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Silver, Sword, and Stone

Page 59

by Marie Arana

“Canto de guerra” (Belli), 196

  “Canto General” (Neruda), 11

  Cao, Lady of, 266

  Caonao massacre, 139, 285

  Capac Ñan (Royal Road), 20, 32, 35

  capacocha ritual, 273

  capitalism, 12, 92, 96, 195–96

  Capitulación de Toledo, 82

  Capitulations of Santa Fe, 47, 50

  Carabaya, Rio, 45

  Carabaya cordillera, 16–17

  Cardenal, Ernesto, 326, 334

  Cardenal, Fernando, 326

  Cárdenas, Lázaro, 116

  Caribbean, 23, 138–41, 262, 315–16

  Caribs, 138–41, 144

  Carlos II, king of Spain, 296

  Carlos IV, king of Spain, 163–65, 168

  Carlos V, Holy Roman emperor (Carlos I of Spain), 58, 63, 65–66, 69, 71–72, 75, 78, 82, 83, 88, 91, 92, 94, 97, 100, 148, 381, 382

  Carlota, princess of Mexico, 195

  Carlyle, Thomas, 166, 174–75

  Carranza, Venustiano, 245

  Cartagena, 96, 120

  Carter, Jimmy, 136, 207, 221, 233

  Casaldáliga, Pedro, 325–26

  Casqui, 249

  Castile, 40, 42, 301

  Castro, Fidel, 184, 188, 218, 349

  in Columbia, 203–4

  Cuban Revolution led by, 159–62, 179, 203–4, 311, 322

  Cuba under, 136–37, 179–81, 190, 204–8, 228, 233–34, 238, 244, 354, 412

  Castro, Raúl, 120, 160, 184, 412

  Catalonia, 252, 271, 292, 310, 327, 360

  Catari, Tomás, 155–56

  Catholicism, Catholic Church, 4, 40, 50, 102, 111, 123, 139, 155, 195, 196, 211, 212, 240, 253, 276–312, 315, 330, 338, 344, 362

  abuses of, 306–9, 333, 347

  bishops vs. mendicants in, 303, 311

  change and transformation embraced by, 347–49

  counterrepression against, 199

  decline in Latin America of, 320–37

  education and, 227, 306, 308–9, 317, 319

  forced conversion to, 41, 42, 50, 71, 88, 91, 154, 267, 277–78, 282, 288, 295, 299, 307–8, 316

  incorporated into indigenous religions, 3–6, 299, 315–16, 323, 346

  largest population of, 330

  opulent edifices of, 304–5, 314

  paradox of, 358–59

  political corruption and, 358–59

  postrevolutionary crisis and recasting of, 313–50

  present-day initiatives of, 330–39, 437–38

  rift between bishops and mendicants in, 303, 311

  social activism of, see liberation theology

  Spain in power of, 71–72, 281, 302–3, 314, 324

  superimposed on indigenous sacred sites, 37–38, 96, 290, 295, 299, 388

  as unifying force, 5–6, 306

  wealth of, 303–6

  see also Vatican

  cattle industry, 206, 208

  cédulas de Gracias al Sacar (certificates of whiteness), sale of, 240, 358

  Center for Research and Promotion of Farmers (CIPCA), 327

  Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 188, 200, 203, 218, 334, 411–12

  Cerro Rico, 11–13

  Cervantes, Miguel de, 41, 97, 376–77

  Chaco War (1932–1935), 270, 291

  Chaffee, Fort, 137, 234

  chalchihuitl, 383

  Charismatics, 335

  Charlotte, queen of Portugal, 164

  chasquis (messengers), 33–35

  Chávez, Hugo, 116, 242, 244, 349, 353, 360

  Chavín civilization, 22

  Chavín de Huántar, 106, 265

  Cheops, pharoah or Egypt, 265

  Chiapas rebellion, 340–43

  chicha (liquor), 86, 155, 292

  Chichén Itzá, 24, 256, 265

  Chichimecas, 299, 307

  chichiqueo (silver-extraction technique), 126

  Chilám Balám, 23, 83, 264

  children, 220, 247, 265

  in drug trade, 225, 356

  effect of drug addiction on, 237

  hopes for future of, 127–28, 359

  labor of, 12–13, 99, 111, 121, 125–27, 237

  military use of, 177, 184, 216

  in prostitution, 4, 112–13, 392

  ritual sacrifice of, 272–74

  in terrorism, 230

  as victims of violence, 150, 181, 219, 352

  Children of Cain (Rosenberg), 210

  Chile, 31–32, 73, 119, 120, 132, 171, 188–89, 192, 213–14, 225, 228, 242, 244, 270, 308

  Chimú people, 5, 22

  China, Chinese, 14, 97, 109, 120, 122, 260, 318

  bias against, 173, 240

  Communist, 227–29

  Chiquita Brands International, see United Fruit Company

  Chiriguano people, 350

  cholera, 232

  Cholula, 79, 265, 425

  Choquehuanca, David, 349–50

  Christianity, 39, 277, 301, 346

  abuses of, 98–99, 277

  biased perceptions of, 25, 255–56, 276

  global shift in, 330–31

  indigenous religions vs., 255–56

  postrevolutionary redefining of, 313–19

  as rationale for conquest, 47, 54–55, 57, 58, 66, 71, 75, 98, 139–40, 145, 150, 152, 154, 249, 255, 273–75, 276, 282, 297, 301

  schism in, 281

  see also Catholicism, Catholic Church; missionaries; Protestantism

  Chuschi, 228

  Ciboney people, 138

  Cipango (Japan), 44, 47, 49, 52

  Cisneros y Cisneros de Arana, Rosa, 7

  Ciudad Trujillo, 200, 241

  Ciudad y los Perros, La (English title: The Time of the Hero; Vargas Llosa), 208–9

  Civil War, U.S., 314

  Clara (Buergos’s wife), 236–37, 360

  Clinton, Bill, 246

  coal industry, 119, 121, 252, 254

  Coatlicue, 106, 108, 151, 221, 257, 266, 315

  coats of arms, 71, 100

  cocaine:

  lure of and addiction to, 235–38, 360

  trafficking of, 110, 224–25, 357, 358

  U.S. demand for, 224, 234–36, 356

  coca leaf, 17, 111, 224, 360

  Cochabamba, Bolivia, 252, 268–69

  coffee industry, 114–17, 197, 200, 220, 221

  Cold War, 202

  Colegio de San Gregorio, Valladolid, conference at, 287, 308

  Colegio San Ignacio, 251

  Colombia, 2, 74, 85, 109, 114–15, 119, 121, 132, 155, 169, 171, 174, 181, 189–90, 200–204, 209, 214, 223–25, 241, 244–45, 351–52, 356, 418

  Colombian Communist Party, 203

  Colombian Liberal Party, 202

  Columbus, Bartholomew, 44

  Columbus, Christopher, 52, 73, 91, 115, 142, 144, 283–84, 294, 297, 428

  awards and accolades for, 50–51

  brutality of, 51–52, 54, 298, 362

  downfall of, 51–53

  first voyage and landing of, 14, 39, 46–51, 55, 67, 120, 132, 138, 151, 153, 154, 191, 198–99, 254, 261, 297, 349

  five hundredth anniversary of, 334–35

  geographical misperception of, 44, 48–50, 52, 57, 361

  New World wonders displayed by, 49–50, 140

  three subsequent voyages of, 49, 51–53, 115, 139–40, 283

  Columbus, Diego, 52–53, 284

  Columbus, Fernando, 52–53

  Combinado del Este prison, 208, 222, 234

  Comentarios (Cabeza de Vaca), 274

  Commission for Historical Clarification, 215

  Communism:

  Chinese, 227

  Cuban, 161, 179, 181, 187, 205, 322, 354

  Fourth Sword of, 228

  opposition to, 202, 212–13, 268, 326, 332, 333, 409, 438

  proliferation in Latin America of, 215, 224, 293–94, 323, 325

  as rationale for U.S. incursions into Latin America, 117, 187–91, 218, 219, 221, 293

  Soviet, see Soviet Union

  in Spain, 252–53


  in Third World, 181, 222, 355

  Communist Party:

  of Ecuador, 294

  of Peru, 227–28

  compelle intrare (forced conversion), 288

  compromisos (commitments), 376

  Condor, Operation, 213–15, 328, 415

  Conga mine, 122–24

  Conquest of the Incas, The (Hemming), 30

  conquistadors:

  as authoritarian, 192

  as “bearded ones,” 33–34, 36, 63, 69, 86, 266

  brutal and bellicose nature of, 3, 54, 55, 74, 138–39, 147, 189, 284–86, 299

  clergy accompanying, 297–309

  commonality among, 73–75, 83–84, 147, 298, 300–301

  hardships and hazards of, 77–81

  heroic legend vs. reality of, 151, 300

  lure of mineral wealth for, 30, 57, 69, 76, 95, 180

  see also specific individuals

  Constantinople, 62

  Contras, 216, 221

  conversos, 42, 376–77

  Copán, Honduras, 264

  copper, 13, 20, 23, 32, 49, 85, 104, 109, 119, 120, 148

  Cora people, 316

  Coricancha (Temple of the Sun), 13–14, 20, 36–37, 91, 273, 305

  Cornell University, 312, 317, 320

  corruption:

  culture of, 174, 176, 178, 180, 187, 189, 357–59

  as more subtle use of violence, 242–43

  political and corporate, 243, 357–58

  religious, 280–82, 287, 302, 333, 347, 358–59

  Cortés, Hernán, 26, 55–56, 58, 63, 71, 76, 83, 84, 93, 138, 147, 299, 300, 358

  brutality of, 2, 55, 152, 299, 300

  clergy accompanying, 298–300

  commonalities between Pizarro and, 83–85, 88, 92

  discoveries and conquests of, 14, 53–58, 60–71, 73–74, 80, 82, 85, 93, 96, 142, 152–54, 217, 222, 247, 255, 257, 276–79, 281, 290, 297–300, 304, 349, 362, 382–83

  heroic legend vs. reality of, 300

  Montezuma and, 14, 25–26, 29–30, 60–68, 88, 259, 276, 278, 297, 299–300, 304, 349, 381–82

  Costa Rica, 49, 242, 261

  cotton, 116, 148

  Council of the Indies, 69, 117, 147, 148, 164, 289, 313, 324

  coups, 189, 196, 212, 216, 218, 219, 228

  Creoles (criollos), 101–4, 116, 129, 156–58, 165–69, 171, 293, 306, 313

  crime, 238–48

  corporate, 117–18

  in Cuba, 206–7, 222, 233

  drug cartels and, 225, 235–38, 355–56

  immigration and, 135–37, 360

  in mining industry, 109–13

  see also Buergos, Carlos

  Crimean War, 239

  Cristero rebellion, 196

  Cromwell, Oliver, 199

  Crucero, Peru, 45–46

  Crusades, 141, 274, 301

  “Cry of Dolores,” 324

  Cuauhtémoc, Aztec emperor, 68

  Cuba, 49, 55–58, 63, 67, 70, 73, 114, 135, 138–45, 159, 160–62, 178, 179–81, 205–8, 228, 233, 238, 244, 284

  and Angola civil war, 181–87, 205

  Communism and, 181–82, 187

  Mariel boat lift from, 135–37

  U.S commercial and political dominion in, 159–60, 178–79

  U.S. embargo of, 120, 161

  Cuban Missile Crisis, 323

  Cuban revolution, 159–62, 178–81, 187, 190, 254, 311, 322

  aftermath of, 205–8, 216, 238

  insurgencies spurred by, 215, 218, 322

  see also Castro, Fidel

  Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, 193

  cuota, la (quota of blood), 231–32

  curacas (tribal leaders), 20

  Cuzco, Peru, 13, 20, 24, 30, 32, 35–38, 84, 85, 91, 92, 112, 113, 127, 150, 156–57, 256, 259–60, 273, 301, 376

  cyanide, 37, 111, 123

  Danner, Mark, 216–17

  Darwin, Charles, 16, 209

  Dávila, Pedrarias “Wrath of God,” 57, 74, 76–78

  death and burial rituals, 21, 22, 36, 38, 261, 262, 273, 274

  death squads, 211, 215, 216–19, 333

  decapitation, 33, 57, 142–43, 151, 153, 157, 169, 219, 225, 232, 247, 274, 277, 289, 324, 440

  democracy:

  elections in, 254

  Latin American failures of, 192–93, 195, 243, 245–47, 349, 360

  Deng Siao Ping, 229

  deplazados, los (the displaced), 225

  de Soto, Hernando, 53, 73, 86, 90, 93

  diamonds, 121, 182, 339

  Dias, Bartolomeu, 44

  Díaz, Juan, 382

  Díaz, Junot, 198

  Díaz, Porfirio, 194, 195–96

  Díaz de Castillo, Bernal, 381, 383

  dictatorships, 175, 203, 243, 253, 332, 339, 357–58

  as legacy of revolution, 177–78, 192–222, 243–44, 349, 360, 362

  rise of, 101, 103, 174–78, 192–222, 238

  Diquí people, 261

  Dirty War (Guerra Sucia; Argentina), 2, 212–13

  disappeared, the (los desaparecidos), 188, 189, 198, 211, 212–14, 217, 218, 225, 229, 242, 244, 247, 356

  diseases, 81, 127, 180

  indigenous decimation by, 138, 151–53, 210, 245, 282, 283, 307

  of miners, 111, 121

  see also specific diseases

  Dole International, 114

  Dominican order, 2–3, 42, 262, 284, 286, 301, 302–3, 306, 308, 428, 433

  Dominican Republic, 117, 121, 198–200, 203, 244

  John Paul II’s address to, 334–35

  Don Quixote (Cervantes), 97

  Drake, Francis, 96, 165

  drug cartels, 120, 224–25, 235, 244, 343, 352

  drug trade, 173, 235–38, 245, 248, 332, 354–57, 360, 440, 445, 446

  Buergos in, 235–38, 355

  death toll of, 356–57

  economies fueled by, 255–56

  rise of, 223–48

  routes of, 242, 444

  Shining Path financed by, 229–30, 355, 418

  in U.S., 120, 234–37, 356

  Drummond Company, 119

  Dulles, Allen, 114, 392

  Dulles, John Foster, 114, 218, 392

  earthquakes, 219, 220

  Economist, 242

  Ecuador, 73, 79, 82, 109, 132, 155, 165–66, 171, 230, 242, 265

  Xavier’s mission in, 210, 292–94, 317

  Edmond, Rayful, III, 236

  education, 127, 129, 220, 226–28, 232, 359

  Catholic, 227, 295–96, 306, 308–9, 317, 319

  Jesuit, 251–54, 292–96

  Egypt, ancient, 263, 265

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 161, 392

  El Dorado, 1–8, 22, 94, 144

  El Imperio, U.S. as, 119–20

  Elizabeth I, queen of England, 96, 97, 115

  El Salvador, 117, 181, 209, 215–17, 221, 241, 330, 333–34, 341, 357

  El Tío, 59, 107–8, 113, 124, 126, 127, 130, 248

  Emancipation Proclamation, 171

  Embargo Act (1807), 164

  Empire of the Sun, see Inca Empire

  Enawenê-Nawê people, 339

  En Carne Viva (In Living Flesh), 327

  encomiendas, encomenderos (plantations; plantation owners), 76, 283–85, 287–90

  Enlightenment, 101, 103, 167, 170, 177, 193, 241

  environment, 327, 357, 391

  effects of mining on, 11–13, 109–11, 121, 123

  época del perrero (era of the dogcatcher), 239

  Espinal, Luis “Lucho,” 327–28, 436

  Europe, 93–96, 167–68, 280–82, 323, 331, 356

  biased perceptions of, 19, 115–16, 209–10, 255–56, 276, 278, 283, 287–88, 295, 301, 313, 330, 333, 350, 361–62

  Latin American wealth funneled into, 12, 92, 95–96, 101

  medieval world view of, 48, 71, 142

  mineral wealth in economy of, 41, 43, 66–67, 92, 95–96

  Evangelical Protestant movements:

  conservative ideology of, 336–37
/>   growth in Latin America of, 175, 329–37

  Exxon, ExxonMobil, 116, 212

  Familia Michoacana, La, 440

  fanfarrones (gold chains), 67–68

  farming, 65, 270–71, 340, 446

  Fascism, 182, 354

  Ferdinand V, king of Spain, 39–44, 47–49, 54, 58, 66, 76, 141, 286, 401

  Ferdinand VII, king of Spain, 102, 163–64, 166, 167–69, 172

  Fifth Sun, 257

  financial crisis (2008), 110

  fishing industry, 109

  Florentine Codex, The, 259

  Florida, Cuban immigration to, 135–37, 207–8, 360

  Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1807), 164

  Fort Indiantown Gap, 234

  France, 83, 167, 168, 195

  Spain and, 163–65, 169, 239, 287

  see also Napoleon I

  Francia, José Gaspar Rodríguez de “El Supremo,” 174–76

  Francis I, Pope, 313, 332, 347

  Franciscan order, 279, 281–82, 287, 298–300, 302–3, 305, 306, 307, 308–9, 316, 319, 325

  Franco, Francisco, 253, 271, 338, 358, 394

  French Revolution, 102, 167

  frente, la, 221

  Frente de Liberación Nacional (FLN), 341

  Fuentes, Carlos, 345, 377

  Fujimori, Alberto “El Chino,” 232, 244, 346, 349, 360

  fukú, 198

  Gadsden Purchase (1853), 410

  Gage, Thomas, 304

  Gaitán, Gloria, 411–12

  Gaitán, Jorge, 202–4, 351–52, 411–12

  Galán, José Antonio, 158

  Galapagos Islands, 31

  Galeano, Eduardo, 128, 276

  Gallo island, 79–80

  Gamboa, Jeremías, 135

  Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento de, 259

  Gandhi, Mahatma, 327

  gang violence, 235, 241–42, 246–48

  García, Alan, 243

  García Lorca, Federico, 108

  García Márquez, Gabriel, 2, 115, 202, 346, 407

  Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca, 16, 37, 172, 259, 376

  gemstones, 25, 31–33, 66, 67, 69, 79, 121, 144–45, 299

  Genoa, Republic of, 41, 44

  genocide, 141, 219–20

  Geyer, Georgie Anne, 205

  Girón Acuña Pacheco, Pedro, 40

  global economy, 111–21, 131

  Godoy, Manuel de, 163

  gold, 1, 19–22, 25, 28, 30, 43–44, 45, 47–49, 56, 65, 71, 92, 109, 120, 121–22, 131, 197, 200, 223, 248, 392

  conquistadors’ plunder of, 65–70, 90–92

  as currency of Europe, 40–41, 43, 66–67

  greed for, 15–16, 18, 30, 39–72, 82, 83, 85, 90–92, 94, 105

  “seeds,” 37–38

  total historical output of, 109

  Gonzáles, Leonor, 1–4, 6, 17, 37, 45–46, 59–60, 107, 124–28, 130, 131, 262, 337, 354, 359, 363, 376

  “Gonzalo Thought,” 228

  “Good Neighbor Policy,” 159

  Granada, 41–42, 54, 61

  Granada, Luis de, 251

  Granada Massacre, 399

 

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