Delphi Complete Works of Dio Chrysostom

by Dio Chrysostom

  [138] but the other finds him out and drags him into the open, and his soul, thus torn and distracted and ever in battle and ceaseless strife with itself, cannot but end its course in utter misery. For just as a complication of maladies, that often seem to conflict with one another, make the cure difficult and well-nigh hopeless, so, in my opinion, must the situation be when different affections of the soul are mingled and entwined into one.

  [139] ἀλλὰ δὴ μεταλαβόντες καθαράν τε καὶ κρείττω τῆς πρότερον ἁρμονίας τὸν ἀγαθὸν καὶ σώφρονα ὑμνῶμεν δαίμονα καὶ θεὸν, οἷς ποτε ἐκείνου τυχεῖν ἐπέκλωσαν ἀγαθαὶ Μοῖραι παιδείας ὑγιοῦς καὶ λόγου μεταλαβοῦσι καὶ δὴ πεπρωμένον αὐτοῖς ἐκ θεῶν ἐγένετο.

  [139] “But come, let us attain a pure harmony, better than that which we enjoyed before, and extol the good and wise guardian spirit or god — us who the kindly Fates decreed should receive Him when we should have gained a sound education and reason.”

  THE FIFTH DISCOURSE: A LIBYAN MYTH

  ΛΙΒΥΚΟΣ ΜΥΘΟΣ.

  THE FIFTH DISCOURSE: A LIBYAN MYTH

  It has been suggested by some that the Libyan myth told in the fifth Discourse was one of a collection of myths ascribed to a certain Cybissus, a Libyan. Others discredit this view and hold that we have here one of the many stories told about Lamia, a fabulous she-monster, the daughter of Scylla, who devoured the flesh of children and young men. Hirzel, in his book Der Dialog, suggests that this myth was invented by Dio himself. The same myth seems to be referred to in the seventy-third section of the fourth Discourse, and von Arnim believes it formed an alternative ending for it and that Arethas (archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia in the first part of the tenth century A.D.) supplied it with an introduction of his own and made it a separate Discourse.

  A similar story is told by Lucian in Vera Historia, II.76.

  [1] Μῦθον Λιβυκὸν ἐκπονεῖν καὶ περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα κατατρίβειν τὴν περὶ λόγους φιλοπονίαν οὐκ εὐτυχὲς μέν, οὐ γὰρ οὖν τῶν πρὸς ζῆλον τοῖς ἐπιεικεστάτοις ἀνθρώπων ἀπονευόντων, ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως οὐκ ἀφεκτέον ὀλιγωρίᾳ τῆς περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἀδολεσχίας. τάχα γὰρ ἄν ποτε καὶ ἡμῖν χρείαν οὐ φαύλην παράσχοι ἑλκόμενά πῃ πρὸς τὸ δέον καὶ παραβαλλόμενα τοῖς οὖσι καὶ ἀληθέσιν.

  The Fifth Discourse: A Libyan Myth

  To develop a Libyan myth and to fritter away one’s industry upon such a subject is not a promising undertaking, — indeed not, since these themes do not incline the most able men to imitation. Nevertheless, we must not refrain because of their contempt from dallying with such themes. For perhaps we ourselves should derive no small benefit if the myth in some way were given the right turn and became a parable of the real and the true.

  [2] ἡ δὲ τοιαύτη δύναμις καὶ ἐπιχείρησις ὁμοία μοι δοκεῖ τῇ τῶν γεωργῶν ἐμπειρίᾳ περὶ τὰ φυτά, ἐάνπερ ἱκανῶς γίγνηται: ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ ἐνίοτε τοῖς ἀκάρποις καὶ ἀγρίοις ἐνθέντες καὶ ἐμφυτεύσαντες τὰ ἥμερα καὶ καρποφόρα χρήσιμον ἀντ᾽ ἀχρήστου καὶ ὠφέλιμον ἀντὶ ἀνωφελοῦς ἀπέδειξαν τὸ φυτόν.

  [2] Now when one employs his powers to such an end, he suggests to me the farmer’s treatment of plant-life, when it is successful. Sometimes by grafting cultivated and fruit-bearing scions on wild and barren stocks and making them grow there, he changes a useless and unprofitable plant into a useful and profitable one.

  [3] οὕτω δὴ καὶ τοῖς ἀνωφελέσι μυθεύμασι λόγος ἐμβληθεὶς χρήσιμος καὶ συμφέρων οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνα εἴασεν εἶναι μάτην λεγόμενα. τυχὸν δὲ καὶ οἱ πρῶτοι συντιθέντες αὐτὰ πρός τι τοιοῦτον συνέθεσαν, αἰνιττόμενοι καὶ μεταφέροντες τοῖς δυναμένοις ὀρθῶς ὑπολαμβάνειν.

  [3] And in just the same way, when some useful and edifying moral is engrafted on an unprofitable legend, the latter is saved from being a mere idle tale. Perhaps, too, those who composed these tales in the first place composed them for some such purpose, using allegory and metaphor for such as had the power to interpret them aright.

  [4] τόδε μὲν δὴ προοίμιον, ὡς ἔφη τις, τοῦ [p. 80] νόμου. τὸ λοιπὸν δ᾽ ἂν εἴη αὐτὸν τὸν νόμον ἢ τὸν μῦθον λέγειν τε καὶ ᾄδειν, ὁποίῳ μάλιστα ἀφομοιοῦμεν εἰκάσματι τὰς ἐπιθυμίας.

  [4] So much by way of prelude to my ode, as someone has said. It still remains to recite and sing the ode itself, that is, the myth which tells to what we may best liken the human passions.

  [5] λέγεται γὰρ πάλαι ποτὲ θηρίων εἶναί τι γένος χαλεπὸν καὶ ἄγριον, πλεῖστον καὶ μάλιστα γιγνόμενον ἐν τοῖς ἀοικήτοις τῆσΛιβύης. ἥδε γὰρ ἡ χώρα καὶ νῦν ἔτι δοκεῖ παντοδαπὰς φέρειν ζῴων φύσεις, ἑρπετῶν τε καὶ ἄλλων θηρίων.

  [5] Once upon a time, so runs the story, there was a dangerous and savage species of animal whose main haunt was in the uninhabited regions of Libya. For that country even to this day seems to produce all sorts of living creatures, reptiles as well as other kinds.

  [6] ἐν οἷς εἶναι καὶ τοῦτο τὸ γένος, ὑπὲρ οὗ νῦν ὁ λόγος, σύνθετον τὴν τοῦ σώματος ἰδέαν σχεδὸν ἐκ τῶν πλεῖστον διαφερόντων, παντελῶς ἄτοπον. πλανᾶσθαι δὲ αὐτὸ μέχρι τῆσδε τῆς θαλάττης ἐπὶ τὴν Σύρτιν

  [6] Now among them was the species with which this story has to deal. It had a body that, in general, was a composite thing of the most incongruous parts, an utter monstrosity, and it used to roam as far as the Mediterranean and the Syrtis in search of food.

  [7] τροφῆς ἕνεκα. θηρᾶν μὲν γὰρ καὶ τἄλλα θηρία, τούς τε λέοντας καὶ παρδάλεις ὡς ἐκεῖνα τάς τε ἐλάφους καὶ τοὺς ἀγρίους ὄνους καὶ τὰ πρόβατα, μάλιστα δὲ ἥδεσθαι τῇ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἄγρᾳ. ὧν δὴ καὶ ἕνεκεν ἐγγὺς ἀφικνεῖσθαι τῶν οἰκουμένων μέχρι τῆς Σύρτεως.

  [7] For it hunted both the beasts of prey such as the lion and the panther, even as those hunt the deer and the wild asses and the sheep, but took the most delight in catching men; and this is why it used to come near the settlements even as far as the Syrtis.

  [8] ἔστι δὲ ἡ Σύρτις κόλπος θαλάττης εἰσέχων ἐπὶ πολὺτῆς χώρας καὶ τριῶν ἡμερῶν, φασί, πλοῦς ἀκωλύτως πλέουσι.

  [8] The Syrtis is an arm of the Mediterranean extending far inland, a three days’ voyage, they say, for a boat unhindered in its course. But those who have once sailed into it find egress impossible;

  [9] τοῖς δὲ κατενεχθεῖσιν οὐκ εἶναι τὸν ἔκπλουν δυνατόν: βραχέα γὰρ καὶ διθάλαττα καὶ ταινίαι μακραὶ μέχρι πολλοῦ διήκουσαι παντάπασιν ἄπορον καὶ δύσκολον παρέχουσι τὸ πέλαγος. οὐ γάρ ἐστι κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνα τὸ τῆς θαλάττης ἀγγεῖον καθαρόν, κοῖλος δὲ καὶ ψαμ�
�ώδησὁ τόπος ὢν ἐκδέχεται τὸ πέλαγος, οὐδὲν ἔχων στερεόν.

  [9] for shoals, cross-currents, and long sand-bars extending a great distance out make the sea utterly impassable or troublesome. For the bed of the sea in these parts is not clean, but as the bottom is porous and sandy it lets the sea seep in, there being no solidity to it.

  [10] ὅθεν οἶμαι θῖνές τε μεγάλαι καὶ χώματα ἐν αὐτῷ γίγνονται τῆς ψάμμου, καθάπερ ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ συμβαίνει τὸ τοιοῦτον ἀπὸ πνευμάτων, ἐκεῖ μᾶλλον ὑπὸ τοῦ κλύδωνος. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τὰ κύκλῳ

  [10] This, I presume, explains the existence there of the great sand-bars and dunes, which remind one of the similar condition created inland by the winds, though here, of course, it is due to the surf. The surrounding country is very much the same — a lonely stretch of sandy dunes.

  [11] τοιαῦτα σχεδόν, ἐρημία καὶ θῖνες. ἀλλὰ γὰρ δὴ τούς τε ναυαγοὺσἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης ἐπανιόντας καὶ εἴ τινας τῶν Λιβύων κατ᾽ ἀνάγκην διεξιόντας ἢ πλανωμένους ἐπιφαινόμενα ἥρπαζε τὰ θηρία.

  [11] However that may be, if shipwrecked mariners came inland or any Libyans were compelled to pass through or lost their way, the beasts would make their appearance and seize them.

  [12] ἡ δὲ φύσις αὐτῶν τοῦ σώματος καὶ ἡ ἰδέα τοιάδε: τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον γυναικεῖον εὐειδοῦς γυναικός, μαστοὶ δὲ καὶ στήθη πολύ τι κάλλιστα καὶ τράχηλος, ὁποῖα οὔτε παρθένου θνητῆς γένοιτ᾽ ἂν οὔτε νύμφης ἀκμαζούσης οὔτε πλάττων ἢ γράφων οὐδεὶς δυνήσεται [p. 81] ἀπεικάσαι: τὸ δὲ χρῶμα λαμπρότατον, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ὀμμάτων φιλοφροσύνη καὶ ἵμερος ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἐνέπιπτεν, ὁπότε προσίδοι τις:

  [12] The general character and appearance of their body were as follow: the face was that of a woman, a brief woman. The breast and bosom, and the neck, too, were extremely beautiful, the like of which no mortal maid or bride in the bloom of youth could claim, nor sculptor or painter will ever be able to reproduce. The complexion was of dazzling brightness, the glance of the eyes aroused affection and yearning in the souls of all that beheld.

  [13] τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν σῶμα σκληρόν τε καὶ ἄρρηκτον φολίσι, καὶ τὸ κάτω πᾶν ὄφις: ὑστάτη δὲ κεφαλὴ τοῦ ὄφεως μάλα ἀναιδής. τὰ δὲ θηρία ταῦτα πτερωτὰ μὲν οὐ λέγεται γενέσθαι, καθάπερ αἱ σφίγγες, οὐδὲ διαλέγεσθαι, ὡς ἐκεῖναι, οὐδὲ ἄλλην ἱέναι φωνήν,

  [13] The rest of the body was hard and protected by scales, and all the lower part was snake, ending in the snake’s baleful head. Now the story does not say that these animals were winged like the sphinxes — nor that they, like them, spoke or made any sound whatever except a hissing noise such as dragons make, very shrill — but that they were the swiftest of all land creatures, so that no one could ever escape them.

  [14] ἀλλὰ συρίττειν μόνον, ὥσπερ οἱ δράκοντες, ὀξύτατα: τῶν δὲ πεζῶν ἁπάντων τάχιστα, ὡς μηδένα ἄν ποτε ἐκφυγεῖν αὐτά: καὶ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ἀλκῇ κρατεῖν, ἀνθρώπων δὲ ἀπάτῃ, παραφαίνοντα τὰ στήθη καὶ τοὺς μαστούς, καὶ ἅμα προσβλέποντα καταγοητεύειν τε καὶ ἔρωτα ἐμβάλλειν δεινὸν τῆς ὁμιλίας: καὶ τοὺς μὲν προσιέναι καθάπερ γυναιξί, τὰ δὲ μένειν ἀτρεμοῦντα καὶ κάτω πολλάκις βλέποντα,

  [14] And while they overcame other creatures by force, they used guile with man, giving them a glimpse of their bosom and breasts and at the same time they infatuated their victims by fixing their eyes upon them, and filled them with a passionate desire for intercourse. Then the men would approach them as they might women, while they on their part stood quite motionless, often dropping their eyes in the manner of a decorous woman.

  [15] μιμούμενα γυναῖκα κοσμίαν, γενόμενον δ᾽ ἐγγὺς συναρπάζειν: ἔχειν γὰρ δὴ καὶ χεῖρας θηριώδεις, ἃς ὑποκρύπτειν τέως. ὁ μὲν οὖν ὄφις εὐθὺς δακὼν ἀπέκτεινεν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰοῦ: τὸν δὲ νεκρὸν κατεσθίουσιν ἅμα τε ὁ ὄφις καὶ τὸ ἄλλο θηρίον.

  [15] But as soon as a man came within reach they seized him in their grasp; for they had clawlike hands too, which they had kept concealed at first. Then the serpent would promptly sting and kill him with his poison; and the dead body was devoured by the serpent and the rest of the beast together.

  [16] ὅδε μὲν δὴ ὁ μῦθος, οὐ παιδίῳ πλασθείς, ὡς ἂν ἧττον ᾖ θρασὺ καὶ ἀκόλαστον, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μείζω καὶ τελειοτέραν ἀφροσύνην ἔχουσιν, ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν δεῦρο μετενεχθεὶς τάχ᾽ ἂν ἱκανῶς ἐπιδεῖξαι δύναιτο ὁποῖόν ἐστι τὸ τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν γένος, ὅτι ἄλογοι οὖσαι καὶ θηριώδεις, ἔπειτα ἡδονήν τινα παραδεικνύουσαι, προσαγόμεναι τοὺς ἀνοήτους ἀπάτῃ καὶ γοητείᾳ, διαφθείρουσιν οἴκτιστα καὶ ἐλεεινότατα.

  [16] Now this myth, which has not been invented for a child’s benefit to make it less rash and ungovernable, but for those whose folly is greater and more complete, may perhaps, now that we have brought it into this context, be able to show adequately the character of the passions, that they are irrational and brutish and that, by holding out the enticement of some pleasure, they win over the foolish by guile and witchery and bring them to a most sad and pitiable end.

  [17] ἃ χρὴ δεδιέναι πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν ἔχοντας, ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνα τοὺς παῖδας ὁπόταν παρὰ καιρὸν τροφῆς ἢ παιδιᾶς ἢ ἄλλου τινὸς ὀρέγωνται, καὶ ἡμᾶς, ὁπόταν ἢ τρυφῆς ἢ χρημάτων ἢ ἀφροδισίων ἢ δόξης ἢ ἄλλης τινὸς ἡδονῆς ἐρῶμεν, μήποτε προσιόντες ταῖς πανούργοις ταύταις συναρπασθῶμεν ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἐπ᾽ ὀλέθρῳ καὶ διαφθορᾷ πασῶν αἰσχίστῃ.

  [17] These things we should always keep before our eyes to deter us — even as those terrifying images deter children when they want food or play or anything else unseasonably — whenever we are in love with luxury, or money, or sensual indulgence, or fame, or any other pleasure, lest, coming too near to these unscrupulous passions, we be seized by them for the most shameful destruction and ruin conceivable.

  [18] καὶ γάρ τοι καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ μύθου [p. 82] ταύτῃ τρέπειν οὐ χαλεπὸν ἀνδρὶ ἀδολέσχῃ καὶ πλείω σχεδὸν ἢ ἔδει σχολὴν ἄγοντι. προστιθέασι γὰρ ὡς δὴ βασιλεύς τις τῶν Λιβύων ἐπεχείρησεν ἀνελεῖν τόδε τὸ φῦλον τῶν θηρίων, ἀγανακτῶν τῇ διαφθορᾷ τοῦ λαοῦ. τυγχάνειν δὲ αὐτῶν πολλὰς αὐτοῦ κατῳκισμένας, ὑπὲρ τὴν

  [18] And, indeed, to interpret the rest of the myth in this way would not be a difficult task for a clever man who perhaps has more time at his disposal than he should have.

  For this is what they add to the myth. A cert
ain king of Libya attempted to destroy this breed of animals, angered as he was at the destruction of his people. And he found that many of them had established themselves there, having taken possession of a dense wild wood beyond the Syrtis.

  [19] Σύρτιν δρυμὸν καταλαβούσας πυκνόν τε καὶ ἄγριον. συναγαγόντα δὴ πλῆθος στρατοῦ πολύ εἶναι γὰρ οὐκ ἀφανεῖς τοῖς τε σύρμασι τῶν ὄφεων καὶ ὀσμῆς αὐτόθεν δεινῆς φερομένης: οὕτω περισχόντα πανταχόθεν πῦρ ἐμβαλεῖν, καὶ τὰς μὲν ἀποληφθείσας ἀπολέσθαι μετὰ τῶν σκύμνων, τοὺς δὲ Λίβυας φεύγειν κατὰ τάχος ἀπὸ τοῦχωρίου, μήτε νύκτα μήτε ἡμέραν ἀναπαυομένους, μέχρι νομίζοντες πολὺ προειληφέναι κατέζευξαν παρὰ ποταμόν τινα.

  [19] So he mustered a mighty host and found their dens. For they were not difficult to detect owing to the trails left by their serpents’ tails and to the terrible stench that emanated from the dens. He thus surrounded them on all sides and hurled fire in upon them, so that, being cut off, they perished with their young. As for the Libyans, they fled with all haste from the region, resting neither night nor day, until, thinking they had gained a great start, they halted for rest beside a certain river.

  [20] τῶν δὲ θηρίων ὁπόσα ἀπῆν κατὰ θήραν, ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα ᾔσθοντο ἀπολωλότας τοὺς φωλεούς, καταδιώξαντα τὴν στρατιὰν πρὸς τὸν ποταμὸν τοὺς μὲν ἐν ὕπνῳ καταλαβόντα, τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους ἀπειρηκότας ὑπὸ τοῦ