The Lives of Bees
Page 47
37–39
Hazelhoof, Engel H., 235–236
Dudley, Paul, 7
heat production: by individual bees, 218–220,
Dyce Laboratory, 101, 151
232, 234; by whole colonies, 232–233
hive beekeeping: Egyptian, 62–65; with mov-
Eckert, John C., 196
able-frame hives, 72–78, 86, 95–98; ori-Edgell, George H., 28, 48
gins of, 62–63, 81–82; Roman, 64–66;
Ellis Hollow, 13–20
with skeps, 69–72
energy budget of colony, 193–195
hive size: consequences of large vs. small,
engorgement response: to smoke, 82–84;
264–268, 280–287; typical range for bee-
when swarming, 82
keeping, 263; with skeps, 70–72
environment of evolutionary adaptation
Homo sapiens, ancestry, 58
(EEA), 278
honey, energy value of, 58
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Index 351
honey hunters: Efe, 59; Hadza, 58–59; pre-
Melissococcus plutonius. See European foulbrood
historic, 60–62
Mikheyev, Alexander S., 10, 254–257
Hood, Thomas, 215
Milum, Vern G., 221
hygienic behavior, 87–91, 251, 258
Mitchell, Derek M., 116, 227–229, 239
hypothermia. See chill coma
“mite bomb” phenomenon, 290
mites. See Varroa destructor; Varroa jacobsoni
insecticides, 3, 279, 283, 288–289
miticides, 15, 45, 56, 245–246, 252, 284
instrumental insemination. See artificial
Moritz, Robin, 36–38
insemination
Morse, Roger A., 33, 100–101, 105, 112,
insulation: of bee’s body, 218; of colony’s
228
nest, 217–218
Moses, 81
Iroquois, 19
Müritz National Park, 37
Ithaca, New York, 17–20
mushroom bodies, 216
Jaycox, Elbert R., 117
Nakamura, Jun, 136–139
Jeanne, Robert L., 154
nectar: annual collection amount, 192–195;
collection efficiency 194; composition,
Knaffl, Herta, 197, 201
190; handling/use, 190–191; load size, 194
Koeniger, Gudrun, 179
Nelson, Herb, 100–101
Koeniger, Nikolaus, 179
nest: architecture, 108–109, 281; construc-
Kohl, Patrick L., 38–39
tion, 96–97, 105–106, 120–139; cooling, Kovac, Helmut, 238–239
234–242; spacing, 51; ventilation,
Kraus, Bernhard, 46
234–237
Kühnholz, Susanne, 240
nest entrance opening: direction effects, 115–
116; height effects, 270–273, 281; size ef-
Laidlaw, Harry R., 87
fects, 114–115, 281
Langstroth, Lorenzo L., 72–78, 79, 82, 86
nest site: inspection, 111–112; properties,
Langstroth hive, 32, 53, 70, 74–79, 101,
101–108, 281; selection, 112–120
104–105, 108, 117–118, 143, 152, 165,
Nolan, Willis J., 148
211, 225, 244, 248, 260, 264
Nye, William P., 90–91
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 7
lifespan of a bee tree colony, 169–171
observation hive, 127–129, 137–138, 150,
Lindauer, Martin, 234
158–159, 163–164, 189, 197–198, 201,
Linnaeus, Carl, 5
205, 213, 216, 223, 238, 240–242
local adaptation, of bees, 286–287
Oldroyd, Benjamin P., 39
Locke, Barbara, 251
Oleksa, Andrzej, 36
Loftus, Carter L., 264
Ostwald, Madeleine M., 240–242
longevity of wild colonies, 165–171
Owens, Charles D., 225–226
Loper, Gerald M., 46–47
Paddock, F. B., 87–89
Mackensen, Otto, 90
Paenibacillus larvae. See American foulbrood
mating behavior: controlling, 88–89, 93;
Page, Robert E., Jr., 46, 158, 172
flight range, 38, 179–182; nuptial flights, Parise, Stephen G., 117
178–179; sex attractant pheromone, 178
Park, O. Wallace, 87–89, 240–242
mating sites, 178–181
Peck, David T., 55, 211–214, 257–258
Mattila, Heather R., 183
Peer, Donald F., 181–182
Maurizio, Anna, 222
Pellett, Frank C., 87–89
McMullan, John B., 270
Peters, Jacob M., 235–237
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352 Index
Pinto, Alice M., 34
Rinderer, Thomas E., 118, 246–247
pollen: annual collection, 192–195; basket,
robbing of honey: by beekeepers, 289; ben-
136; collecting, 138, 141, 150, 188–189,
efits and costs, 210, 268, 280; in forest
194; collection efficiency, 193–194; con-
vs. in apiary, 212; robber behavior, 212–
sumption of, 94, 98, 137, 144, 190, 193;
213; role in spreading parasites and
harvesting by bee keepers, 94, 98, 284,
pathogens, 87, 210–214, 252, 263, 268,
289; load size, 193; nutritional value, 188–
290
189, 279, 289; storage of, 121, 189–190;
Rothamsted Experimental Station, 150
storage location in nest, 189, 281–282;
Rothenbuhler, Walter C., 89
substitutes, 283
Rutschmann, Benjamin, 38–39, 230
pollination: commercial, 94–95; value of
Ruttner, Friederich, 179–181
honey bees, 291
Ruttner, Hans, 179–181
polyandry: benefits to colony functioning,
183–185; definition of, 182; level in wild sacbrood, 109
colonies, 183–186
scale-hive records, 143–146
population biology of wild colonies, 165–169
Schmidt, Justin O., 118
Pratt, Stephen C., 129–135
Scofield, Hailey N., 230
Primorsky region of Russia, 43, 245–247
Seeley, Robin H., 21–22
Prokopovich, Peter, 69
sex attractant pheromone, 178
propolis, 73, 83–84, 91, 106–107, 115, 120,
sex investment ratio, 171–174
123, 135–139, 217, 224, 239, 273–276,
Shindagin Hollow State Forest, 40–41,
279–280, 287, 289, 291
103–104
propolis envelope: construction, 135–139;
Simone-Finstrom, Michael, 139
function, 139, 217, 224, 239, 273–276,
skeps, 69–72
279–287; structure, 135
sleep, 2
propolis traps, 138
small-cell comb. See comb, cell size
protandry, 157–158
small hive beetle, 282
Smibert, Thomas, 187
queen: cells, 146–147, 161; lethal behavior of Smith, Michael L., 127, 132, 158–160, 172,
virgins, 162–164; mating flight range, 38,
240–242, 264
179–182; preparation for swarming, 161;
smoke, effects on bees, 82–85
rearing, 149–150, 158, 161, 285; shaking Sonoran Desert, 46–47
by workers, 161; sperm storage in, 182;
Southwick, Edward E., 227
substance pheromone, 178
Spivak, Marl
a, 274
queen production, timing of: 149–150, 158
Starks, Philip T., 222
Sternberg, Karin, 82
Radcliffe, Robin W., 41, 103–104, 230
stinging behavior, 82–84
Rangel, Juliana S., 175
survival probabilities: established colonies,
Ratnieks, Francis L. W., 201
168; newly founded colonies, 168
recruitment to food sources, 205–210
Swabian Alb Biosphere Reserve, 38–39
Reeve, H. Kern, 175
swarming: control of, 72, 97; effects on Varroa
reproduction of colonies: hermaphroditic,
mite infestations, 265–268; optimal swarm
155–157; timing of, 142, 150–151,
fraction, 174–177; probability of after-
157–158
swarming, 163; probability of swarm sur-
resin: collection, 135–136; 190–191; han-vival, 168; seasonal pattern of, 111, 128,
dling and use, 123, 136–139, 273–276
148–152, 158; sequence of events during, resin collectors: ages of, 137; behaviors inside
161–162
nest, 137–138
Szabo, Tibor I., 116, 119
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Index 353
Tarpy, David R., 163–164, 183–185,
15, 33, 42–45; history of spread on Apis
253–254
mellifera, 42–44, 245–259, 282–283; popu-Tautz, Jürgen, 216
lation dynamics in small-hive vs. large-hive
Tel Rehov, Israel, 62–63
colonies, 265–268
Teleogryllus oceanicus, 14
Varroa jacobsoni, 245–246
temperature: of bees’ flight muscles, 218–
Varroa-sensitive hygienic (VSH) behavior,
220, 232; in broodnest, 141, 215–219,
251–252, 258
234–237; profile of winter cluster, 217,
ventilation. See nest ventilation
225; sensitivity of pupal brood, 216,
virgin queens: fates of, 164; fighting among,
221, 234; tolerances of adult bees, 221;
162–164
in winter cluster, 140, 215, 224–230
virulence, evolution of, 259
thermal conductance: of bee cluster, 226–
Visscher, P. Kirk, 28–31, 38, 41, 48, 151,
227, 233; of nest cavity’s walls,
197, 205, 208
227–231
von Frisch, Karl, 197, 201
tracheal mite, 46, 89–90, 109, 282
Trans-Siberian Railway, 245
waggle dance, 138, 183, 197–201, 205–208,
tree beekeeping ( Zeidlerei), 6–7, 24–25, 66–
216, 238
69, 72
water: collection, 188–190, 236–242; han-Tribe, Geoff, 82
dling/use, 190, 237–238, 240–242; stor-Twain, Mark, 17
age in nest, 240, 242
Watson, Lloyd R., 87–88
uncapping and recapping cells (for resistance
wax moth, 244
to Varroa), 258
weight records of colonies, 143–144
Varroa destructor: breeding for resistance to,
Welder Wildlife Refuge, 34–35
89, 289; dispersal between colonies, 214;
Williams, George C., 155
effects on colonies, 46–47, 52–56; effects Winston, Mark L., 163
on individual bees, 44–45; extraordinary
nimbleness, 213–214; general biology, 13–
Yale Myers Forest, 202–204
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Document Outline
Cover
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
2 Bees in the Forest, Still
3 Leaving the Wild
4 Are Honey Bees Domesticated?
5 The Nest
6 Annual Cycle
7 Colony Reproduction
8 Food Collection
9 Temperature Control
10 Colony Defense
11 Darwinian Beekeeping
Notes
References
Acknowledgments
Illustration Credits
Index