Parallel Lives

by Phyllis Rose

  1877 Anne Thackeray, forty, marries her cousin Richmond Ritchie, twenty-three.

  Darwin’s eldest son marries Sara Sedgwick, the younger sister of Charles Eliot Norton’s dead wife, Susan.

  Leslie Stephen, after the death of his wife Minny, Thackeray’s younger daughter, courts the beautiful widow Julia Duckworth.

  They will marry and have four children; the third will become known as Virginia Woolf.

  1878 Marian Evans’s companion of twenty-four years, George Henry Lewes, dies.

  1880 In May, Marian Evans, sixty, marries John Walter Cross, forty; she dies in December.

  1881 Carlyle dies. Publication of his Reminiscences, including the memoir of his wife which unveils his remorse. From this time, people will debate the Carlyles’ marriage. Controversy will increase with the publication of Froude’s biography of Carlyle in 1882 and 1884. The self-styled defenders of Carlyle and ‘anti-Froudians’ will blame Jane Carlyle, calling her an over-educated, neurotic woman.

  1903 George Bernard Shaw proclaims (in Man and Superman), ‘The confusion of marriage with morality has done more to destroy the conscience of the human race than any other single error.’

  Selected Bibliography

  Ackerley, J. R. My Father and Myself. New York: Coward-McCann, 1969.

  Adrian, Arthur. Georgina Hogarth and the Dickens Circle. London: Oxford University Press, 1957.

  Bain, Alexander. John Stuart Mill: A Criticism. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1882.

  Banks, J. A. and Olive. Feminism and Family Planning in Victorian England. New York: Schocken Books, 1964.

  Barker-Benfield, Ben. The Horrors of the Half-Known Life: Male Attitudes Toward Women and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.

  Basch, Françoise. Relative Creatures: Victorian Women in Society and the Novel. Trans. Anthony Rudolf. New York: Schocken Books, 1974.

  de Beauvoir, Simone. The Prime of Life. Trans. Peter Green. Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1962.

  —. The Second Sex. Ed. and Trans. H. M. Parshley. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1953.

  Bernard, Jessie. The Future of Marriage. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.

  Bliss, Trudy, ed. Jane Welsh Carlyle: A New Selection of Her Letters. New York: Macmillan, 1950.

  Blum, Léon. Marriage. Trans. Warre Bradley Wells. London and Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1937.

  Bodichon, Barbara Leigh Smith. An American Diary, 1857–8. Ed. and with an introduction by Joseph W. Reed, Jr. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972.

  Borchard, Ruth. John Stuart Mill, the Man. London: Watts, 1957.

  Branca, Patricia. Silent Sisterhood: Middle-Class Women in Victorian Homes. Pittsburgh: Carnegie-Mellon University Press, 1975.

  Brookfield, Charles and Frances, eds. Mrs Brookfield and Her Circle. 2 vols. London: Pitman and Sons, 1906.

  Calder, Jenni. Women and Marriage in Victorian Fiction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.

  Carlyle, Jane Welsh. The Collected Letters of Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle. Ed. Charles Richard Sanders, Kenneth J. Fielding et al., Duke-Edinburgh Edition. 9 vols. to date. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1970–.

  —. Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle. Ed. James Anthony Froude. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1883.

  —. The Love Letters of Thomas Carlyle and Jane Welsh. Ed. Alexander Carlyle. 2 vols. London: John Lane, 1909.

  —. New Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle. Ed. Alexander Carlyle. 2 vols. London and New York: John Lane, 1903.

  Carlyle, Thomas. Reminiscences. Ed. James Anthony Froude. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1881.

  Cate, Curtis. George Sand. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975.

  Cavell, Stanley. Pursuits of Happiness: The Hollywood Comedy of Remarriage. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.

  Chitty, Susan. The Beast and the Monk: A Life of Charles Kingsley. New York: Mason/Charter, 1975.

  Cockshut, A. O. J. Truth to Life: The Art of Biography in the Nineteenth Century. New York and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974.

  Collis, John Stewart. The Carlyles: A Biography of Thomas and Jane Carlyle. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1973.

  Colp, Ralph, Jr. To Be an Invalid: The Illness of Charles Darwin. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1977.

  Craig, David. Scottish Literature and the Scottish People. London: Chatto and Windus, 1961.

  Cross, John Walter, ed. George Eliot’s Life. 3 vols. New York: Harper and Bros., 1885.

  Dawson, Carl. Victorian Noon: English Literature in 1850. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.

  Degler, Carl. ‘What Ought to Be and What Was: Women’s Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century’. American Historical Review 79, no. 5 (December 1974): 1467–90.

  Delamont, Sara and Lorna Duffin, eds. The Nineteenth-Century Woman: Her Cultural and Physical World. London: Croom Helm; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1978.

  Dickens, Charles. The Letters of Charles Dickens. Ed. Walter Dexter. 3 vols. The Nonesuch Edition. London: The Nonesuch Press, 1938.

  —. The Letters of Charles Dickens. Ed. Madeline House, Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson, K. J. Fielding. 5 vols. to date. The Pilgrim Edition. Oxford: The Clarendon Press: 1965–.

  Dickens, Sir Henry Fielding. Memories of My Father. New York: Duffield and Co., 1929.

  Dickens, Mamie. My Father As I Recall Him. New York: Dutton, n.d.

  Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. New York and Washington, D.C.: Praeger Publishers, 1966.

  Drew, Elizabeth. Jane Welsh and Jane Carlyle. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1928.

  Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan. Conversations with Carlyle. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1892.

  Dunn, Waldo Hilary. James Anthony Froude: A Biography. 2 vols. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1961.

  Eliot, George. The George Eliot Letters. Ed. Gordon Haight. 9 vols. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1954–78.

  Ellmann, Richard. Golden Codgers: Biographical Speculations. New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1973.

  Erikson, Erik. ‘The Golden Rule and The Cycle of Life’. In The Study of Lives, ed. Robert W. White. New York: Atherton Press, 1963.

  Faderman, Lillian. Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present. New York: William Morrow, 1981.

  Fleishman, Avrom. ‘Personal Myth: Three Victorian Autobiographers’. In Approaches to Victorian Autobiography, ed. George P. Landow, 215–34. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1979.

  Forster, John. The Life of Charles Dickens. 2 vols. London: J. M. Dent, 1966.

  Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality; Volume One: An Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.

  Fox, Caroline. Memories of Old Friends: Extracts from the Journals and Letters of Caroline Fox, 1835–1871. Ed. Horace Plym. London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1882.

  Froude, James Anthony. Thomas Carlyle: A History of the First Forty Years of His Life. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1882.

  —. Thomas Carlyle: A History of His Life in London. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1892.

  —. My Relations with Carlyle. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1903. Fryer, Peter. The Birth Controllers. London: Secker and Warburg, 1965.

  Geertz, Clifford. ‘Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight’. In Myth, Symbol, and Culture, ed. Clifford Geertz. New York: W. W. Norton, 1974.

  Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: A Study of Women and the Literary Imagination in the Nineteenth-Century. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1979.

  Goffman, Ervin. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959.

  Haight, Gordon. George Eliot: A Biography. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968.

  —. George Eliot and John Chapman. New Haven: Yale University Pr
ess, 1940.

  Haley, Bruce. The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1978.

  Hardwick, Elizabeth. Seduction and Betrayal: Women and Literature. New York: Random House, 1973.

  —. A View of My Own: Essays in Literature and Society. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1962.

  Harrison, Brian. ‘Underneath the Victorians’. Victorian Studies 10 (1976): 239–62.

  Harrison, Fraser. The Dark Angel: Aspects of Victorian Sexuality. New York: Universe Books, 1977.

  Hartman, Mary S. Victorian Murderesses. New York: Schocken Books, 1977.

  Hayek, F. A. John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor: Their Correspondence and Subsequent Marriage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.

  Hayter, Alathea. A Sultry Month: Scenes of London Literary Life in 1846. London: Faber and Faber, 1965.

  Himes, Norman. Medical History of Contraception. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Co., 1936.

  Himmelfarb, Gertrude. On Liberty and Liberalism: The Case of John Stuart Mill. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974.

  Holme, Thea. The Carlyles at Home. London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.

  Hudson, Derek. Munby, Man of Two Worlds: The Life and Diaries of Arthur J. Munby, 1828–1910. London: John Murray; Boston: Gambit, 1972.

  Irvine, William. Apes, Angels, and Victorians: Darwin, Huxley, and Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.

  Irving, Joseph. The Annals of Our Times: A Diurnal of Events, Social and Political, Home and Foreign, from the Accession of Queen Victoria, June 20, 1837, to the Peace of Versailles, February 28, 1871. London and New York: Macmillan and Co., 1890.

  James, Admiral Sir William, ed. John Ruskin and Effie Gray. (In England, The Order of Release.) New York: Scribner’s, 1947.

  Jaques, Elliott. ‘Death and the Mid-Life Crisis’. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 46 (1965): 502–14. Reprinted in Elliott Jaques, Work, Creativity and Social Justice. New York: International Universities Press, 1970.

  Jewsbury, Geraldine. Selections from the Letters of Geraldine E. Jewsbury to Jane Welsh Carlyle. London, 1892.

  Johnson, Diane. The True History of the First Mrs Meredith and Other Lesser Lives. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972.

  Johnson, Edgar. Charles Dickens: His Triumph and Tragedy. 2 vols. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1952.

  —, ed. The Heart of Charles Dickens, as Revealed in His Letters to Angela Burdett-Coutts. Boston: Little, Brown, 1952.

  Jung, C. G. ‘Marriage as a Psychological Relationship’. In The Portable Jung, ed. Joseph Campbell, trans. R. F. C. Hull, 163–77. New York: Viking, 1971.

  Kamm, Josephine. John Stuart Mill in Love. London: Gordon and Cremonesi, 1977.

  Kantor, David and William Lehr. Inside the Family: Toward a Theory of Family Process. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1976.

  Kaplan, Fred. Dickens and Mesmerism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.

  Kaplan, Helen Singer and Clifford Sager, eds. Progress in Group and Family Therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1972.

  Lasch, Christopher. The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations. New York: W. W. Norton, 1979.

  —. Haven in a Heartless World: The Family Besieged. New York: Basic Books, 1977.

  Lederer, William J. and Don Jackson. The Mirages of Marriage. New York: W. W. Norton, 1968.

  Levinson, Daniel et al. The Seasons of a Man’s Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978.

  Lewis, R. W. B. Edith Wharton: A Biography. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.

  Lutyens, Mary. Millais and the Ruskins. London: John Murray, 1967.

  —. The Ruskins and the Grays. London: John Murray, 1972.

  —. Young Mrs Ruskin in Venice: Unpublished Letters of Mrs John Ruskin written from Venice between 1849–1852. (In England, Effie in Venice.) New York: The Vanguard Press, 1966.

  Mackenzie, Norman and Jeanne. Dickens: A Life. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.

  Marcus, Steven. The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid-Nineteenth Century England. New York: Basic Books, 1966.

  Marlow, Joyce. The Oak and the Ivy: An Intimate Biography of William and Catherine Gladstone. New York: Doubleday, 1977.

  Martin, Robert Bernard. Tennyson: The Unquiet Heart. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

  Mayhew, Henry. London Labour and the London Poor. 4 vols. London: Griffin, Bohn and Co., 1861. Reprint ed. New York: Dover Publications, 1968.

  Mazlish, Bruce. James and John Stuart Mill: Father and Son in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Basic Books, 1973.

  McGregor, O. R. Divorce in England: A Centenary Study. London: Heinemann, 1957.

  Mill, John Stuart. The Autobiography of John Stuart Mill. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974.

  —. Earlier Letters of John Stuart Mill, 1812–1848. Ed. Francis E. Minetka. Vols. 12 and 13. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963.

  —. The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill, 1849–1873. Ed. Francis E. Minetka and Dwight N. Lindley. Vols. 14–17, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972.

  Minuchin, Salvador. Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

  Mitchell, Juliet. Woman’s Estate. New York: Pantheon, 1971.

  Morley, John. Nineteenth Century Essays. Ed. Peter Stansky. Classics of British Historical Literature Series. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

  Nisbet, Ada. Dickens and Ellen Ternan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1952.

  Norton, Charles Eliot. The Letters of Charles Eliot Norton. 2 vols. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1913.

  Origo, Iris. ‘The Carlyles and the Ashburtons’. In A Measure of Love, 117–85. New York: Pantheon, n.d.

  Packe, Michael St John. The Life of John Stuart Mill. New York: Macmillan, 1954.

  Pappe, H. O. John Stuart Mill and the Harriet Taylor Myth. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1960.

  Paradis, James G. T. H. Huxley: Man’s Place in Nature. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska press, 1978.

  Quennell, Peter. John Ruskin: The Portrait of a Prophet. London: Collins, 1949.

  Ray, Gordon N. H. G. Wells and Rebecca West. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.

  —. Thackeray: The Uses of Adversity, 1811–1846. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.

  —. Thackeray: The Age of Wisdom, 1847–1863. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958.

  Redinger, Ruby. George Eliot: The Emergent Self. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975.

  Ritchie, Anne Thackeray. Chapters from Some Unwritten Memoirs. New York: Harper and Bros., 1895.

  Rosenberg, John D. The Darkening Glass: A Portrait of Ruskin’s Genius. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.

  Rossi, Alice, ed. Essays on Sex Equality by John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor. With an introduction by Alice Rossi. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

  Rowbotham, Sheila. Hidden from History: Rediscovering Women in History from the Seventeenth Century to the Present. New York: Pantheon Books, 1974.

  Ruskin, John. Letters from Venice, 1851–1852. Ed. John Lewis Bradley. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955.

  —. Ruskin in Italy: Letters to His Parents, 1845. Ed. Harold Shapiro. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1972.

  Russell, Bertrand and Patricia, eds. The Amberley Papers. 2 vols. London: George Allen and Unwin; New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966.

  Scanzoni, John. Sexual Bargaining: Power Politics in the American Marriage. 2d ed. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

  Scarf, Maggie. Unfinished Business: Pressure Points in the Lives of Women. New York: Doubleday, 1980.

  Scheibe, Karl. ‘In Defense of Lying: On the Moral Neutrality of Misrepresentation’. Berkshire Review 15 (1980): 15–24.

  —. Mirrors, Masks, Lies, and Secrets: The Limits of Human Predictability.

 
New York and London: Praeger, 1979.

  Seidenberg, Robert. Marriage Between Equals. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Anchor Press, 1973. Orig. publ. as Marriage in Life and Literature. New York: Philosophical Library, 1970.

  Shorter, Edward. The Making of the Modern Family. New York: Basic Books, 1975.

  Showalter, Elaine. A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.

  Simon, W. M. European Positivism in the Nineteenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1963.

  Simpson, Alan and Mary, eds. I Too Am Here: Selections from the Letters of Jane Welsh Carlyle. London, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

  Speaight, George. Punch and Judy: A History. Boston: Publishers Plays, 1970.

  Spear, Jeffrey. ‘Ruskin on His Marriage: The Acland Letter’. Times Literary Supplement (February 10, 1978): 163.

  Stang, Richard. The Theory of the Novel in England: 1850–1870. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; New York: Columbia University Press, 1959.

  Staples, Leslie. ‘News Letters of Mary Hogarth and Her Sister Catherine’. The Dickensian 63 (1967): 75–80.

  Stephen, Leslie. George Eliot. The English Men of Letters Series. London: Macmillan and Co., 1902.

  —. The Mausoleum Book. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1977.

  Stillinger, Jack, ed. The Early Draft of John Stuart Mill’s Autobiography. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1961.

  Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England 1500–1800. New York: Harper & Row, 1977.

  Storey, Gladys. Dickens and Daughter. New York: Haskell House, 1971. Orig. publ. London, 1939.

  Symons, Julian. Thomas Carlyle: The Life and Ideas of a Prophet. New York. Oxford University Press, 1952.

  Thackeray, William Makepeace. The Letters and Private Papers of W. M. Thackeray. Ed. Gordon N. Ray. 4 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1945–46.

  Thomas, Keith. ‘The Double Standard’. Journal of the History of Ideas 20 (1959): 195–216.

  Trilling, Diana. ‘Mill’s Intellectual Beacon’. Partisan Review 19 (1952): 115–20.

  Vicinus, Martha, ed. Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age. London and Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972.