Greek and Macedonian Land Battles of the 4th Century BC

by Fred Eugene Ray Jr

  Demosthenes. (c. 384-322 B.C.): Greek orator, statesman and soldier whose speeches yield details on 4th century B.C. events. (Demosthenes, Vol. I-III, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926-1930).

  Didymus. (1st century B.C.): Prolific compiler of ancient writings whose works contributed important details on 4th century B.C. history via scholiasts.

  Diodorus Siculus. (c. 90-20 B.C.): Sicilian historian whose surviving works include coverage of events in the 4th century B.C. Greek world. (Library of World History, Vol. I-XII, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933-1967).

  Dionysius of Halicarnassus. (late 1st century B.C.): Greek historian whose surviving works detail early Roman history and shed light on events in Grecian Italy. (Roman Antiquities, Vol. I-VII, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1937-1950).

  Ephorus of Cyme. (c. 405-330 B.C.): Greek historian whose work is now lost, but was used as a source on 4th century B.C. events in the surviving works of others, including Diodorus and Plutarch.

  Frontinus. (c. A.D. 35-103): Roman writer whose collection of military stratagems includes many from 4th century B.C. Greek warfare. (Stratagems, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925).

  Herodotus. (480s-420s B.C.): Greek historian often referred to as the `father of history' whose work culminates at the end of the Persian invasion of 480-79 and offers insights on military affairs relevant to the 4th century B.C. (The Landmark Herodotus, The Histories, New York: Pantheon Books, 2007).

  Hyperides. (389-322 B.C.): Athenian statesman and orator whose surviving speeches contribute details on 4th century B.C. events.

  Isocrates. (436-338 B.C.): Greek orator whose speeches provide detail on 4th century B.C. events. (Isocrates, Vol. I-III, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928-1945).

  Justin. (late 2nd century A.D.): Likely M. Iunianius lustinus, a Roman writer who summarized the now lost work of Pompeius Trogus, which came largely from Greek sources and included coverage of 4th century B.C. (Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History ofPompeius Trogus, Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1994)

  Livy. (59 B.C.- A.D. 17): Roman historian whose works include useful detail on the warfare among the Italians relevant to the 4th century B.C. (Livy, Rome and Italy, Books VI-X of The History of Rome from its Foundation, New York: Penguin Books, 1982).

  Lysias. (c. 458-380 B.C.): Athenian speech writer whose surviving works shed light on events in the early 4th century B.C. (Lysias, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1930).

  Nepos, Cornelius. (c. 110-24 B.C.): Roman writer whose works included biographies of a number of 4th century B.C. Greek generals. (Cornelius Nepos, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984).

  Onasander. (1st century A.D.): Greek philosopher who wrote a treatise on generalship that includes information relevant to 4th century B.C. warfare. (Aeneas Tacticus, Asclepiodotus, Onasander, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928, p. 368-527).

  Oxyrhynchus Historian. (late 5th-early 4th century B.C.): Greek writer known from fragments found in Oxyrhynchus (in Egypt) whose work includes coverage of the early 4th century B.C. (Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, London: Aris and Phillips, 1988).

  Pausanias. (2nd century A.D.): Greek travel writer whose works include numerous historical details relevant to the 4th century B.C. (Description of Greece, Vol. I-V, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918-1955).

  Philistus. (c. 430-356 B.C.): Sicilian historian whose work is now lost, but provided source material to Timaeus and, hence, to Diodorus on events in Sicily during the 4th century B.C.

  Philochoros. (c. 340-261 B.C.): Greek historian whose works survive only in fragments, specialized in the history of Attica and was a major source for other Hellenistic chronographers.

  Plato. (c. 429-347 B.C.): Greek philosopher and student of Socrates whose works contain information regarding 5th and 4th century B.C. military matters. (Laches and Charmides, Cambridge, MA: Hackett, 1973).

  Plutarch. (c. A.D. 45-120): Greek philosopher and writer whose works include biographies of Greek military figures of the 4th century B.C. (Plutarch's Lives, Vol. I andIi, New York: Modern Library, 2001).

  Polyaenus. (2nd century A.D.): Macedonian rhetorician whose collection of stratagems include many from the 4th century B.C. Greeks. (Polyaenus, Stratagems of War, Vol. I and II, Chicago: Ares, 1994).

  Polybios. (c. 208-124 B.C.): Greek historian whose works on the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. also shed some light on 4th century B.C. military practices. (The Histories, Vol. I-VI, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922-1927).

  Ptolemy. (367/66-282 B.C.): Macedonian general and Hellenistic ruler of Egypt (as Ptolemy I) whose lost history of Alexander heavily influenced other historians.

  Strabo. (c. 64 B.C.-post A.D. 21): Most important geographer of ancient times, whose works supply numerous details about places and events in the 4th century B.C. (Geography, 8 vol. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917-1932).

  Theopompus. (1st century B.C.): Roman historian whose work relevant to the 4th century B.C. drew from earlier Greek sources and is lost save for summarization in Justin.

  Thucydides. (c. 460-c. 400 B.C.): Greek historian and Athenian general whose work on the Peloponnesian Wars of the 5th century B.C. has relevance for 4th century B.C. military affairs as well. (The Landmark Thucydides, A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, New York: Pantheon Books, 1996)

  Timaeus. (c. 350-260 B.C.): Greek historian whose work, now lost, sourced the surviving works of others, including Diodorus and Plutarch.

  Xenophon. (c. 430-350 B.C.): Greek general and historian whose works include coverage of Greek wars down to 362 B.C. (Hellenica, Vol. land II, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918-1921; The Landmark Xenophon's Hellenika, New York: Pantheon Books, 2009; Ana basis, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922; Agesilaus in Scripta Minora, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925).

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