Delphi Complete Works of Dio Chrysostom

by Dio Chrysostom

  [20] But those of the creatures who had been away hunting, as soon as they learned of the destruction of their dens, pursued the army to the river, and finding some asleep and others exhausted by the toil, destroyed them one and all.

  [21] κόπου, διαφθεῖραι πανσυδί. τότε μὲν οὖν ἀτελὲς αὐτῷ γενέσθαι τὸ ἔργον τῆς διαφθορᾶς τοῦ γένους. ὕστερον δὲ Ἡρακλέα τὴν σύμπασαν γῆν καθαίροντα ἀπό τε τῶν θηρίων καὶ τῶν τυράννων κἀκεῖσε ἀφικέσθαι, καὶ τόν τε τόπον ἐμπρῆσαι καὶ τὰ φεύγοντα ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς τὰ μὲν τῷ ῥοπάλῳ παίοντα κατακαίνειν, ὁπόσα

  [21] At that time, then, the task of destroying this brood was not completed by the king. Later, however — so the story continues — Heracles, while clearing the whole earth of wild beasts and tyrants, came to this place too, set it on fire, and when the creatures were escaping from the flames, slew with his club all that attacked him, and with his arrows those that tried to run away.

  [22] ὁμόσε ᾔει, τὰ δὲ ἀποδιδράσκοντα τοῖς βέλεσι. τυχὸν οὖν ὁ μῦθος αἰνίττεται λέγων τοὺς πολλοὺς μὲν εἴ πού τις ἐπεχείρησε καθῆραι τὴν αὑτοῦ ψυχὴν ὥσπερ ἄβατον καὶ μεστόν τινα θηρίων χαλεπῶν τόπον, ἐξελὼν δὴ καὶ ἀπολέσας τι τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν εἶδος, ἐλπίσαντας ἀπηλλάχθαι καὶ διαπεφευγέναι, οὐκ ἰσχυρῶς αὐτὸ δράσαντας, ὀλίγον[p. 83] ὕστερον ὑπὸ τῶν λειπομένων ἐπιθυμιῶν ἀπολέσθαι καὶ διαφθαρῆναι.

  [22] Now perhaps the myth is an allegory to show that, when the majority of men try to clear the trackless region of their souls, teeming with savage beasts, by rooting out and destroying the brood of lusts in the hope of then having got rid of them and escaped, and yet have not one this thoroughly, they are soon afterwards overwhelmed and destroyed by the remaining lusts;

  [23] Ἡρακλέα δὲ τὸν Διὸς καὶ Ἀλκμήνης ἐπεξελθεῖν καὶ ἀποφῆναι καθαρὰν καὶ ἥμερον τὴν αὑτοῦ διάνοιαν. καὶ τοῦτο αὐτῷ βούλεσθαι δηλοῦν τῆς γῆς τὴν ἡμέρωσιν.

  [23] but that Heracles, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, carried the task through to completion and made his own heart pure and gentle or tame; and that this is what is meant by his taming, that is, civilizing the earth.

  [24] βούλεσθε οὖν βραχύ τι καὶ τοῖς νεωτέροις λόγων ἐπιχαρισώμεθα τοῦ μυθολογήματος; οὕτω γὰρ πάνυ πείθονται αὐτῷ καὶ νομίζουσιν ἀληθὲς ὥστε ὕστερόν ποτέ φασιν ἐπιφανῆναι τοῦ γένους τούτου βαδίζουσιν εἰς Ἄμμωνος Ἕλλησι θεωροῖς μετὰ πολλῆς λῆς δυνάμεως παραπεμπούσης ἱππέων καὶ τοξοτῶν.

  [24] Would you care, then, to have me gratify the younger people among you by giving a brief additional portion of the myth? For they believe so thoroughly in it and are so convinced of its truth as to assert that one of this brood appeared to the oracle of Ammon under the escort of a strong force of cavalry and archers.

  [25] δόξαι γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐπὶ θινός τινος κατακεῖσθαι γυναῖκα, διφθέραν ἐπιβεβλημένην ἄνωθεν, ὥσπερ αἱ Λίβυσσαι, ἐπιδεικνύειν δὲ τὰ στήθη καὶ τοὺς μαστοὺς καὶ τὸν τράχηλον ἀνακλῶσαν. καὶ τοὺς ὑπολαβεῖν ἔκ τινος κώμης τῶν ἑταιρουσῶν τινα γυναικῶν ἐνταῦθα ἰέναι πρὸς τὸν ὄχλον.

  [25] They saw what seemed to be a woman, reclining on a pile of sand; she wore a sheepskin thrown over her head after the manner of the Libyan women, but displayed her bosom and breasts and lay with her head thrown back. They supposed that she was one of the professional harlots from some village who was on her way thither to join their company.

  [26] δύο δέ τινας νεανίσκους ἐκπλαγέντας τὸ εἶδος ἰέναι πρὸς αὐτήν, θάτερον τὸν ἕτερον φθάνοντα. τὸ δὲ θηρίον, ὡς ἔλαβεν αὐτόν, κατασῦραν εἰς κοῖλόν τι τῆς ψάμμου κατεσθίειν.

  [26] Accordingly, a certain two young men, greatly taken with her appearance, approached her, one outstripping the other. When the creature seized this one, she dragged him into a hole in the sand and devoured him.

  [27] καὶ τὸν ἕτερον νεανίσκον ὑπερβαλόντα θεάσασθαι καὶ ἀνακραγεῖν, καὶ οὕτως ἐπιβοηθῆσαι τὸ λοιπὸν πλῆθος. τὸ δὲ θηρίον ἐφορμῆσαι τῷ νεανίσκῳ, προϊσχόμενον τὸν ὄφιν, καὶ ἀποκτεῖναν οἴχεσθαι μετὰ συριγμοῦ. τὸν δὲ νεκρὸν εὑρεθῆναι σαπρόν τε καὶ μυδῶντα: καὶ τοὺς Λίβυας τοὺς ἡγεμόνας τῆς ὁδοῦ οὐκ ἐᾶν ἅπτεσθαι τοῦ σώματος, ὡς ἅπαντας ἀπολουμένους.

  [27] The other young man, rushing past her, saw this and cried aloud so that the rest of the party came to his assistance. But the creature hurled itself at the young man with the snake part foremost, and after killing him disappeared with a hissing sound. They add that the body was found rotten and putrefying, and that the Libyans who were acting as guides permitted no one to touch the body lest all should perish.

  THE SIXTH DISCOURSE: DIOGENES, OR ON TYRANNY

  ΔΙΟΓΕΝΗΣ ἢ περὶ ΤΥΡΑΝΝΙΔΟΣ

  THE SIXTH DISCOURSE: DIOGENES, OR ON TYRANNY

  Von Arnim has proved quite conclusively that the sixth, eighth, ninth, and tenth Discourses belong to the period when Dio was a wanderer in exile. For example, many things that Dio speaks of Diogenes doing, such as going through armies safely without a herald’s staff, fit better the experience of Dio himself, and many of the references to the Persian king would apply just as well to Domitian, who banished Dio. No doubt the speaker’s audiences would understand his veiled allusions quite easily.

  In these Discourses Dio sets forth certain tenets of the Cynical philosophy, using Diogenes as his mouthpiece. His subject is Contentment.

  [1] Διογένης ὁ Σινωπεύς, ὅτε ἔφυγεν ἐκ Σινώπης, ἀφικόμενος τὴν Ἑλλάδα διῆγε ποτὲ μὲν ἐν Κορίνθῳ, ποτὲ δὲ Ἀθήνησιν. ἔφη δὲ μιμεῖσθαι τοῦ Περσῶν βασιλέως τὴν δίαιταν: καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος [p. 84] τοῦ μὲν χειμῶνος ἐν Βαβυλῶνι καὶ Σούσοις, ἐνίοτε δὲ ἐν Βάκτροις διῆγεν, ἐν τοῖς εὐδιεινοτάτοις τῆς Ἀσίας, τοῦ δὲ θέρους ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις τῆς Μηδικῆς, ὅπου ψυχρότατος ὁ ἀὴρ ἀεί ποτέ ἐστι καὶ

  The Sixth Discourse: Diogenes, or On Tyranny

  When Diogenes of Sinope was exiled from that place, he came to Greece and used to divide his time between Corinth and Athens. And he said he was following the practice of the Persian king. For that monarch spent the winters in Babylon and Susa, or occasionally in Bactra, which are the warmest parts of Asia, and the summers in Median Ecbatana, where the air is always very cool and the summer is like the winter in the region of Babylon.

  [2] τῷ περὶ Βαβυλῶνα χειμῶνι τὸ θέρος ὅμοιον. οὕτως δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς μεταλλάττειν τὴν οἴκησιν κατὰ τὰς ὥρας τοῦ ἔτους. τὴν μὲν γὰρἈττικὴν μήτε ὄρη μεγά�
�α ἔχειν μήτε ποταμοὺς διαρρέοντας, καθάπερ τήν τε Πελοπόννησον καὶ Θετταλίαν: εἶναι γὰρ τὴν χώραν ἀραιὰν καὶ τὸν ἀέρα κοῦφον, ὡς μήτε ὕεσθαι πολλάκις μήτε ὑπομένειν τὸ γιγνόμενον ὕδωρ, περιέχεσθαί τε ὀλίγου πᾶσαν αὐτὴν ὑπὸ τῆς θαλάττης: ὅθεν δὴ καὶ τοὔνομα λαβεῖν, οἷον ἀκτήν τιναοὖσαν: τὴν δὲ αὖ πόλιν ἐν τῷ χθαμαλῷ κεῖσθαι καὶ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν.

  [2] So he too, he said, changed his residence according to the seasons of year. For Attica had no high mountains, nor rivers running through it as had the Peloponnese and Thessaly; its soil was thin and the air so dry that rain rarely fell, and what did fall was not retained. Besides, it was almost entirely surrounded by the sea; from which fact indeed it got its name, since Attica is a sort of beach-land.

  [3] σημεῖον δέ: τοὺς γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ Σουνίου καταίροντας εἰς τὸν Πειραιᾶ μὴ δύνασθαι ἄλλως ἢ νότῳ κατᾶραι. εἰκότως οὖν τὸν χειμῶνα γίγνεσθαι πρᾷον. ἐν δὲ τῇ Κορίνθῳ τὸ θέρος εὔπνουν, διὰ τοὺς εἰσέχοντας κόλπους ἀεί ποτε τῶν πνευμάτων ἐκεῖσεσυρρεόντων: ὅ τε Ἀκροκόρινθος ἐπισκιάζει καὶ αὐτὴ μᾶλλον ἐπὶ τὸ Λέχαιον καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἄρκτον ἀποκλίνει.

  [3] The city, moreover, was low-lying and faced to the south, as shown by the fact that those sailing from Sunium could not enter the Peiraeus except with a south wind. Naturally, therefore, the winters were mild. In Corinth, on the other hand, the summer was breezy, since currents of air always met there on account of the bays that dented the shore. The Acrocorinthus, too, overshadows it, and the city itself rather inclines toward the Lechaeum and the north.

  [4] πολὺ δὲ καλλίονας ὑπάρχειν τὰς πόλεις ταύτας Ἐκβατάνων καὶ Βαβυλῶνος, καὶ πολὺ ἄμεινον κατεσκευάσθαι τῶν ἐκεῖ βασιλείων τό τε Κράνειον καὶ τὴν Ἀθήνησιν ἀκρόπολιν καὶ τὰ προπύλαια, μεγέθει δὲ λείπεσθαιμόνον: καίτοι διακοσίων σταδίων εἶναι τὴν περίμετρον τῶν Ἀθηνῶν, τοῦ Πειραιῶς συντιθεμένου καὶ τῶν διὰ μέσου τειχῶν πρὸς τὸν περίβολον τοῦ ἄστεος: οἰκεῖσθαι γὰρ οὐ πάλαι καὶ ταῦτα σύμπαντα: ὥστε τὸ ἥμισυ ἔχειν Ἀθήνας Βαβυλῶνος, εἰ τυγχάνει ἀληθῆ λεγόμενα περὶ τῶν ἐκεῖ.

  [4] Diogenes thought that these cities were far more beautiful than Ecbatana and Babylon, and that the Craneion, and the Athenian acropolis with the Propylaea were far more beautiful structures than those abodes of royalty, yielding to them only in size. And yet the circumference of Athens was two hundred stades, now that the Peiraeus and the connecting walls had been added to the compass of the city — for this whole area was not inhabited in ancient times — so that Athens was one-half as large as Babylon, if we could take as true what was said of things there.

  [5] καὶ μὴν τό γε τῶν λιμένων κάλλος,ἔτι δὲ ἀνδριάντας καὶ γραφὰς καὶ χρυσόν τε καὶ ἄργυρον καὶ χαλκόν, τό τε νόμισμα καὶ τὰ ἔπιπλα, καὶ τὴν τῶν οἰκιῶν κατασκευήν, ὑπερβάλλειν μὲν τὰ ἐνταῦθα: πλὴν αὐτῷ γε οὐ πολὺ μέλειν τῶν τοιούτων.

  [5] Moreover, in respect to the beauty of the harbours, and, further, to the statues, paintings, the works in gold, silver, and bronze, in respect to the coinage, the furnishings, the splendour of the houses, he thought that Athens was far superior; only he, for his part, did not care much about such things.

  [6] τὸ δὲ τῆς ὁδοῦ μῆκος ἐκείνῳ μέν ὥστε μεταβῆναι [p. 85] πάμπολυ γίγνεσθαι: σχεδὸν γοῦν αὐτὸν ἐν ὁδῷ διάγειν τοῦ χειμῶνος καὶ τοῦ θέρους τὸ πλέον: αὐτὸν δὲ πλησίον καταλύσαντα Μεγαροῖ Ἀθήνησι γενέσθαι τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ πάνυ ῥᾳδίως, εἰ μὲν βούλοιτο, ἐπ᾽ Ἐλευσῖνος: εἰ δὲ μή, βραχυτέραν διὰ Σαλαμῖνος, μὴ δἰ ἐρήμων σταθμῶν πορευόμενον: ὥστε πλεονεκτεῖν βασιλέως καὶ μᾶλλον τρυφᾶν: ἄμεινον γὰρ κατεσκευάσθαι τὴν οἴκησιν.

  [6] Besides, the king had a very long distance to travel in changing residences; he had to spend pretty much the larger part of the winter and summer on the road. He himself, on the other hand, by spending the night near Megara, could very easily be in Athens on the following day — or else, if he preferred, at Eleusis; otherwise, he could take a shorter way through Salamis, without passing through any deserts. So he had an advantage over the king and enjoyed greater luxury, since his housing arrangements were better.

  [7] ταῦτα δὲ εἰώθει μὲν παίζων λέγειν: ὅμως δὲ ἐνεδείκνυτο τοῖς θαυμάζουσι τὸν πλοῦτον τοῦ Πέρσου καὶ τὴν λεγομένην εὐδαιμονίαν ὅτι οὐδέν ἐστι τῶν ἐκείνου πραγμάτων οἷον νομίζουσι. τῶν μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲν ὄφελος εἶναι, τὰ δὲ καὶ σφόδρα πένησιν ἐξεῖναι ποιεῖν.

  [7] This is what he was wont to say jestingly, and yet he meant to bring to the attention of those who admired the wealth of the Persian and his reputed happiness that there was nothing in his actual life such as they imagined. For some things were of no use at all and other things were within the reach of even the very poor.

  [8] οὐδὲ γάρ, ὡς ἐνόμιζον ἔνιοι τῶν ἀφρόνων, ἀμελὲς ἦν αὐτῷ περὶ τοῦ σώματος, ἀλλ᾽ ἐκεῖνοι μὲν ὁρῶντες ῥιγῶντα καὶ θυραυλοῦντα καὶ διψῶντα πολλάκις ἡγοῦντο ἀμελεῖν τοῦ ὑγιαίνειν καὶ τοῦ ζῆν: ὁ δὲ ταῦτα πάσχων μᾶλλον μὲν ὑγίαινε τῶν ἀεὶ ἐμπιμπλαμένων, μᾶλλον δὲ τῶν ἔνδον μενόντων καὶ μηδέποτε μήτε ψύχους μήτε καύματος πειρωμένων,

  [8] In fact, Diogenes was not neglectful of his body as certain foolish people thought; but when they saw him often shivering and living in the open and going thirsty, they imagined that he was careless of his health and life, whereas this rigorous regime gave him better health than fell to the lot of those who were ever gorging themselves, better than fell to the lot of those who stayed indoors and never experienced either cold or heat.

  [9] ἔτι δὲ ἥδιον μὲν ἀλεαινόμενος ᾐσθάνετο, ἥδιον δὲ σιτία προσεφέρετο: πολὺ δὲ μάλιστα ταῖς ὥραις ἔχαιρεν, καὶ τοῦτο μὲν εὐφραίνετο θέρους προσιόντος, ὁπότε ἤδη διαχέοι τὸν ἀέρα, τοῦτο δὲ οὐκ ἤχθετο παυομένου, ἅτε ἀπαλλαττόμενος τοῦ σφοδροῦ καύματος, τοῖς δὲ ὥραις ξυνεπόμενος καὶ κατ᾽ ὀλίγον αὐτῶν πειρώμενος ἀλύπως ἀφικνεῖτο πρὸς ἑκατέραν τὴν ὑπερβολήν.

  [9] And he got more pleasure, too, out of sunning himself and more pleasure in eating his food than they did. But the seasons were by far his greatest delight. On the one hand, he rejoiced as the summer approached and was already dissolving the cold air; and on the other, he felt no regret as it drew to its close, since this br
ought him relief from its excessive heat; and by keeping pace with the seasons and growing accustomed to them gradually, he met either extreme without discomfort.

  [10] πυρὶ δὲ ἢ σκιᾷ ἢ σκέπῃ σπανίως ἐχρῆτο, οὐ προλαμβάνων τὸν καιρόν, οὐδὲ ὥσπερ οἱ ἄλλοι ἄνθρωποι, ὅτι μὲν ἔξεστιν αὐτοῖς ἀεὶ πῦρ καίειν, εὐποροῦσι δὲ ἐσθῆτος, ἔχουσι δὲ οἰκίας, ἐὰν καὶ μικρὸν αἴσθωνται ψύχους, εὐθὺς ἀποδιδράσκουσι τὸν ἀέρα καὶ τὰ σώματα ἀχρεῖα ποιοῦσι καὶ ἀδύνατα ἀνέχεσθαι χειμῶνος,

  [10] He rarely made use of heat, shade, or shelter in anticipation of the proper seasons for them, nor did he do as others do, who, because they may light a fire any time and are well supplied with clothes and own houses, run away at once from the open air at the least sensation of cold, thus enfeebling their bodies and making them incapable of enduring the winter’s cold,

  [11] ὅτι δὲ ἔξεστιν αὐτοῖς σκιᾷ μὲν ἀφθόνῳ χρῆσθαι τοῦ θέρους, πίνειν δὲ οἶνον ὁπόσον βούλονται, διὰ τοῦτο ἄπειροι μὲν [p. 86] ἡλίου διατελοῦσιν, ἄπειροι δὲ τοῦ διψῆν κατὰ φύσιν, οἰκότροφοι μὲν οὐχ ἧττον τῶν γυναικῶν, ἄπονοι δὲ καὶ ἀργοὶ τὰ σώματα, κραιπάλης δὲ καὶ λήθης τὰς ψυχὰς γέμοντες. ὅθεν δὴ καὶ ἐπιμηχανῶνται αὑτοῖς καὶ σιτία πονηρὰ καὶ βαλανεῖα τούτου χάριν, τῆς δ᾽ αὐτῆς ἡμέρας πολλάκις δέονται μὲν ἀνέμου, δέονται δὲ ἐσθῆτος,δέονται δὲ ὁμοῦ χιόνος καὶ πυρός, τὸ δὲ πάντων ἀτοπώτατον,