El Norte
Page 74
Santa Clara de Tupiqui (mission), 56
Santa Elena (South Carolina), 13–14, 37, 38, 49, 50, 51–52, 54, 84, 89, 94
Santa Fe (New Mexico), 69, 70, 79
Santa Fé de Toloca (mission), 96
Santa Fe Ring, 250, 251, 281, 282
Santa Inés (mission), 187
Santa María de Galve (Florida), 94
Santísimo Nombre de María (mission), 95
Santo Domingo, 23, 92, 175
Santo Domingo de Asao (mission), 57
Santo Domingo de Talaje (mission), 100
Santo Domingo pueblo, 67, 69, 74
Saturiwa chiefdom, 51
Sayles, Joh, 424
SB 1070 (Arizona), 418
Scarface (film), 388
Schuchard, Carl, 221
Scott, Mary Means, 299
Scott, Winfield, 212
Seals, Woodrow, 374
Second World War, 355, 358, 362
Secularization Act (1833), 187
Secure Border Initiative (2005), 415
Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act (2007), 408
Secure Fence Act (2006), 416
security fence. See United States-Mexico security fence
Segovia, Josefa, 236
segregation
in baseball, 366–367
in Florida, 265–266, 310–311, 385
in Miami, 385
in Southwest, 360–362
Seguín, Juan, 198, 202, 219
Selective Service Act (1917), 279
Selena (musician), 400–401
Seloy chiefdom, 51
Seminole people, 115, 170
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 29–30
Las Sergas de Esplandián (Montalvo), 77
Seri people, 62
Serra, Junípero, 135
Seven Cities of Antilia, 59
Seven Cities of Cíbola, 59–60
Seven Years’ War, 107–108, 117
Sevier, John, 125
Shafer, Emmy, 393–394
Shakira (superstar), 401
Shaler, William, 164, 239
Shawnee people, 126
shipwrecks, 40
siege of the Alamo, 198–200
Las Siete Partidas, 148–149
Silencing the Past (Trouillot), 5
silver, 27, 64, 65, 77, 82, 93, 166
Siqueiros, David, 349
situado, 50, 144–145
“A Sketch of the Contrast Between the Spanish and the English Colonies” (Crèvecoeur), 180
slave codes, 148
slave trade, 89–90, 96
slavery
admission of states to U.S. and, 178
of Amerindians, 76
in California, 230–231
definition of, 90
French Revolution and, 147
in Georgia, 102, 104
Jefferson on, 121
in Louisiana, 147–148
manumission, 148
in Mexico, 189, 191
in New Mexico, 242
runaway slaves, 100, 102, 103, 115, 121
slaves buying their freedom, 148
in South Carolina, 102
in Spanish empire, 106–107
in Texas, 189, 190, 193, 194
slaves, buying their freedom, 148
Sleep Lagoon case, 356
Slidell, John, 207
smallpox, 22, 88, 95
Smith, Adam, 110–111
Smith, John, 85, 86, 87
Sobaipuri people, 62
social Darwinism, 234
Social LIfe in Cameron, Starr, and Zapata Counties (González), 312
Sociedad La Unión Martí-Maceo, 310
Socorro Peña, Juan, 386
Socorro pueblo, 67
Solís de Merás, Gonzalo, 46–47
Sonoran Desert border crossings, 416, 417
Sonthonax, Léger-Félicité, 147
Sorolla y Bastida, Joaquín, 323
Sotomayor, Sonia, 404
South America, colonization, 23–24
South Carolina, 32, 36, 40–43, 51, 53–54, 102, 105, 113
Southeastern United States, Spanish roots, 318–319
Southern Tewa pueblos, 75
Southern Tiwa people, 75
Southwest
19th century, 163–164
challenges to school systems, 371–373
map of mission sites, xii
segregation in, 360–362
statehood, 281–287
Sunbelt growth, 370
Southwest Voter Registration Education Project, 403
Spain
19th century, 156–161, 165–167, 175
after American Revolution, 121
conflict with English, 86–87, 89, 91–92, 96–97
Constitución política de la Monarquía Española, 165
Continental Army and, 116
Cuban independence, 261–270
Napoleon and, 156–157
Peninsular War, 166
Seven Years’ War, 107–108, 117
Las Siete Partidas, 148–149
Spanish American War, 271–272, 283
Trienio Liberal, 175
viceroyalties, 158, 158n
War of Spanish Succession, 95, 103, 104, 108
Spanish American War, 271–272, 283
The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old FLorida and the Southwest (Bolton), 319–320
Spanish culture
baseball, 266–268, 364–368
Cuban music, 329–332
in Los Angeles, 347–358
in New York City, 323–346
in Southeastern U.S., 318–319
in Western U.S., 316–317
Spanish empire
Bourbon reforms, 109
California, 134–140
commerce, 109–111
dissolution of, 175
immigration to, 106–107
Indian women “given” to Spaniards, 47–48
Russia and, 130
slavery in, 106–107
sphere of influence in New World, 3
trade routes, 40
trade with Native Americans, 109–110
Treaty of Paris and, 119–121
See also Florida; Mexico
Spanish explorers/exploration
in Arizona, 79
Canada, 127–133
ethnic identity of, 11
in New Mexico, 61–63
in Texas, 94–95, 97, 99
in Virginia, 84
“Spanish” Harlem, 327
Spanish language, Hispanic identity and speaking Spanish, 4–5, 6
The Spanish Pioneers and the California Missions (Lummis), 253
Spanish Revival architecture, 315
Spanish-speaking people, in the U.S., 323–329, 393
The Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 111
The Squatter and the Don (Ruiz de Burton), 255
“squatter” migrants, 227–228
St. Augustine (Florida), 45, 49, 51, 55, 78, 83, 86, 88, 91, 95, 101, 102, 105, 113, 179, 261
St. Catherines Island, 43–44
St. Croix (island), 29
St. John (island), 29
St. Johns River (Florida), 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 101, 102–103, 113
St. Kitts, 87
St. Lawrence River, 92, 107
St. Louis (Missouri), 126
St. Marys River, 119
St. Patrick’s Battalion, 211
St. Pierre (island), 108
St. Simons Island (Georgia), 101, 104
St. Thomas (island), 279
St. Vincent (island), 108
Stamp Act (1765), 115
stereotypes, ethnicity and, 6
Sterling, Christine, 347–349
Strand, Paul, 351
The Stricken Land (Tugwell), 338
Stuart Town (Stuart’s Town) (South Carolina), 91
Sugar Act (1764), 115
sugar industry, Cuba, 266, 268, 269, 385
suplentes, 158
Tacatacuru chiefdom, 55
Taft, William Howard, 274, 286, 291, 292
Taino people, 12n
Tallahassee (Florida), 58
Tallmadge, James, 178
Tampa (Florida), 52, 264, 264n, 265, 310, 311, 327
Tampa Bay (Florida), 36
Tampa Resolutions, 265
Tanner, Henry S, 223
Tanoan people, 61
Taos (New Mexico), 210
Taos people, 72, 74, 75
Tarahumara people, 62
Taylor, John W., 178
Taylor, Zachary, 174, 207, 208, 239
Tejano music, 400–401
tejanos, 165
Teller, Henry Moore, 270
Templo Mayor (Mexico), 23
Temporary Protected Status (TPS), 412
Ten Years’ War (Cuba), 261, 265, 266, 268
Tennessee, 42, 49, 204
Tenochtitlán (Mexico), 19–21, 22, 23
Tequesta people, 42, 46, 55
Tewa people, 61, 74, 75
Texas, 34, 225, 236
19th century, 182–186, 195–202
19th century uprisings, 164–165
Alamo, 98, 198–200, 313–314
Anglo settlers in, 189
Anglos in, 185–186
annexation to the U.S., 202
border skirmishes with Mexico (20th century), 302–303
Canary Islanders, 99
Chicano activism, 378
Civil War and, 242, 243
colonial period, 97–98
education in, 392–393
education lawsuits, 373
independence of, 201–202
indigenous people, 183
land claims, 250
land grants, 232–237
map of mission sites, xii
missions in, xii, 98
origin of name, 95
population of, 183
recognition by Mexico, 204–205
religious conversion of indigenous population, 99
slavery in, 189, 190, 193, 194
Spanish settlement of, 94–95, 97, 99
statehood, 192, 204
Tejano music, 400–401
trade with Mexico, 237
Treaty of Annexation (1844), 205
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), 222, 227, 232, 233, 235, 372, 380
vigilante justice, 236
Texas Land Company, 200
Texas Western Railroad Company, 221
Texcoco people, 64
Texians, 187, 193, 196, 201
textbooks, Texas, 392–393
Teypana pueblo, 67
“the Turk” (Indian), 63
Thoreau, Henry David, 214
Tiguex War, 63
Tijuana (Mexico), 306
Tilden, Samuel, 247
Timucua pueblo, 90
Timucua uprising (1656), 89
Timucuan people, 41, 42, 44, 46, 50, 51, 55, 88, 115
Tiwa people, 75
Tiwa pueblos, 63, 65
Tlaxcala people, 21
Tlaxcalan people, 64
Tlaxcalteca people, 19, 20, 21, 22
tobacco, English exploration and, 86
Tobago, 108
Tocobaga people, 33, 35, 42, 48
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 183
Tohono O’odham people, 62, 79, 224
Tompiro people, 74, 75
Tonyn, Patrick, 114
Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494), 11
Torresola, Griselio, 341
Totonac people, 18, 19
Totonead (one of the Seven Cities of Zuni), 60
Towa people, 61
Townshend Acts (1767), 115
Toypurina (Native woman), 140
trade routes, Spanish empire, 40
A Tramp Across the Continent (Lummis), 253
Transcontinental Treaty (1819), 174
Travis, William Barret, 197
Treviño, Juan Francisco, 73
Trienio Liberal, 175
Trist, Nicholas, 216
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 5
Trujillo Molina, Rafael Leónidas, 329
Truman, Harry S., 341m, 342
Trump, Donald, 402–403, 405, 412, 415, 421, 423
Tucson (Arizona), 370, 392, 435
Tugwell, Rexford, 338–339
Tupelo people, 36
Turnbull, Andrew, 114
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 258, 319
Tuscaluza (chief), 36
Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 86
Tydings, Millard, 334
Tyler, John, 205
Ugly Betty (TV show), 400
Ulloa, Antonio de, 126, 144, 145, 149
Ulloa, Francisco de, 77
“unaccompanied alien children” (immigration), 410
undocumented migrants, 407–410, 412–413, 418
Unión de Puerto Rico, 278
Unisumne language, 137
United Provinces of Central America, 175
United Provinces of Río de la Plata, 175
United States
American exceptionalism, 2
anti-imperialists, 273
being “American,” 6–7
being “white,” 7
Border Patrol, 309, 414
census and ethnicity for Hispanics, 396
citizenship, 6–7, 233, 236
Cuban immigration, 390–391
English as official language, 4–5
“foreignness” and citizenship, 6–7
Gadsden Purchase, 224–225
immigration (20th century), 307–309
inequalities for Hispanic people, 369–381
as Latin American country, 3
Mexican imports, 305–306
Mexican labor, 362–363, 375–376
Mexican unrest (early 20th century), 292–296
Mexican workers, 307–308
Mexico-U.S. border, 216, 222–223, 249–250, 305–306
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 405–407
number of Spanish speakers, 4, 4n
race in, 5
Reconstruction, 248
Spanish American War, 271–272, 283
Spanish-speaking people, 323–329, 393
United States-Mexico security fence, 1, 417
United States of Mexico, 177
Universalis Cosmographia (map), 12
Univision (TV network), 397
Unzaga, Luis, 146
Upper Creek people, 96, 97
Upper Louisiana, 125–128, 144
uprisings and rebellions
19th century, 249
Apache Wars, 249
Baton Route (1810), 162
Battle of Portobello (1739), 103
California in the 1700’s, 139
California in the 1800’s, 187
California missions, 139, 140
Chumash rebellion (1824), 187
Creek civil war (19th century), 167
First Seminole War (1817–18), 170–171
Grito de Dolores, 159
Guale uprising, 56–57
Haitian Revolution, 147, 148, 150
Maroon Wars, 150
Mixtón War (1541–43), 64
New Mexico in the 1800’s, 210
Patriot War, 162
Pueblo Revolt, 73–74
Red Stick War, 167–168
sea-based hostilities, 91–92
Texas 19th century uprisings, 164–165, 193
Tiguex War, 63
of Timucua (1656), 89
War of Jenkins’ Ear, 103
Westo-English settler wars, 91
Yamasee War (1715–17), 97
Upshur, Abel, 205
urban renewal, 369
Urban VIII (Pope), 70
U.S. Border Patrol, 309, 414
U.S. Capitol building, 257–258, 258n, 436
U.S. Census, ethnicity for Hispanics, 396
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), 415
U.S. Department of Homeland
Security, 415
U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 337
U.S. Immigration and Custom Enforcement (ICE), 415
U.S.-Mexico border, 424
maps of, 216, 222–225, 249–250
militarization, 416
moral reformers and, 306
smuggling at, 305–306
U.S. Virgin Islands, 279
Utah, 141, 226
Ute people, 62, 74, 98
Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 96, 117
Uzita people, 36
Vallafañe, Angel de, 38
Vallejo, Mariano, 210
Valverde, Battle of, 243
Valverde y Cosio, Antonio, 98
Vancouver, George, 133
vaquero, 139
Varela, Félix, 260–261
Vargas, Aurora, 366
Vargas, Diego de, 75, 80–81
Vega, Bernardo, 328
Velasco, Don Luis de (Paquiquineo), 37, 52–54
Velázquez de Cuéllar, Diego, 16–17, 19, 21, 26, 30
Venezuela, 175
Veracruz (Mexico), 19
Veramendi, Ùrsula, 185
Verrazzano, Giovanni da, 37
Vespucci, Amerigo, 12
Viamonte, Luis, 428–430
Victoria, Guadalupe, 182
Vieques (island), 340
vigilante justice, 236
Vilar, Irene, 342
Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 291, 295, 296, 298, 299, 300
Villagrá, Gaspar de Pérez, 66, 69
Villasur, Pedro de, 98, 99
Vimeur, Donatien-Marie-Joseph de (Vicomte de Rochambeau), 152
Vinckeboons, Joan, 134
Virgin Islands, 279
Virgin of Guadalupe, 25
Virginia territory, 52, 53, 84–87, 90
Vizcaíno, Sebastián, 78, 136
von Humboldt, Alexander, 153, 180
voting
discrimination and voting rights, 374–375
Hispanic voters, 403
voter registration, 403
Voting Rights Act (1965), 403
Waldeseemüller, Martin, 12
Walker, James, 199
Walker, William, 240
Walnut Springs (Texas), 202
War of 1812, 167–169
War of Independence (Cuba, 1895), 266, 268
War of Jenkins’ Ear, 103
War of Spanish Succession, 95–96, 103, 104, 108
War of the Quadruple Alliance, 98
Washington, George, 107
Watauga Association, 122
Waterman, Henry S., 357
Watts, J.H., 235
Watts, John Sebrie, 235
Wealth of Nations (Smith), 110–111
Weiss, Milton, 391
Welles, Sumner, 355
West, Charles, 333–334
West Florida, 112–113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 150–151, 155, 161, 173, 174
West Florida Republic, 155
West Side Story (musical), 369
Western United States
Civil War and, 242–243
Desert Land Act (1877), 250
early statehood years, 234–238
environmental recasting (20th century), 303–304
Homestead Act (1862), 248, 250
land grants, 250–252
map of mission sites, xii
railroads, 248–249