The Future Is Asian
Page 44
Asia and, 321–25
infrastructure and, 322
US and, 321
government:
effectiveness of, 303
trust in, 291, 310
violence against minorities by, 308–9
Government Accountability Office (GAO), 293
GrabShare, 174–75
grain imports, Asian, 90
Grand Canal, China, 37, 42
Grand Trunk Road, 33
Great Britain:
Asian investments in, 247
Brexit vote in, 283–84, 286, 293–94
civil service in, 293–94
colonial empire of, 46–47
industrialization in, 46
Iran and, 252
populism in, 283–84
South Asian immigrants in, 253, 254
West Asian mandates of, 49–50
Great Game, 47
Great Leap Forward, 55
Great Wall of China, 31
Greece, 60, 91, 248
Greeks, ancient, 29, 34
greenhouse gas emissions, 176–77, 182
gross domestic product (GDP), 2, 4, 150
Grupo Bimbo, 272
Guam, 50, 136
Guangdong, 42, 98
Guangzhou (Canton), 37, 48, 68
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 58, 101, 102
Gulf states (Khaleej), 6, 9, 57, 62, 81
alternative energy projects in, 251
Asianization of, 100–106
China and, 101, 102
European investment in, 251
India and, 102
Israel and, 99–100, 105
Japan and, 102
oil and gas exports of, 62, 74, 100–101, 176
South Asian migrants in, 334
Southeast Asia’s trade with, 102
South Korea and, 102
technocracy in, 311–12
US arms sales to, 101
women in, 315
see also specific countries
Gulliver, Stuart, 148, 150
Gupta Empire, 35
H-1B visas, 219
Hamas, 59, 100, 139
Hamid, Mohsin, 184
Han Dynasty, 32, 33, 34, 300
Hanoi, 180
Han people, 31–32, 37, 69
Harappa, 29
Hardy, Alfredo Toro, 275
Hariri, Saad, 95
Harun al-Rashid, Caliph, 37
Harvard University, 230
Haushofer, Karl, 1
health care, 201–2
Helmand River, 107
Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, 75
Herodotus, 30
heroin, 106–7
Hezbollah, 58, 95, 96, 106
Hindus, Hinduism, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38, 70–71
in Southeast Asia, 121
in US, 220, 221
Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 51
Hispanic Americans, 217
history, Asian view of, 75
history textbooks:
Asia nationalism in, 27–28
global processes downplayed in, 28
Western focus of, 27–28, 67–68
Hitler, Adolf, 50
Ho, Peter, 289
Ho Chi Minh, 52
Ho Chi Minh City, 56
Honda, 275
Hong Kong, 56, 74
American expats in, 234
art scene in, 342
British handover of, 60, 141
civil society in, 313
Hongwu, Ming emperor, 42
honor killings, 315
Hormuz, Strait of, 103, 106
hospitality industry, 190, 214
Houthis, 106, 107
Huan, Han emperor, 33–34
Hulagu Khan, 40
Human Rights Watch, 313
human trafficking, 318
Hunayn ibn Ishaq, 37
Hungary, 40, 248, 256
Huns, 35, 76
hunter-gatherers, 28
Huntington, Samuel, 15
Hu Shih, 332
Hussein, Saddam, 58, 62, 101
Hyundai, 104
IBM, 212
I Ching, 30
Inclusive Development Index (IDI), 150
income inequality:
in Asia, 183–84
in US, 228, 285
India, 101, 104
Afghanistan and, 118
Africa and, 264–66
AI research in, 200
alternative energy programs in, 178–79, 322
Asian investments of, 118
Australia and, 128
British Raj in, 46, 49
charitable giving in, 316–17
China and, 19–20, 113, 117–18, 155, 156, 332
civil society in, 313
in Cold War era, 52, 55, 56
corporate debt in, 170
corruption in, 161, 305
demonetization in, 184, 186–87
diaspora of, 333–34
early history of, 29, 30–31
economic growth of, 9, 17, 148, 185–86
elections in, 63
European trade partnerships with, 250–51
expansionist period in, 38, 41–42
failure of democracy in, 302
family-owned businesses in, 160
film industry in, 349–51
financial markets in, 186
foreign investment in, 192
gender imbalance in, 315
global governance in, 322–23
global image of, 331–32
Gulf states and, 102
inclusive policies in, 304
infrastructure investment in, 63, 110, 185
Iran and, 116, 118
Israel and, 98–99
IT industry in, 204, 275
Japan and, 134, 156
Latin America and, 275
manufacturing in, 192
as market for Western products and services, 207
naval forces of, 105
Northeast Asia and, 154–55
oil and gas imports of, 96, 107–8, 176
Pakistan and, 53, 55, 61, 77–78, 117–18
partitioning of, 52–53
pharmaceutical industry in, 228, 275
population of, 15, 186
in post–Cold War era, 61, 62
privatization in, 170
returnees in, 226
Russia and, 86–87
service industry in, 192
Southeast Asia and, 154–55
special economic zones in, 185
spiritual heritage of, 332
technocracy in, 304–6
technological innovation in, 186–87
territorial claims of, 11
top-down economic reform in, 305
traditional medicine of, 355
West Asia and, 155
Indian Americans, 217, 218, 219–20, 222
Indian Institutes of Technology (ITT), 205
Indian Ocean, 38, 47, 74, 105, 261, 262, 266
European voyages to, 44
Indians, in Latin America, 276
IndiaStack, 187
Indochina, 45, 50, 52
see also Southeast Asia
Indo-Islamic culture, 38
Indonesia, 53, 61, 121, 125, 182
art scene in, 342
in Cold War era, 54
economic growth of, 17, 148
eco-tourism in, 340
failure of democracy in, 302
foreign investment in, 187
illiberal policies of, 306
inclusive policies of, 304
Muslims in, 71
technocracy in, 304–5
Indus River, 32, 113
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), 92, 159
industrialization, spread of, 22
Industrial Revolution, 2, 46, 68
Indus Valley, 29
infrastructure investment, in Asia, 6, 62, 63, 85, 88, 93, 96, 104, 108, 109, 110–11, 185, 190, 191, 243–44
see also; Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank;
Belt and Road Initiative
Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), 257, 286–87
insurance industry, 210
intermarriage, 336, 337–38
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 162, 163, 166, 323
International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), 116
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 100
International Systems in World History (Buzan), 7
Internet of Things (IoT), 134, 136, 197
Interpol, 324
Iran, 11, 15, 62, 92, 95, 98, 101, 140
China and, 101, 106–7, 116
in Cold War era, 54
European trade with, 251–52
growing opposition to theocracy in, 312
India and, 116, 118
Islamic revolution in, 57
Israel and, 99, 100
nuclear program of, 62
oil and gas exports of, 50, 94, 106, 107–8, 118, 176
in post–Cold War era, 58–59
privatization in, 170
re-Asianization of, 81, 106
Russia and, 87
Saudi Arabia and, 95–96, 100, 105–6
Syria and, 106
tourism in, 252
Turkey and, 94
US sanctions on, 87, 107, 241, 251, 252
women in, 315
Yemen and, 107
Iran-Iraq War, 58, 106
Iraq, 9, 11, 16, 49
Kuwait invaded by, 59
oil exports of, 55, 96
Sunni-Shi’a conflict in, 312
Iraq Reconstruction Conference (2018), 96
Iraq War, 3, 62, 91, 217, 240
Isfahan, 41
Islam, 40, 316
politics and, 71–72
spread of, 36, 38–39, 43, 69–72, 74
Sunni-Shi’a conflict in, 95, 312
Sunni-Shi’a division in, 36
see also Muslims; specific countries
Islamic radicalism, 58, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 115, 117, 139
see also terrorism
Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 63, 71, 94, 96, 117
Israel, 11, 54, 96
arms sales of, 98
China and, 98–99
desalinzation technology of, 181
EU and, 97
Gulf states and, 99–100, 105
India and, 98–99
Iran and, 99, 100
Russia and, 88
see also Arab-Israeli conflict; Palestinian-Israeli conflict
Japan, 14, 16, 63, 68, 69, 73
Africa and, 265
Allied occupation in, 51
alternative energy technologies in, 322
Asian investments of, 118, 156
Asianization of, 81
Asian migrants in, 336–37
Asian trade with, 273
capitalism in, 159
cashless economy in, 189
China and, 19–20, 77, 134, 136–37, 140–42
in Cold War era, 5, 55
corporate culture of, 132
early history of, 29, 31, 34–35
economic growth of, 55, 132, 148, 158, 163
economic problems of, 132, 134–35
in era of European imperialism, 47–48
EU trade agreement with, 133
expansionist period in, 38, 42, 44
foreign investment in, 135
in global economy, 133–37
global governance and, 322–23
global image of, 331
Gulf states and, 102
immigration in, 135–36
India and, 134, 156
infrastructure investment in, 110
Latin America and, 275
precision industries in, 134, 135–36
robotic technology in, 134
Russia and, 82, 86–87
Southeast Asia and, 133, 153–54, 156
South Korea and, 141–42
technological innovation in, 134, 196, 197
territorial claims of, 11
tourism in, 135
US and, 136
in World War I, 49
in World War II, 50–51
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 265
Japan-Mexico Economic Partnership Agreement, 273
Java, 35, 38, 39, 45
Javid, Sajid, 254
Jericho, 28
Jerusalem, 54, 98
Jesus Christ, 35
jihad, 38
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 52
Jobs, Steve, 331
Joko Widodo (Jokowi), 305, 306, 320
Jollibee, 172
Jordan, 54, 62, 97, 99
Syrian refugees in, 63
Journal of Asian Studies, 352
Journey to the West, 353
Judaism, 36
Kagame, Paul, 268
Kanishka, Kush emperor, 35
Kapur, Devesh, 218
Karachi, 113
Karakoram Highway, 113
Kashmir, 53, 55, 61, 77–78, 117–18, 119
Kazakhstan, 59, 140, 207
China and, 20, 108
economic diversification in, 190
energy investment in, 112
as hub of new Silk Road, 111–12
Kenya, 262, 263
Kerouac, Jack, 331
Khaleej, see Gulf states
Khmer Empire, 70
Khmer people, 34, 38, 239
Khmer Rouge, 56
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 57, 59
Khorgas, 108
Khrushchev, Nikita, 56
Khwarizmi, Muhammad al-, 37
Kiev, 40
Kim Il Sung, 55
Kim Jong-un, 142
Kish, 28
Kissinger, Henry, 357
Koran, 316
Korea, 11, 31, 51, 68, 69
early history of, 34
expansionist period in, 38
Japanese annexation of, 48
reunification of, 142–43
see also North Korea; South Korea
Korea Investment Corporation, 164
Korean Americans, 217
Korean War, 51
Kosygin, Alexei, 56
K-pop, 343
Kuala Lampur, 121, 246
Kublai Khan, 40
Kurds, Kurdistan, 87, 94, 99, 256
Kushan Empire, 32, 35
Kuwait, 101
Iraqi invasion of, 59
Kyrgyzstan, 59, 108, 182
language, Asian links in, 68–69
Laos, 45, 52, 60, 122, 154
Latin America:
Asian immigrants in, 275–76
Asian investment in, 273–75, 276–77
Indian cultural exports to, 350
trade partnerships in, 272–73, 274, 275
US and, 271–72
Lebanon, 49, 54, 58, 95, 106
Syrian refugees in, 63
Lee, Ang, 347
Lee, Calvin Cheng Ern, 131
Lee Hsien Loong, 296–97
Lee Kuan Yew, 56, 127, 268, 288, 289, 292–93, 299, 305
voluntary retirement of, 296
Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, 22, 299
Lenin, Vladimir, 49, 89
Levant (Mashriq), 81, 95, 97
LG, 275
Li & Fung, 184–85
Liang Qichao, 48–49
Liberalism Discovered (Chua), 297
Lien, Laurence, 317
life expectancies, 201
literature, Asian, global acclaim for, 353–54
Liu, Jean, 175
Liu Xiaobo, 249
logistics industry, 243
Ma, Jack, 85–86, 160, 189
Macao (Macau), 44
MacArthur, Douglas, 51
McCain, John, 285
McKinsey & Company, 160, 213
Macquarie Group, 131
Maddison, Angus, 2
Made in Africa Initiative, 262
Magadha Kingdom, 31
Magellan, Ferdinand, 43
Mahabharata, 35
Mahbubani, Kishore, 3
Mahmud of Ghazni, Abbasid sultan, 38
Malacca, 38, 43, 44, 124
Malacca, Strait of, 37, 39, 102, 103, 118, 125
Malaya, 46, 50
Malay Peninsula, 39, 53
Malaysia, 53, 61, 188
Asian foreign labor in, 335
China and, 123, 124
in Cold War era, 54
economic diversification in, 190
economic growth of, 17
technocracy in, 308
Maldives, 105
Malesky, Edmund, 308
Manchuria, 38, 48, 50, 51
Mandarin language, 229–30, 257
Manila, 121, 245
Spanish colonization of, 44
Mansur, al-, Caliph, 37
manufacturing, in Asia, 192
Mao Zedong, 51–52, 55, 56, 261, 300, 301
Marawi, 71
Marcos, Ferdinand, 53–54, 61
martial arts, mixed (MMA), 340–41
Mashriq (Levant), 81, 95, 97
Mauritius, 268
Mauryan Empire, 32–33, 68
May, Theresa, 293
Mecca, 57
media, in Asia, 314
median ages, in Asia, 148, 149, 155
Median people, 29
Mediterranean region, 1, 6, 29, 30, 33, 68, 84, 92, 95, 99, 106
see also Mashriq
Mehta, Zubin, 332
Mekong River, 122
Menander, Indo-Greek king, 33
mergers and acquisitions, 212–13
meritocracy, 294, 301
Merkel, Angela, 242, 254
Mesopotamia, 28
Mexico, 7
Asian economic ties to, 272, 273, 274, 277
Microsoft, 208
middle class, Asian, growth of, 3, 4
Mihov, Ilian, 309
mindfulness, 332
Ming Dynasty, 42–43, 44, 69, 73, 75, 76, 105, 137, 262
mobile phones, 157, 183–84, 187, 188, 189, 193, 199, 208–9, 211
Modi, Narendra, 63, 98, 117, 119, 154–55, 161, 180, 185, 222, 265, 305, 306, 307, 320
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 54
Mohammed bin Salman, crown prince of Saudi Arabia, 72, 247, 310, 312, 315
Mohenjo-Daro, 29
Moluku, 45
MoneyGram, 196
Mongolia, 92, 111–12
alternative energy programs in, 112, 182
technocracy in, 307
Mongols, Mongol Empire, 39–40, 42, 44, 68, 69, 73, 76, 77, 239
religious and cultural inclusiveness of, 40, 70–71
Monroe Doctrine, 271
Moon Jae-in, 142
Moscow, 81, 82
Mossadegh, Mohammad, 54
MSCI World Index, 166, 168
Mubadala Investment Company, 88, 103, 104
Mughal Empire, 41–42, 46
religious tolerance in, 70–71
Muhammad, Prophet, 36
Mumbai, 185–86
Munich Security Conference, 241
Murakami, Haruki, 354
Murasaki Shikibu, 353
music scene, in Asia, 343
Muslim Brotherhood, 59
Muslims, 70–72
in Southeast Asia, 38–39, 43, 70–71, 121
in US, 220
see also Islam; specific countries
Myanmar, 60, 63, 161
Asian investment in, 118–19
charitable giving in, 316