India After Gandhi Revised and Updated Edition

by Ramachandra Guha

  Indonesia xxvii, 5, 150, 155, 161, 441, 689–90, 770

  Indonesian Salim Group 690

  Indore 128, 519, 568, 577

  Indus River 171, 172

  Indus Valley civilization 115

  industrialization xxviii, 189, 190, 198, 200–13, 206, 218–21, 267, 285, 296, 328, 360, 374, 408, 455, 464–5, 503, 522, 529, 53i9, 552, 583–4, 616–17, 647, 650, 662

  state intervention 109, 202–9, 206, 213–15, 218–21, 418, 471, 503, 505, 616

  inequality216, 217, 218, 468, 584

  land access 200, 216–17 217, 218

  infant mortality 469, 669

  infanticide, female xxvii

  inflation 85, 205, 219, 413, 414, 503, 504, 533, 542, 547, 641

  Infosys 659, 660, 662

  inheritance rights 224–6, 229, 236

  Inner Line 169–70

  Inqilab (Urdu newspaper) 367

  Instrument of Accession 41, 42, 46–8, 53, 68

  Intelligence Bureau (India) 252, 310, 423–4, 588

  Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) 614

  International Institute of Strategic Studies 455

  International Monetary Fund 408

  Iran 133, 161, 369

  Iraq 161, 369

  Ireland 107, 428

  irrigation 12, 200, 206, 210, 215–16, 220, 286, 440, 464, 527, 535, 585, 607–8, 634, 666, 694, 724–5, 758

  iron 207, 208, 209, 671, 691, 692

  Isaac, Harold 153

  Ishaq, Wares 81

  Islam, Syed Nazrul 457

  Islam

  Ahmadiya sect 87

  fundamentalism 643, 645, 753

  Ismaili 60, 379

  Shia 60

  Sunni 60

  see also Muslims

  Islamabad 450, 452, 456, 457, 472, 656

  Ismail, Sir Mirza 55

  Ismay, Lord 31

  Israel 73, 162, 335, 450, 557, 591, 632, 655, 706

  It Is Your Vote (film) 280

  Ittihad-ul-Muslimeen 52

  Iyer, V. R. Krishna 286, 460, 487

  Jabalpur 322–3, 371

  Jackson, Glenda 492

  Jagannatha temple 640

  Jagdalpur 406

  Jagmohan 507–8, 509, 565

  Jain, Girilal 460

  Jains xxvii, 49, 225, 662

  Jaintias 258–9, 322, 426

  Jaipur 48

  Jaisalmer 48

  Jaleel, Muzamil 644

  Jalgaon 430

  Jallianwala Bagh 194, 502, 564

  Jama Masjid mosque, Delhi 255, 351, 369, 521

  Jamiat-ul-Ulema 21

  Jammu 59, 60, 61, 63, 68, 71, 243–4, 246–8, 250–1, 253, 254, 352, 395, 428, 527, 613, 715, 748, 765. see also Kashmir; Valley of Kashmir

  Jammu and Kashmir. see Kashmir

  Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly 242–3, 245, 247, 678

  Jammu and Kashmir Infantry 66

  Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) 612, 612, 613, 643

  Jamshedpur 263, 361, 371, 559

  Jan Morcha 592

  Jana Sangh 134, 136, 138–9, 193, 232, 247, 249, 251, 282, 303–4, 313–14, 321–2, 324, 326, 347, 350, 351, 388, 411, 416, 425–6, 429, 436–7, 444, 461, 474, 479, 481–3, 485, 490, 500, 505–6, 518, 522, 524, 535, 554, 559, 591, 605, 636, 637. see also Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

  Janata Dal 593–4, 619, 636, 651

  Janata Front 485, 496

  Janata (Peoples) Party 593, 607, 633, 635, 637, 660

  and the caste system 529–32, 559, 601–2, 604

  and the Constitution 537–8

  corruption of 536–7, 540

  and the 1977 general election 518–21, 522

  and the 1980 general election 559

  internal fighting 519, 534–6, 537, 543

  in power 522–5, 528–41, 542, 619

  and the West 523

  Jansen, G. H. 151

  Jantar Mantar observatory xxvi, 720

  Japan 5, 122, 204, 205, 267, 742

  Jatavs 374, 531–2, 735

  jatis xxvi–xxvii, 199

  Jats 182, 377, 425, 527, 535, 555, 557, 562, 567, 585, 601, 698–9, 738, 747–8

  Jayakar, Pupul 489

  Jayalalithaa, J. 609, 725, 744, 771

  Jayawardene, J. R. 589

  Jefferson, Thomas xxxiii, 154

  Jeffrey, Robin 13, 540, 751

  Jehanabad 698

  Jenkins, Sir Evan 32Jews 230, 320, 452, 557, 706

  ‘Jharkhand’ 114, 263, 264, 266, 273, 547–8, 635, 671, 691, 744

  Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 635

  Jharkhand Party (formerly Adibasi Mahasabha) 114, 136, 263–4

  Jhelum River 78, 171, 254

  Jhelum valley 66

  jihad, jehad 67, 82, 241, 449613, 643–4, 705

  Jinnah, Mohammad Ali 9, 16, 22, 25, 26–7, 28–9, 30, 31, 36, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 63, 67, 69, 70, 72, 79, 359, 361, 367, 756

  Jodhpur, Maharaja of 48–9

  Jodhpur 48, 91Jogeshwari 625

  Johnson, Lyndon (LBJ) 400, 407

  Joshi, P. C. 95–6

  Joshi, Prabhas 543

  Joshi, Sharad 585

  Joshi, Subhadra 235, 509

  JP (Bihar) movement 475–6, 479, 480, 481–2, 484, 490, 637

  judiciary xxviii, 100, 107, 431, 448, 470, 471, 495, 496, 513, 514, 515, 537, 686, 723, 728, 771, 778, 779 see also High Courts; Supreme Court

  Judt, Tony xxxi–xxxii

  Jullundur16, 85

  Junagadh 49–51, 60, 63, 70, 72–3

  jute 200

  JVP Committee 180

  Kachchh. See Rann of Kutch

  Kachwai, Hukum Chandra 388–9

  Kagal, Ayesha 555

  Kaira district 528

  Kairon, Pratap Singh 318–19,771

  Kajrolkar 144–5

  Kak, Ramchandra 61–3

  Kalahandi 585

  Kalidas 223

  Kalimpong 302–3

  Kamaraj, K. 295, 341, 385–6, 391, 402, 408, 411, 418

  Kamaraj Plan 341, 343

  Kamath, H. V. 106, 342

  Kamble, N. D. 377–8

  Kamma caste 425

  Kannada xxvii, 51, 117, 178, 180, 191, 501, 609

  Kannadigas 195, 197 754

  Kanpur 297, 378, 512

  Kao, R. N. 432, 451

  Kapoor, Yashpal 485, 488

  kar sevaks (volunteers) 606–7, 621–4, 680

  Karachi 16, 48, 49, 50, 56, 79, 363, 396, 397, 456

  Karaka, D. F. 140–1, 166, 223

  Karan Singh, Maharaja of Kashmir 78, 245, 247, 252–3, 396

  Karanth, Shivarama 502, 503

  Kargil 74

  Kargil war 655–8, 677, 759

  Karimnagar district 52

  Karimuddin, Kazi Syed 110–1

  Karnal 86, 214

  Karnataka 179–80, 486, 521, 533, 585, 601, 607–9, 624, 633, 636, 642, 657, 674, 709–10, 745, 777, 780

  Karpatri, Swami 228–9, 230–1, 411

  Karunanidhi, M. 418, 776

  Kashipur 672, 674

  Kashmir xxxii, 9, 20, 36, 50, 59–82, 75, 137, 155, 158, 160–1, 163, 167, 170, 171–2, 179, 232, 239–57, 258, 274, 300, 302, 305, 336, 341, 344–58, 362, 366, 380, 387, 393–7, 398, 400, 414, 471–2, 473–4, 475, 482, 509, 527, 543, 548, 565, 574–5, 588–9, 595, 609–12, 646, 652, 654–6, 677–9, 699–700, 715–16, 738, 748–50, 761, 764–6

  accession 63, 64, 68, 70, 79

  attempted peace settlement 1966 400

  elections 243, 409–10, 427–8, 446–7, 562, 588, 678–9, 699, 709–10, 748

  expense of the conflict 240

  independence 242–4, 249–50, 251–2, 254, 256, 394, 483

  and the Indo-Pakistani settlement (1972) 462–3

  land redistribution policies 77–8

  looting of 67–8

  Muslims and 239, 242–3, 245, 246–7, 255–6, 344, 356, 370, 380, 397, 527, 609–12, 642–5

  and Nehru’s death 387

  Pakistani invasion (1965) 394–7, 451


  Pakistani invasion (1971) 456

  right to self determination 428, 462

  separation from India 463

  standstill agreement 63

  state flag 244, 245, 246, 247, 248

  tourism 409, 645

  tribal invasion of 64–72, 244, 255

  and the United States 242, 249, 252

  see also Valley, the (vale of Kashmir)

  Kashmir State Army 66

  Kashmir University 610

  Kashmiri Pandits 432, 433, 613, 645

  Kathiawar 37, 42, 49, 50

  Kaul, General B. M. 307, 329, 331–2, 336, 342

  Kaul, T. N. 432

  Kauravas 83, 134, 314

  Kautilya 226

  Kayasth caste 485, 529

  Keishing, Rishang 271–2, 273

  Kejriwal, Arvind 721, 777

  Kennedy, Jacqueline 337

  Kennedy, John F. xxxiii, 337–9, 575, 660

  Kerala 142, 283–94, 322, 369, 459, 514, 575, 646, 649, 661, 668, 738, 745

  Communism in 283, 284–94, 336, 459, 481, 634, 635, 649

  Congress in elections 1952–67 416–17, 417, 419

  consumerism in 663–4

  general election 1967 416, 417, 418

  general elections 1977 521

  Muslims of 77, 283, 284, 398

  religious composition 283–4, 284

  rising living standards of 469–70

  women of 469

  Kerala Education Bill 291

  Kerala Socialist Party 46

  Kerala State Assembly 419

  Kerry, John 675

  Kesavan, Mukul 752

  Keynesian economics 218

  khadims (hereditary watchmen) 364–5

  Khaliquzzaman, Chaudhary 5, 360–1

  ‘Khalistan’ 13, 556, 557, 567, 587, 596, 647, 765

  Khalsa (Sikh brotherhood) 554, 647

  Khampas 299, 330

  Khan, A. Q. 654

  Khan, Abkar ‘General Tariq’ 65

  Khan, Aga 379–80

  Khan, Arif Mohammed 576–7

  Khan, General Ayub 352–34, 355–6, 357, 358, 395, 397, 400, 447, 472

  Khan, Ayub (of the Indian army) 398

  Khan, Liaqat Ali 65, 71, 79, 133, 171

  Khan, Mazhar Ali 461, 462

  Khan, Mian Iftikharuddin 65

  Khan, Mohammed Ahmed 575–6

  Khan, General Yahya 447–9, 451–3, 455–6, 458, 461–2

  Khan, Sir Zafrullah 72

  Khandekar, H. J. 113

  Khanna, H. R. 495

  Kharagpur 140

  Khasis 258, 322, 426

  Khem Karan 396

  Khilnani, Sunil xxix

  Khonomah 261, 264, 269

  Khrushchev, Nikita 160, 209, 285

  Kidwai, Rafi Ahmad 253

  King, Martin Luther 524

  King, Robert 180

  Kipling, Rudyard xxii, 397, 424, 546

  Kisan Majdoor Praja Party (KMPP) 130, 134

  Kishore Kumar 513

  Kissinger, Henry 156, 452–3, 455, 457–8

  Klerk, F. W. de 350

  Knowland, William F. 155

  Kodaikanal 394, 409, 427

  Koeris 425

  Kohima 267–8, 270, 343, 387, 472–3, 657

  Kolwada camp, Bombay 89

  Kongka Pass incident 310, 312

  Konkani xxvi, 178

  Koraput 585, 671

  Korbel, Josef 76, 79

  Korea 150, 155, 157, 160, 305, 340. see also North Korea; South Korea

  Kosygin, Alexei 400, 454

  Kottayam 142, 290

  Kripalani, Acharya 326

  Kripalani, J. B. 130, 134, 137–8, 235, 324, 326–7, 341, 393, 502–3, 522

  Kripalani, Sucheta 235

  krishak samiti 420

  Krishna 43

  Krishna Kumar xxx

  Krishna Menon, V. K. see Menon V.K. Krishna

  Krishnamachari, T. T. 119, 297

  Krishnamurti, B. V. 219–20

  Kukis 273, 646, 700, 766

  Kumaramangalam, Mohan 779

  Kumaramangalam, P. P. 152

  Kumarappa, J. C. 220

  Kumbh Mela 642

  Kunlun 317

  Kunwar Sena 698

  Kunzru, H. N. 190

  Kuomintang 96, 164, 412

  Kurmis 425, 527, 698

  Kurnool 186

  Kurukshetra 83–4, 134, 314, 349

  Labour government (British) 27, 31, 218

  Labour Party (British) 28, 432

  Ladakh 59–60, 74, 167, 170, 247, 300, 310, 314, 328, 330, 332–3, 352, 765

  Lahore 4, 10–11, 14, 16, 32–33, 69, 79, 86, 395–6, 459, 655, 743

  Laik Ali, Mir 53, 55

  Lajpat Rai, Lala 88, 201

  Lal Sena (Red Army) 162, 698

  Laldenga 403–4, 574

  Lamb, Alastair 67

  land reform 28, 101, 109, 200, 246, 336

  graded cut 86

  in Kerala 287, 289, 470

  laws 109, 216–17, 217, 218

  popular protest and 420–3

  standard acre 86–7

  Untouchables and 371, 372

  land revenue 44, 95, 200

  landlessness xxvii, 78, 216–7, 284, 287, 434, 443, 445, 470, 512, 696

  landlords 11–12, 47, 78, 95, 103, 109, 134, 136, 138, 152, 243, 246, 282, 289, 290–1, 373, 377, 378, 418, 420–4, 525, 547, 561, 604, 686, 697, 698

  absentee 200, 217, 287

  language xxi, xxiv, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii, 8, 19, 25, 102, 116–19, 127, 151, 171, 177–81, 182–97, 187, 364, 368, 371, 389–93, 414, 419, 443, 448, 473–4, 540, 550, 553, 558, 589, 646, 649, 660, 663, 731, 752, 753–6, 761–3, 767, 782

  see also linguistic provinces; specific languages

  Lashkar-i-Tobia 643, 705, 706

  Latifi, Danial 311

  Lattimore, Owen 312

  Lavoff, George 290

  law xxii, 15, 32, 95, 223–38, 319, 609, 644, 728, 758

  breakdown of the rule of 293, 413, 414–15, 421–2, 530, 595, 626, 682

  see also High Courts; judiciary; Supreme Court

  Laxman, R. K. 279, 546

  Lee, Jennie 504

  Left Democratic Front (LDF) 634

  Left Front 419, 526, 633, 689

  Leh 74, 655–6

  Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 135, 159, 165, 283, 290, 308, 316

  ‘Lenin worship’ 158, 159

  Leontief, Wassily 204

  leprosy 669

  Levin, Bernard 515–7

  Lhasa 169–70, 299, 302

  Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eeelam (LTTE) 589–90, 595, 614

  licence-permit-quota raj 615, 704

  Life Insurance Corporation of India 297

  Life (magazine) 401

  Lifton, Robert Jay 477

  Lincoln, Abraham 261

  linguistic communities/minorities xxii, 101, 104, 186, 755

  linguistic diversity xxvii, 178, 767

  linguistic provinces 51, 104, 177–81, 182–97, 187, 393, 712, 754. See also States Reorganization Commission (SRC)

  Link (journal) 327

  literacy xxix, 146, 199, 465, 468–9, 529, 612, 667, 668, 670–1, 686

  Lithuania 752

  local government. see Panchayati Raj

  Lodhs 425

  Lohia, Ram Manohar 174, 341, 443, 524, 762

  Lok Dal 601

  Lokpal Bill 721–4

  Lok Sabha 192, 234–5, 271, 388, 411, 416–7, 434–5, 437, 439, 446, 458, 464, 500, 518, 528, 534, 615, 637, 703–4, 711, 716, 725, 745–6, 776–7

  Lok Sangharsh Samiti (People’s Struggle Committee) 500–1

  London xxiii, xxvii, 30–1, 41, 45–6, 54, 149, 162–3, 260, 272, 289, 320, 232, 242, 287, 293–4, 406, 428, 432, 462, 526, 546, 551, 556, 742

  Longju 310

  Longowal, Sant Harcharan Singh 556, 563, 573, 587

  Lorik Sena 698

  lorries 10, 67, 391, 535

  Louis XIV, King of France 91

  lower castes xxii, xxvii,
104–6, 135, 199, 217, 226, 359, 372–3, 379, 419, 425, 443, 445, 466, 469, 530–1, 539, 541, 628, 630, 632, 649, 697, 699, 734, 735, 779

  and the Constitution 104, 112–14

  Sikhs 182

  see also specific castes

  Ludhiana 138

  Lungleh 404

  Lushais 260

  Lutgendorf, Philip 582

  Lutyens, Edwin 88

  Macaulay, Thomas Babington 224

  Maclean, Donald 133

  Macmillan, Harold 386

  Madan Lal 21

  Madhava Brahmins 580

  Madhok, Balraj 250

  Madhya Pradesh 142, 191, 208, 406, 416, 425, 450, 461, 467, 520, 525, 548, 620, 624, 642, 670–71, 674, 710, 731, 738, 779

  Madras xxi, xxiv, 6, 15, 28–9, 45, 51, 54–6, 76–7, 105, 110, 111, 113, 119, 125, 136, 145–6, 152, 162, 173, 178, 180, 183–5, 191, 200, 210–11, 251, 280, 295, 328, 339, 341–3, 352, 369, 371, 375, 378, 385, 391–2, 399, 416–8, 425, 427, 561, 593, 601, 612, 623, 626, 643, 660, 763

  Madras Assembly 183, 417–18

  Madras High Court 778

  Madras Journal 77

  madrasas 612, 643, 687

  Madurai 142, 343, 378

  Mahabharata 83, 102, 134, 433

  Mahabodhi Society 375

  Mahagujarat movement 181, 282

  Mahajan, Mehr Chand 63, 68, 70, 74

  Mahajan, Pramond 751

  Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra 203–5

  Mahalanobis Model of Planning 206–7, 218–20, 221

  Mahanadi River 210

  Mahanta, Prafulla 574

  Mahar caste 376

  Maharajas xxxi, 37, 39–40, 43–5, 46, 48, 50, 57, 145, 153, 284, 438–9, 470, 584

  see also princes

  Maharashtra state xxv–xxvi, 143, 177, 179–80, 186, 188–95, 282, 318, 326, 378, 425, 427, 430, 461, 479, 512, 527, 531, 559, 585, 601, 628, 633, 651–2, 673, 686, 689, 712, 719–20, 724–5, 746, 768

  Maharashtrians 18, 89, 98–9, 186, 188–90, 192–5, 318, 427, 641, 754, 776

  Mahmud of Ghazni 129

  Mahmud, Syed 359

  Mahratta region 188, 192

  Mahuta 66–7, 70

  Mainstream (journal) 498

  Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) 490, 494, 495, 500

  Maithili 117

  Maitland, F. W. xxxii, xxxiii

  Majlis Ittihad-ul-Musilmin 369

  Malabar 40, 181, 200, 286

  malaria 216

  Malayalam xxvii, 117, 178, 180, 191, 283, 292

  Malaysia 616

  Malda district 424

  Malhotra, Inder 499

  Malinowski, Bronislaw 432

  Malkani, K. R. 460, 498, 623

  malnutrition 584, 665

  Malraux, Andre´ 223

  Malthus, Thomas 412, 440, 510

  Manchester Guardian (newspaper) 90, 272

  Mandal, B. P. 530, 602

  Mandal Commission 602–5, 607, 618–20, 630, 641

  Mandela, Nelson 350

  Mandir Marg-Shankar Road xxvi

  Mandya district 215, 608

  Mangrol 50