 188
Persia 102, 190
Petrograd 180, 224
Pfitzner, Hans 161
Piave, river 202, 213
“pig massacre” 42
Poland 6, 7, 35, 41, 54, 55–57, 60, 63, 64, 92–93, 115, 139, 152, 186, 190, 196, 225, 232
German occupation 85, 91–93
kingdom of 93
students’ strike 92
Polish border strip 91, 93
Polish Legion 93
“polonaise” 168, 169, 172, 180
Portuguese East Africa 98
post-impressionism 160
prisoners of war 28, 48, 101, 108, 117–119, 141, 157, 167
Progressive party 7, 64, 81, 94, 184, 185, 186, 191, 214
propaganda 49, 50, 84, 100, 101, 104, 122, 146, 152, 159, 193, 195, 237
prostitution 139, 140, 146
Protestantism 5–6, 8, 51, 113, 146, 148–150, 155, 158, 168, 174, 188, 232, 234
Prussia 4–6, 18–19, 23, 33, 34, 55, 73, 97, 98, 115, 152, 184, 187, 189, 213, 214, 235
suffrage, debates on 5, 63, 92, 184, 189, 214
Przemysl 55
Rade, Martin 149
Räte see soviets
Rathenau, Walther 37–38, 39, 40, 152
rationing 43, 44, 45–47, 50, 83, 109, 114, 118, 119, 124, 130, 132, 138, 163, 165–166, 168, 169, 171–172, 179, 181, 196, 207
Red Cross, German 75, 120, 138
Red Cross, International 117
Red Cross, Russian 224
Reflections of an Unpolitical Man (Thomas Mann) 158
Reformation 5
Reger, Max 161
Reichsbank 126
Reichssicherheitshauptamt 146
Reichstag 4, 7, 14, 34, 35, 61, 63–64, 72, 76, 81, 82, 125, 177, 181, 185, 186, 187, 188–189, 191, 193, 195, 234
peace resolution 186, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 234
Remarque, Erich Maria 122, 236
Rhine Metal Works (Düsseldorf) 129, 172
Rhine, river 119, 143, 163, 164, 182
Rhineland 6, 50, 135
Rhodesia 98
Richthofen, Manfred von 112
Romania 55, 72, 77, 93, 109, 193, 196, 225
army 77
German occupation 85, 93–94
Romanovs 220
Rostock 172
Roubaix 87
Royal Navy see Great Britain, navy
Ruhr 79, 182
Russia 11–13, 15, 20–21, 26, 28, 35, 41, 47, 50, 51, 53–54, 57, 60, 63, 64, 71, 84, 85, 90, 91, 92–93, 100–103, 117, 118, 119, 141, 148, 157, 178, 180, 181, 190, 192, 193–194, 200, 211, 214, 220, 222–225, 226, 228
army 11–28, 29, 54, 57, 61, 69, 70, 71, 102, 103, 115, 189, 192, 200, 204, 207–208, 211, 224
Revolution, March 180, 181, 182, 185, 193, 194
Revolution, November 192
see also Bolsheviks
Ruthenians 225
Samoa 95
Sarajevo 10
Sarikamish, Battle of 101, 103
Saxony 19, 34, 122, 182
Scapa Flow 105
Scheidemann, Philipp 176
Schiller, Friedrich 159
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang 216
Schlieffen, Alfred von 20–23, 26, 28, 31, 32, 53, 54, 61, 98, 204
Schlieffen Plan 21, 23–24, 26, 28, 29–31, 55, 74, 84, 105, 161, 203, 204, 218, 243
Schmoller, Gustav von 157
schools 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 17, 51, 90, 91, 120, 125, 142, 143–145, 158, 163, 188, 232, 235
Schopenhauer, Arthur 161
Schutztruppe 97
Schwäbisch Hall 143
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 4
Schweinemord see “pig massacre”
Schwerin 233
Scotland 105
Second World War 3, 85, 90, 91, 94, 103, 117, 119, 237, 238
Sedan, Battle of 29
“September memorandum” 63
Serbia 10, 13, 55, 60, 84, 100, 213, 225
Shakespeare, William 160
shop stewards 181
Siegfried 233
Siegfried Line see Hindenburg Line
Siegfrieden 64
Siemens 1, 131
Silesia 6
Skagerrak see Jutland, Battle of
Smuts, Jan 98
social Darwinism 75
Social Democratic Party 7–8, 11, 14, 16, 36, 62–63, 65, 74, 75, 81, 94, 108, 122, 137, 146, 154, 174, 176–178, 180, 181, 182, 185, 186, 214, 217, 230, 232, 234, 235, 237
“Centrist” faction 178, 182
“Radical” faction 178
Social Democratic Working Group 181
Socialist International 176, 178
Sombart, Werner 158
Somme, river 58, 206
Somme, Battle of the 71, 72, 77, 198, 200, 215
Sonderweg 3
South Africa, Union of 96, 98
army 96
South Slavs 10
Southwest Africa 96, 97, 98
Soviet Union 117, 202
soviets 180, 181
Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft see Social Democratic Working Group
Spain 98
Spartacus Letters 178
SPD see Social Democratic Party
Speyer 143
“spirit of 1914” 13, 14, 15–18, 36, 44, 47, 113, 157, 217
St. Petersburg 18
see also Petrograd
“stab in the back” 216–217, 233, 235, 237–238
Stein, Hermann von 80
Stevenson, David 195
Stinnes, Hugo 40, 87
“storm-troop” tactics 198
Stramm, August 161, 162
Strassburg (Strasbourg) 119
strategic bombing 120
Strauss, Richard 161
strike, military 211
strikes, industrial 79, 133, 172, 179, 184, 225
June 1916 179
April 1917 181, 208, 215
January 1918 183, 190, 208, 215, 236
Stuttgart 179, 182
submarine 53, 65, 67, 77, 107–109, 186, 193, 194, 200, 218
Sudan 102
Suez Canal 101
suffrage, debates on 5, 7, 63, 136, 189
see also Prussia
Sultan 100
Supreme Command of the Army 51, 71–73, 75, 77–78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 109, 110, 185, 186, 187, 189, 194, 196, 213
Supreme War Office (Kriegsamt) 80, 81, 82, 83
Switzerland 29, 48, 58, 86, 178, 183, 192
Syria 103
tanks 198, 203, 209, 212
Tannenberg, Battle of 28, 51, 75, 235
Tarnow 57
Teutonic Knights 235
Texas 195
Third Reich see National Socialism
Thuringia 33
Thyssen, August 39
Tigris, river 101
Tilly, Count of 99
Tirpitz, Alfred von 54, 65, 105, 107, 188
“To the cultured world” (An die Kulturwelt) 156
Togo 96
Tolstoy, Leo 160
Tönnies, Ferdinand 15
total war 66, 75, 78, 83, 110, 111
Tourcoing 87
trade unions 7, 16, 79, 137, 154, 155, 176, 177, 214
see also labor movement
Trafalgar 108
Trakl, Georg 162
Treaty of Versailles 230, 232
Troeltsch, Ernst 216
Tsingtao 95
Tunisia 102
Turkey 53, 60, 94, 95, 99–101, 102–104, 196
army 196
Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens) 1
Ukraine 84, 190, 195
United States 1, 2, 41, 65, 67, 89, 102, 104, 107–110, 185, 196, 213, 228
; army 192, 196, 202, 209
entry into war 93, 192, 193, 194, 195, 228
navy 109
Universal Film Company (UFA) 160
universities 2, 6, 13, 15, 84, 90, 92, 115, 119, 122, 133, 149, 150, 157, 158, 162
USPD see Independent Social Democratic Party
“Variations for Orchestra” (Max Reger) 161
Vatican 151
Vauban 68
Verdun 20
Verdun, Battle of 68–71, 77, 162, 200, 215, 218
Versailles, Treaty of 234
Vienna 11, 93, 183, 194, 224
Volksbund für Freiheit und Vaterland see People’s League for Freedom and Peace
voluntary associations (Vereine) 154, 177
von der Goltz, Colmar 101
Vorwärts 177
Vosges Mountains 119
Wagner, Richard 159, 161
Wall Street 125, 231
War (Georg Heym) 161
war aims, German 3, 50, 63, 94, 149, 156, 175, 176, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 193, 195, 212, 227, 239, 241
war bonds 125–128, 133, 144
War Committee for German Industry 38
War Food Office 44
War Materials Corporations 37–40, 87–88, 129
War Chemicals Corporation 38
War Corporation for Sauerkraut 44
War Coal, Inc. 39
War Metals, Inc. 38
War Materials Section see Ministry of War, War Materials Section
war neuroses 116
war pedagogy 142
War Press Office 50
war theology 149
war youth 236
Warsaw 57, 92
Watson, Alexander 84
Wesel 130
Westphalia 6, 50, 135
Wilhelmshaven 207
William II 2, 5, 14, 15, 19, 33, 54, 62, 65, 76, 80, 87, 109, 186, 187, 213, 235
Wilson, Woodrow 213
Windelband, Wilhelm 157
Winter, Jay 220, 233
Wolff’s Telegraphisches Büro (WTB) 48
Women’s League for Peace and Freedom 175
workers’ councils 181
see also soviets
Wundt, Wilhelm 157
Württemberg 6, 19, 34, 143
Yiddish 91
Ypres 29, 113, 206
zemstvos 224
Ziemann, Benjamin 212
Zimmermann telegram 195
Zimmermann, Arthur 195
Zionism 152
Zuber, Terrence 243
Zuckmayer, Carl 14
Zurich 162