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Hispanidad, 325
Hispaniola, 9–12, 12n, 14, 23, 25–26, 27, 32
Historia de la Nueva México (Villagrá), 66, 69
Historia de las Indias (Las Casas), 30
Historia general y natural de las Indias (Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés), 31, 35n
History of the Conquest of Mexico (Prescott), 210
The History of White People (Painter), 5
home ownership, barriers to, 369–370
Homestead Act (1862), 248, 250
homesteading, 238
Honduras, 175
Hoover, J. Edgar, 339
Hopi people, 62, 63
Hopkins, Harry L., 339
horses, use by Apache people, 72
Houma people, 117
Housing Act (1949), 369
Housing Act (1954), 369
housing discrimination, 369–370
Houston, Sam, 192, 201, 204
Huerta, Dolores, 376
Huerta, Victoriano, 292–293, 295
Huexotzinca people, 21
Hughes, Langston, 297
Huguenots, 40, 92, 94
Huiluc language, 137
Hull, Cordell, 355
Humboldt, Alexander von, 153, 180
Huntington, Archer Milton, 323–324
Huntington, Samuel, 430, 432
I Love Lucy (TV show), 399
Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne d’, 93, 94
ICE (U.S. Immigration and Custom Enforcement), 415
Ickes, Harold L., 334
La idea de América (Abellán), 2
Idols Behind Altars (Brenner), 321
Illinois, 178
immigration
20th century, 305, 307–309
20th century Spanish immigrants, 324–326
21st century, 407–413
assimilation, 312–314, 397
being “white” in America, 5–7
children as refugees, 410
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 305
of Cubans, 384–385
current trends and statistics, 413
deportation of unauthorized immigrants, 411–412
diseases brought by immigrants, 328
Immigration Act (1917), 307, 308
Immigration Act (1924), 325
Johnson-Reed Act (1924), 309
Marielitos, 388
prejudice in 20th century, 305
SB 1070 (Arizona), 418
Temporary Protected Status (TPS), 412
“unaccompanied alien children,” 410
undocumented migrants, 407–410, 412–413, 418
Immigration Act (1917), 307, 308
Immigration Act (1924), 325
Imperial Valley (California), 304, 307–308
In re Rodriguez (1897), 235
Inca empire, 23
Indiana, 178
indigenous people
of Arizona, 62
beliefs and practices, 24–25
brutality against, 25–27
of California, 137–139
of Cuba, 16
evangelization and conversion of in Florida, 52–58
of Florida, 15, 42, 89
French and, 94
of Hispaniola, 10, 11–12, 12n
Indian women “given” to Spaniards, 47–48
infectious diseases, 22, 72, 85, 88, 95
Las Casas and, 26–30
métis, 94
of Mexico, 18, 19
New Laws of the Indies (1542), 28
of New Mexico, 61–62
religious conversion of, 10–11
of Texas, 183
treatment in missions, 139–140
Upper Louisian territory, 126
uprisings and rebellions, 56–57, 63, 64, 73–74
indigo, 114
infectious diseases
immigrants and, 328
indigenous people, 22, 72, 85, 88, 95
in missions, 140–141
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (2004), 415
Inter Caetera (papal bull, 1493), 10–11
Internal Provinces, New Spain, 109
Iphigenia (ship), 131
Iroquois people, 94
irrigation, California, 303–304
Isabel (Queen of Spain), 9, 16–17
Isla de Quadra y Vancouver (British Columbia), 133
Isthmus of Panama, 280
Iturbide, Agustín de, 176, 177, 189
Iturrigaray, José de, 157
Jackson (Mississippi), 112
Jackson, Andrew, 167–173, 200, 202–203, 204, 218, 224
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 255–256
Jacksonville (Florida), 40
Jamaica, 150
James I (King of England), 83, 84, 88
Jamestown (Virginia), 85
Japanese immigration, 307
Jay, John, 7, 119, 120
Jayme, Luis, 139
Jeaga people, 48
Jefferson, Thomas, 116, 118, 121, 151, 152–153, 155, 161, 180–181, 260
Jemez people, 74, 75
Jenkins, Robert, 103
Jesuits, 52, 55, 79, 94, 111, 135
jíbaros, 277
Jimenes, Juan Isidro, 329
Jiménez, Fortún, 76–77
Jiménez de Cisneros, Francisco (Cardinal), 27
Joara (Joada, North Carolina), 49–50
Johnson, Francis W., 193
Johnson, Lyndon, 363, 375, 381
Johnson-Reed Act (1924), 309
Johnstone, George, 112–113
Jones-Shafroth Act (1917), 278, 279
Jordan, Beth, 428
Jornada del Muerto (Dead Man’s Journey), 66
José, Nicolas, 140
Juana (island), 16
Juanillo (Don Francisco’s son), 56
Juárez, Benito, 244–245, 247
Juderías, Julián, 313
Julpun language, 137
Jumano people, 98
junta suprema central, 156
juntas, 156
Kaine, Tim, 403
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 238
Karankawa people, 93
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 210, 227
Kemper brothers, 155, 164
Kendrick, John, 131
Kennedy, John F., 374–375, 380, 381
Kentucky territory, 124, 125
Keres people, 67, 74
Keresan people, 61–62
Kidder, Federick, 344
Kindelán, Sebastián, 163
Kino, Eusebio, 79, 134, 436
kivas, 62
Know-Nothing party, 234
Knox, Henry, 151
Knox, William, 284
Kofoed, Jack, 386
Kumeyaay people, 136, 139
La Alianza, 378
La Bahia (presidio), 195
La Bahía del Espíritu Santo (presidio), 164
La Isabela (colony on Hispaniola), 10
La Louisiane, 93
La Navidad (colony on Hispaniola), 10
La Nouvelle-Orléans, 97
La Paz (Baja California), 77
La Purísima (mission), 187
La Salle (René-Robert Cavalier, Sieur de La Salle), 92–93, 94
La Villa Real de la Santa Fé (New Mexico), 69
Lake Charles (Texas), 154
Lake Pontchartrain (Louisiana), 156
land grants, 227–229, 232–237, 251–252, 378
language, Hispanic identity and, 4
Lapérouse, Count of (Jean-François Galaup), 140
l’Archeveque, Jean, 93, 98, 99
Laredo (Texas), 436
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 14, 25–30, 52
Las Casas, Pedro, 25
Las Cruces (New Mexico), 225
Las Gorras Blancas, 252
Latin America
race in, 5
use of term, 3
Latino/a, use of term, 3–4, 395–396
The Latino Disconnect: Latinos in the Age of Media Mergers, 400
Latino/Hispanic, as ethnic category, 396
Latinx, use of term, 3–4
Latour, Jean Marie, 248
Laudonnière, René Goulaine de, 41, 43–44, 46
le Blond de la Tour, Pierre, 143
Le Moyne, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, 94, 97
le Moyne de Morgues, Jacques, 46
Le Moyne Iberville, Pierre, 93, 94
Leahy, William D., 336–337, 338
Lebrón, Dolores “Lolita,” 342, 343
Leclerc, Charles, 152
legend of Cíbola, 59
Léon, Alejandro Tomás de, 91
Lerdo Law (1856), 289
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 280
Letters from an American Farmer (Crèvecoeur), 7, 180
Lewis, Meriwether, 153
Ley Lerdo (1856), 289
leyenda negra (“Black Legend”), 28–29, 180, 313
Las Leyes Nuevas (1542), 25
Leyva de Bonilla, Francisco, 65, 66
Limits, Treaty of (1821), 186
Lincoln, Abraham, 217, 246, 248
The Line of the Sun (Ortiz Cofer), 328
Lipan Apache people, 135, 183
Lipan people, 62
Little Bighorn, Battle of, 249
Little Osage people, 126
Little War (Cuba), 264
Loaiza, Juana, 236
Locke, John, 86
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 269
London, Treaty of (1604), 83
Lone Star (Sayles), 424–425
Long, James, 183
Longoria, Eva, 400
Longoria, Felix Z., 360
Lopez, Jennifer, 401
López, Narciso, 239, 240
López de Haro, Gonzalo, 130
López Mateos, Adolfo, 380
López Rivera, Oscar, 345
López Tijerina, Reies (“King Tiger”), 378–379
Los Angeles (California), 141, 230, 347–358
Los Angeles pueblo, 138
Louis XIV (King of France), 93
Louisiana, 37, 42, 93, 94, 96, 108, 111, 147–148, 150, 152, 178
Louisiana Purchase, 178
Louisiana territory, 108, 152, 153, 207
Lower Creek people, 96, 115
Lower Louisiana, 144, 146
LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens), 358, 361, 363, 373
Lummis, Charles, 253, 257
Luna y Arellano, Tristán de, 37, 61
Mabila (Alabama), 36
Maceo, Antonio, 266, 268
MacGregor, Gregor, 171
Los Macheteros (Puerto Rico), 345
Madero, Francisco, 290–292
Madison, James, 151, 153, 155, 160, 161, 164
Madrid, Treaty of (1670), 89
Magee, Augustus, 164
Maine (state), 85, 178
Maine (warship), 269, 270, 283
Malhado (Island of Doom, Texas), 34
Malintzin (also known as Marina or La Malinche) (female slave), 18
mambo music, 331
Mangoon, Charles, 274
Manila, 108
Manila Bay, Battle of, 271
Manrique de Rojas, Hernando, 43
manumission, 148
maps
of New Mexico and California, 141–142
U.S.-Mexico border, 216, 222–225, 249–250, 424
maquiladoras, 405
Marc Anthony (superstar), 401
Marcantonio, Vito, 337
Marcos de Niza (father), 59, 60–61
Marcus, Stanley, 314–315
Marcy, William, 241
María de Ágreda (“Blue Lady”), 71
María Theresa (Holy Roman Empress), 95
Marichal, Juan, 368
Marielitos, 388
Marín, Rafael Angel, 328
Maroon Wars, 150
Marquette, Jacques, 94
Martí, José, 255, 263, 264–265, 268, 270–271
Martin, Ricky, 401
Martínez, Antonio, 184
Martínez, Esteban José, 130, 131, 132
Martínez, Julián, 436
Martínez, Pedro, 368
Martinique, 92, 108
Martyr, Peter, 31, 35n
Marx, Karl, 245
Maryland colony, 88
Mason, Richard Barnes, 227
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 88
Matagorda Bay (Texas), 93
Matanzas Inlet (Florida), 45
Mathews, George, 161, 162, 163
Maximilian I (Emperor of Mexico), 245–247
Maxwell, Lucien, 251
Maxwell land grant, 251
Maxwell Land Grant and Railway Company, 251–252
Mayan people, 22
Mayflower (ship), 87
McCarran-Walter Act (1952), 362
McCulley, Johnston, 350
McDowell, William O., 266
McKee, John, 161, 162
McKinley, William, 269, 270, 283
McKinney v. Saviego (1856), 232–234
McWilliams, Carey, 6, 315, 358
Meares, John, 131, 132
measles, 88
media
“Hispanicness,” 397–398
Hispanics in, 400
Médici, Catherine de, 40
Medine, Battle of (1813), 165
Meigs, Montgomery C., 257
Mejía, José Antonio, 195
Memoria (Escalante), 48
Méndez, José, 367
Mendez, Sylvia, 372–373
Méndez de Canzo, Gonzalo, 57
Mendez v. Westminster (1947)’, 372
Mendoza, Antonio de, 59, 61
Menéndez, Francisco, 102, 103
Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, 44–45, 46–51, 52, 53, 54, 59
Menéndez Márquez, Pedro, 51
Mesilla (New Mexico), 242
mestizaje, 5, 11, 48, 85, 352
mestizos, 11, 48, 73, 234
métis, 94
Mexía, José Antonio, 195
Mexica people, 18, 19
Mexican American War, 208–215
Mexican Americans
Chicano activism, 376–378
discrimination, 355
Mexican Empire, 176–177
Mexican food, 398
Mexican labor, 362–363, 375–376
Mexican Revolution, 288–301
Mexicanization, 247–248, 252
Mexicans
Chicanos used as term, 376
stereotypes of, 233, 234
undocumented migrants, 407–410, 412–413, 418
“wetbacks,” 370
Mexico, 175, 433
19th century, 176–177, 190–192
20th century, 353–356
Anglo immigration to, 191, 196
attempts to buy parts of, 240–242
biological exchange, 20–21
“bracero” program, 363
Cinco de Mayo celebrations, 398–399
Coronado, 64
Cortés, 19–20
creation of nation, 175–176
Decena Trágica, 293
Declaration of Independence, 175, 184
drug cartels, 409, 413–416
early 20th century, 289–303
European intervention in 1860’s, 244–248
Gadsden Purchase, 224–225
indigenous people, 18, 19
Ley Lerdo (1856), 289
map of mission sites, xii
maquiladoras, 405
Maximilian I, 245–247
mestizaje, 5
Mexican American War, 208–215
Mexican Revolution, 288–301
Mexicanization, 247–248, 252
modern economy, 389
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 405–407
Napoleon III, 245
Oñate, 65–69
Operation Wetback, 363–364
Plan de Ayala, 292, 296
Plan de Guadalupe, 293
Plan de San Diego, 297, 298, 301
Plan of Casa Mata, 177
Plan of Cuernavaca, 193
Plan of Iguala, 176<
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Plan of Veracruz, 177
population of, 22n
Portiriato period, 289
Protocol of Querétaro, 232
race in, 5
railroads in, 224
recognition of Texas, 204–205
Reform War, 244
religion conversion in, 64–65
Seven Cities of Cíbola, 59–60
silver, 27, 64, 65, 93, 166
slavery in, 189, 191
smuggling at U.S. border, 305–306
trade with Texas, 237
U.S.-Mexico border, 216, 222–223, 249–250, 305–306, 416, 424
Velázquez de Cuéllar, 21
Mexico City, 88, 219
Miami (Didion), 391
Miami (Florida), 382–401, 420
Michoacán, 64
Mier y Terán, Manuel de, 182, 190
Miera y Pacheco, Bernardo, 141
Miller, Jeff, 434
Millier, Arthur, 349
Minorca, 114, 120
Miñoso, Orestes “Minnie,” 368
Miquelon (island), 108
Mirande, Guadalupe, 251
Miró, Esteban, 124, 126, 127, 149
missionaries and missions, 24
in Arizona, 79, 79n
in California, 79, 135–136, 138–140
in Florida, 54–57, 88, 90
infectious diseases in missions, 140–141
late 1800’s, 252–257
mission life, 56, 70
in New Mexico, 70–72, 80
in South Carolina, 54–55
in Texas, xii, 98
treatment of indigenous people, 139–140
typical mission, 56
Mississippi, 36, 42, 178
Mississippi River, 30, 36, 37, 92–93, 94, 97, 112, 120, 122–123, 125–126
Mississippi Territory, 151
Missouri, 125, 153, 178
Missouri people, 126
Mitchell, Erwin, 428
Miwok people, 78, 187
Mix, L.W., 296
Mixtón War (1541–43), 64
Mobile (Alabama), 112, 118, 168
Mocama people, 56
Mocoso people, 36
Moñino y Redondo, José, 119–120
Monroe, James, 164, 173, 178, 179
Monroe Doctrine, 280, 281
Montalvo, Garci Rodríguez de, 77
Monterey (California), 78, 135, 136
Montesinos, Antonio de, 25–26, 32, 33
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, 111
Montiano, Manuel de, 102, 104
Moore, James, 95
Moors, Portuguese slave trade and, 27
Mora, G. Cristina, 396–397
Morales, Vicente, 357
Morgan, George, 127
Morganton (North Carolina), 50
Morrison, Toni, 431
Mose Creek, 105
Moteuczoma (Aztec ruler), 18, 21, 66
Mound Key (Florida), 46
Mowachaht people, 129
“Mr. Polk’s War,” 212
Mucareli, Antonio María de, 130
Mundus Novus (Vespucci), 12
Muñoz Marín, Luis, 327, 337–338, 341, 342, 343
Muñoz Rivera, Luis, 275, 278, 337
muralists, 352
music
crossover factor, 400
Cuban music, 329–332
Puerto Rican music, 331–332