Silver, Sword, and Stone
Page 60
Great Famine, 66
Greece, ancient, 146
Gregory XIII, Pope, 264, 305
Grijalva, Juan de, 381–82
“Grito de Dolores, el,” 173
Guamán Poma de Ayala, Felipe, 34, 39
Guanajuato, Mexico, 25, 169, 324
Guaraní people, 14, 75, 256, 261, 273–74, 295, 311, 338–39, 346, 347, 350, 362
Guatemala, 26, 174, 181, 187–88, 192, 217–20, 244, 263, 265, 286, 289, 315, 330, 341, 343
guerra a fuego y sangre (war of extermination), 307
guerra al muerte, la (war to the death), 231, 245
Guerrero, Gonzalo, 298
Guerrilla Prince (Geyer), 205
guerrilla warfare, 160–61, 164, 170, 181, 184, 197, 212–13, 216, 221, 224, 239, 326, 341, 352
see also Shining Path; specific movements
Guevara, Ché, 160, 311, 327–28, 341
Guinea, Battle of, 43
Gutiérrez, Gustavo, 320–21, 326
Guzmán, Abimael “Gonzalo,” 225–32, 418
Hacia una teología de la liberación (Gutiérrez), 320–21
Haig, Alexander, 216
Haiti, 141, 169–70, 199–200
Hamilton, Alexander, 167
hanan-hurin (conquer and divide) strategy, 149, 150, 152
Hapsburg Empire, 12, 100
Havana, 136, 161
hearth stones, 263–64
hearts, ritual extraction of, 60, 71, 107, 143, 247, 257, 272
“Heights of Machu Picchu, The” (Neruda), 93
Helen (Buergos’s girlfriend), 236–37, 360
Hemming, John, 30, 74
Henríquez, Raul Silva, 358
Henry IV, king of Castile, 40
Hidalgo, Miguel, 169, 173, 324
hieroglyphics, 19, 264
Hispaniola, 49, 51–52, 53, 54–57, 63, 76, 82, 140, 142, 152, 198–99, 283, 299, 428
Hitler, Adolf, 71, 253
HIV, 112
Holy Communion, 297
Holy Roman Empire, 67, 71
Honduras, 49, 114, 117, 174, 209, 221, 330, 341, 357–58
horse meat, black market in, 206–7, 222, 233
horses, 31, 60, 86, 90, 146, 282
huaca (sacred stone), 4, 37, 260–62, 290
Huallaga River, 18, 355
Huallpa, Diego, 94–95, 97
Huamanga University, 226–28
Huanca people, 262
Huancavelíca, mercury mines of, 99
Huascar, 30–31, 35–36, 85–86, 91, 152, 153
Huayna Capac, Lord Inca, 13, 15, 16, 21, 23, 25, 30–37, 38, 39, 78–81, 85, 113, 152, 177, 375
Huei Teocalli, 305
huey tlatoani (supreme leader), 26
Humala, Ollanta, 123
human sacrifice, 3, 25, 36, 60, 92, 105, 106, 150, 151, 239, 248, 257–58, 260, 261, 271–75, 278, 288, 298
Humboldt, Alexander von, 15, 167
hygiene, indigenous vs. European, 64, 382
Iberian conquest, 41, 93–94
map, xii
Iglesia de la Virgen Fátima, 437
Ignatius of Loyola, Saint, 292
immigration, 5, 135–37, 234–36, 242, 246
Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S., 137, 234–35
Inca civilization, 1, 2–3, 5, 18–19, 94, 98, 103, 261–62
commonalities between Aztecs and, 25–26, 30–31, 84, 265–676
mining in, 18, 59, 113, 126, 258
myths of, 16, 18, 19–20
religion of, 4, 144, 256–64, 272–73
tripodal moral code of, 19, 335, 349, 359, 447
violent legacy of, 151, 271–73
wealth of, 79–80
Inca Empire, 24–25, 32–33, 148, 192
Aztec compared to, 84, 85, 265
extent of, 14, 30–37, 85, 265, 293
fall of, 34, 88–92, 109, 152–53, 259, 285, 290
glories of, 11, 13–15, 20–21, 87
Pizarro’s conquest of, 73–92, 93, 95, 96, 151–54, 362
value of precious metals to, 2, 13–14, 19–22, 87
wars of succession in, 35–37, 85–86
incest, 25, 29, 30
inculturation, 318–19
India, 44, 48–50, 109, 120, 122, 268
indianismo (return to indigenous roots), 270
indigenismo (indigenous pride), 345–46
indigenous people, 13, 18–24, 48, 126–28, 139, 144, 149, 150, 165–66, 173, 209–10, 299, 309, 325, 342
advocacy for, 128–30, 147, 284–96, 307–12, 313, 320–37, 340–43, 348–50
Catholicism imposed upon, 4, 37, 276–312
commonalities among, 25–26, 30–31, 265–67
debate over human rights of, 19, 52, 147, 209–10, 213, 286–88, 308
decimation of, 76, 79, 84–85, 93, 138–42, 151–55, 196, 199, 208–10, 213, 219, 231, 244, 245, 284–86, 361, 428
dispossession and displacement of, 195–96, 302–3, 361
doomed resignation of, 128–30, 290–94
eradication of culture of, 4, 37, 96, 98, 262, 264, 277–79, 283–90, 307, 388
indigenous people (cont.)
Eurocentric biased perception of, 19, 48, 255–56, 276, 278, 283, 287–88, 290, 295, 313, 330, 350, 361–62, 429
exploitation of, 48, 51, 54–55, 58, 74, 76, 93–99, 101–4, 117, 121, 124, 129, 132, 147, 153, 189, 197, 217, 283–90, 299, 307, 309, 315, 335, 361, 428
inculturation of, 318–19
intellectual and cultural contributions of, 264–365
Papal apologies to, 333, 347
rights of, 168, 254, 262, 271, 282, 284–90, 306, 308
tripodal moral code of, 19, 249, 259, 335, 447
uncertain population figures for, 153–54
violence against, 3, 138–45, 147, 149–50, 151–54, 208–10, 232, 283–90
violence of, 4, 5, 94, 139, 142–50, 201, 247, 256–57, 350, 401
Xavier’s affinity for, 271, 290–96, 310–12, 327, 338, 343, 348–50, 360–61
see also specific civilizations and peoples
indigenous religions, 13, 144, 150, 255–67
Catholicism compared to, 280
Catholicism incorporated into, 3–6, 299, 315–16, 323, 346
comparisons of, 85, 105–8, 143–44, 260, 263, 265–67, 276–77
creation and origin myths of, 256–57, 259–60, 266–67, 279
decimated by Catholicism, 276–312
overlaid by Catholicism, 4, 37–38, 108, 124, 290, 295, 299, 388
religious tolerance in, 5–6, 276–79, 299
spirituality in, 255–58
violence in, 142, 151, 271–75, 277
see also specific theologies, practices, and rituals
indulgences, selling of, 71, 280–81, 427
industrial age, 131
Inter-American Commission on Human rights, 124
Inti Raymi (winter solstice), 272
Irala, Domingo Martínez de, 401–2
Iraq War, 215
iron, 23, 95, 120
Isabella I, queen of Spain, 39–44, 47–49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 58, 66, 140, 141, 286, 297, 428
Israel, 182
Iturbide, Agustín de, 244
Jamaica, 70
James, Saint, as Santiago “Matamoros,” 276, 384
Japan, Japanese, 44, 47, 49, 52, 97, 260
Jefferson, Thomas, 104, 117, 164, 170
Jehovah Witnesses, 225
Jesuit order (Society of Jesus), 217, 294–96, 316, 332, 339, 423
disbanding and resurgence of, 296, 305, 313, 316
education promoted by, 295–96, 306, 309
missionary work of, 290–96, 309–12
training for, 251–54, 292–94, 296, 310, 320, 346
see also Albó, Xavier
Jesuit Revelations, 290
Jesus Christ, 251, 260, 288, 312, 318
incorporated into indigenous religions, 316, 318
lessons of, 322, 326–27, 334, 338
Jews, 316
&
nbsp; forced conversion and purge of, 41, 42, 50, 376–77, 401
Moorish massacre of, 399
prejudice against, 240
violence against, 141, 274
Jiménez de Quesada, Gonzalo, 144–45, 297
Joao, king of Portugal, 44, 50
John Paul II, Pope, 325, 326, 333–34, 347
Johnson, Lyndon, 213
John XXIII, Pope, Church overhaul of, 322, 325
Juana la Beltraneja, 40
Juanico, (slave), 283, 428
“Juanita,” the Ice Maiden, 272
Juárez, Benito, 194, 195
Juárez, Mex., 5, 248
Juliaca, 127, 131, 359
Julius II, Pope, 71, 378
Kafka, Franz, 212
Kalashnikov AK-47 rifles, 183–84, 188
kalpa (sacrificial ritual, 35
Kennedy, John F., 161, 187
Key West, 137, 232–34
kharisiri (goblins), 309, 348
kidnappings, 212, 216, 221, 224, 225, 242, 356
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 327
Kinich Ahau, 106, 108
Kissinger, Henry, 119, 188, 191, 213–14, 328, 409
Knight of the Order of the Condor of the Andes, 348
Krauze, Enrique, 364, 447
Kruijt, Dirk, 220
Kublai Khan, 49
Kuczinski, Pedro Pablo, 243
Kwang Chow, 44
Labyrinth of Solitude, The (Paz), 133
Lacandón jungle, 340–41
“Lady of Cao,” 22
La Garriga, 252–54
La Malinche, 61–62, 298, 299
Landa, Diego de, 307
Landaverde, Gustavo Alberto, 446
language, 258–59
Aztec, 26
interpreters of, 61, 298
pride in, 327
of racial designations, 345–46, 403
subjugation of, 271, 291
Xavier’s talent for, 292, 293, 311, 348–49
La Rinconada, 1, 3, 37, 45–46, 107, 130, 248, 337
hellish conditions of, 110–13, 124–28, 131, 359, 392
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 3, 139, 141, 262, 379, 428, 429
as advocate for indigenous rights, 282–90, 306, 308, 313, 319, 324, 348
Latin America, 18–25
authoritarian rulership in, 192–222
Christian spiritual conquest of, 276–312
clash of violent cultures in, 135–62
defined by profiteering from external forces, 113–32
economic domination of, 148–50
effect of conquest on, 93–96
global isolation of, 164–65
inherited ongoing traits of, 351–62
least violent sites in, 242
liberation movements in, see revolutions, Latin American
losing mindset in, 128–30, 351–62
maps, xi, xii, xiii
most dangerous places in, 5, 173–74, 241, 357
three formative components of, 1–8; see also mineral wealth; religion; violence
U.S. biased perception of, 190–91, 222
Latin language, 316, 323
La Violencia (Colombian civil war), 223, 351–52
Lenin, Vladimir, 228
Leo X, Pope, 280
Letelier, Orlando, 214
“Letter from Jamaica” (S. Bolívar), 193
liberation theology, 319, 320–29, 333–35, 338, 340–43
Lima, Peru, 12, 16, 226, 228–29, 232, 243, 247, 331–32
limpieza de sangre (racial purity), 141, 240
Lincoln, Abraham, 171
Lisbon, Portugal, 44, 47
Lizardi, Julian de, 350
London, economic power of, 95, 97, 103–4, 116, 118, 121, 177, 392
London Daily News, 208, 210
London Times, 164–65
Lope de Vega, 71
López, Carlos Antonio “El Excelentísimo,” 176
López Rega, José, 211–12
Lorton Prison, 135, 237
Los Angeles, drugs and gangs in, 235, 246
los Ríos, Diego de, 79
Louis XVI, king of France, 167
Lourdes Rosales, Maria de, 247
Luque, Hernando de, 76–77, 82, 300
Luther, Martin, 281, 427, 428
Lutheranism, 287
Macedo, Edir, 337
Madero, Francisco, 196
Madrid, scandal in, 163–65
Maduro, Nicolás, 242, 353–54
Magellan, Ferdinand, 75
Mainz, archbishop of, 280
Mallo, Manuel, 168
Mama Huaco, 260
Mama Ocllo, 19–20, 259
Managua, Nicaragua, 197, 198, 220, 221
mancha, la (the stain), 345
Manco Capac, 19–20, 259
Mandela, Nelson, 327
mano dura (hard hand), 193, 195, 224, 245, 253
Maoists, 45
Mao Tse-tung, 18, 227–29
Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), 246
Marcos, Subcomandante, 341–42
María Luisa, queen of Spain, 163, 168
Mariátegui, José Carlos, 151
Mariel boat lift, 135–37, 207–8, 222, 232–35
Marielitos, 233–35
Marines, U.S., 117–18, 197, 199–200
marriage, 3, 30, 45, 46, 125, 167, 376
Martí, José, 2, 222
Marx, Karl, 228
Marxists, Marxism, 160, 187, 203–4, 205, 215, 224, 321–23, 326, 341–42
Mary I, queen of England, 289–90
Maryknoll missions, 318
Matanzas, 161, 183, 190, 235
Matthew, book of, 267
Maximilian I, king of Mexico, 185
Mayan Empire, 14, 143, 217, 298
Mayan people, 19, 23, 24, 61, 93, 173, 196, 219, 244, 256, 260, 261, 263, 264–65, 285, 299, 307, 319
Medellín, Colombia, 225, 352, 355
poverty conference in, 325
Medina, Danilo, 121
Medina, Spain, 294–95
Méndez, Julio César, 218
mendicant orders, 303, 311
see also specific orders
Mendoza, Pedro de, 75, 402
Mendoza de Ascarza, Angélica, 247
Mercurio, El, 138
mercury, 37, 99, 121, 128, 247
Mesoamerica, religions of, 260, 262
mestizos, 90, 158, 240, 289, 313, 344
metallurgy, 22–23, 31
Mexica civilization, 26–27, 60–62, 84, 93, 95, 146, 265, 271, 276
Mexican Revolution, 116
“Mexican Song” (Paz), 194
Mexico, 2, 23–30, 60–73, 99, 102, 104, 113, 116, 121, 132, 138, 148, 153, 154, 160, 173, 179, 192, 194–96, 217, 244, 245, 286, 289, 308, 314–15, 318, 343, 356, 406
postrevolutionary political chaos in, 103, 194–96
revolutions in, 103, 168–69, 173–74, 196, 239, 245, 340–43
violence in, 173–74, 194–96, 209, 245, 247–48, 341–43
see also Aztec civilization; Aztec Empire
Mexico City, 189, 273, 279, 281, 305, 341, 426
Miami, 135, 248
Micaela (wife of Amaru II), 158
Michelangelo, 282
middle class, 128, 132, 336, 353
military:
Aztec, 27–28
coups by, 189, 212, 392
crackdowns of, 103, 195, 215–16, 218–19, 243, 293, 326, 334, 341, 352, 355
Inca, 32–33
and U.S. intervention in Latin America, 115, 117–20, 187–91, 197, 199–200, 218, 419
youth and violence in, 209, 273
Minas Gerais, 104, 320, 339
mineral wealth, 258–64
dispersed out of Latin America, 4–5, 14, 83, 95–96, 100, 109, 114, 120, 128–32, 148, 223, 367
European roots of quest for, 39–44
as formative component of Latin American culture, 1–8, 11–134, 361–62
hunger for, 39–72, 97, 98, 120, 130, 132, 286–87
indigenou
s uses of, 19–23, 25–26, 27–28, 32, 64, 66, 69, 79, 84, 92
terrorism and, 121–22
see also mining; specific ores
mining, 1–2, 4–5, 41, 123–24, 254, 270–71
ecological devastation of, 11–13, 109–11
hardships and perils of, 1–4, 11, 16–18, 37–38, 45–46, 59–60, 110–13, 124–28, 131, 328, 359, 446
historical perspective of, 11–38
illegal, 109–13, 122, 124, 128
luck and chance in, 107–8, 110, 130
myths and legends of, 15, 105–8
ongoing obsession with, 105–32
Miranda, Francisco de, 167
miserabiles, 210, 306
Mises, Ludwig von, 108
missionaries, 34, 58, 88, 179, 255, 262, 276, 281, 288–96, 298, 305–6, 307, 308, 309–10, 317, 319–29, 338–40
advocacy for indigenous people by, 285–90, 307–12, 320–29
beneficial effects of, 306, 308–12
contest for religious ascendancy among, 302–4
destructive zeal of, 264, 275
injustices of, 306–9
role in Spanish conquest of, 297–309
twentieth century adaptation of, 317–19
see also specific orders and individuals
Misti volcano, 273
mitmaq, mita (labor force), 3, 19, 98, 111
Mixcoatl, Andrés, 297
Mixtecs, 373
Moche people, 2, 22, 105–7, 143, 265
Moctezuma I, Mixtec emperor, 373
Mollendo, 227–28
Monroe, James, 408
Monroe Doctrine, 117, 187, 190, 408
T. Roosevelt’s corollary to, 198, 411
Montesquieu, 101, 167
Montezuma II, Aztec emperor, 26–31, 39, 62, 68, 84, 131, 143, 247, 299
Cortés and, 14, 25–26, 29–30, 60–68, 88, 142, 152, 259, 276, 278, 297–300, 304, 349, 381–82
Montoneros, 212
Moors, 22, 25, 39, 74, 240, 274, 399
Morales, Evo, 328, 347, 348, 349, 360
Motolinía (Franciscan friar), 287, 308, 429
Muísca people, 22, 39, 93, 144–45, 146, 149, 297
mummies, 36, 38, 260, 272–73
Museum of the Pontifical Biblical Institute, Jerusalem, 274
Nahua people, 53, 285, 298, 299, 319
Nahuatl language, 26, 279, 429
Napoleon I, emperor of France, 71, 102, 163–65, 168, 169
Napoleon III, 195
Napoleonic Wars, 169, 171, 239
Narváez, Pánfilo de, 67–70, 284
National Guard, El Salvador, 333–34
National Guard, Nicaraguan, 221
National Guard, U.S., 234
National Liberation Army (ELN), 224, 326
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), 182, 184
National Revolutionary Movement, Bolivian, 270–71
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 182
National University of Saint Augustine, 227
Native Americans, 104, 128, 132, 344