World War Trump
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31. Stephen Blank, “Russia's Growing Ties with Vietnam,” Diplomat, September 19, 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/09/russias-growing-ties-with-vietnam/ (accessed May 30, 2017).
32. Phil Stewart and Nobuhiro Kubo, “Trump's Defense Chief Heads to Asia, Eying China, North Korea Threat,” Reuters, February 1, 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-mattis-asia-idUSKBN15G3FG (accessed May 30, 2017).
33. Robert S. Litwak, “An Iran-Style Nuclear Deal with North Korea Is the Best America Can Hope For,” Atlantic, May 4, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/05/iran-deal-north-korea-jcpoa/525372/?utm_source=nl-atlantic-daily-050417 (accessed May 30, 2017); Wit and Ahn, North Korea's Nuclear Futures.
34. Austin Ramzysept, “Kim Jong-un Called Trump a ‘Dotard.’ What Does That Even Mean?” New York Times, September 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/22/world/asia/trump-north-korea-dotard.html (accessed November 14, 2017).
35. Zachary Cohen, “North Korea Accuses Trump of Declaring War,” CNN, September 26, 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/25/politics/north-korea-fm-us-bombers/index.html (accessed November 14, 2017).
36. Steve Holland, “Trump Wants to Make Sure US Nuclear Arsenal at ‘Top of the Pack,’” Reuters, February 24, 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-idUSKBN1622IF?il=0 (accessed May 30, 2017).
37. Lily Hay Newman, “All about the US Missile Defense That'll Protect South Korea—and Tick Off China,” Wired, April 23, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/04/missile-defense-will-protect-south-korea-make-china-nervous/ (accessed October 30, 2017).
38. Lily Hay Newman, “South Korea's New Missile Defense Tech Isn't a Cure-All for North Korea,” Wired, May 5, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/05/south-koreas-new-missile-defense-tech-isnt-cure-north-korea/ (accessed October 30, 2017). In its current placement, the THAAD can defend a number of US military bases, like Camp Walker in Daegu and Kunsan Air Base in Gunsan, along with ports in Busan and the southern tip of South Korea; but it cannot defend Seoul. So Washington will pay for the one that defends US interests, but not all of South Korea. Seoul would need to purchase its own system.
39. Kingston Reif, “Moon Reverses THAAD Decision,” Arms Control Today, September 2017, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2017-09/news/moon-reverses-thaad-decision (accessed November 14, 2017).
40. See Hall Gardner, Averting Global War (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007).
41. Kristin Huang, “The 10 Minutes with Xi That Changed Trump's Mind on North Korea,” South China Morning Post, April 14, 2017, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2087518/10-minutes-xi-jinping-changed-donald-trumps-mind-north (accessed May 30, 2017).
42. Gerry Mullany, Chris Buckley, and David E. Sanger, “China Warns of ‘Storm Clouds Gathering’ in US-North Korea Standoff,” New York Times, April 14, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/14/world/asia/north-korea-china-nuclear.html?emc=edit_th_20170415&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=70196410&_r=0 (accessed May 30, 2017).
43. Veronica Rocha, “US Air Force to Launch Test Missile off Central California Coast,” Los Angeles Times, April 25, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-missile-test-launch-vandenberg-20170425-story.html (accessed May 30, 2017).
44. Kristin Huang, “China's Nuclear Get-Out Clause over Defence of North Korea,” South China Morning Post, April 14, 2017, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2087320/china-not-obliged-defend-n-korea-if-its-attacked-say (accessed May 30, 2017).
45. Ryan Pickrell, “What Would Happen If North Korea Fired Off a Nuclear Weapon?” National Interest, April 14, 2017, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/what-would-happen-if-north-korea-fired-nuclear-weapon-20205?page=2 (accessed May 30, 2017).
46. “All North Korean Missile Tests,” Nuclear Threat Initiative, April 24, 2017, http://www.nti.org/newsroom/news/new-database-documents-all-north-korean-missile-tests/ (accessed May 30, 2017).
47. Litwak, “An Iran-Style Nuclear Deal.”
48. “North Korea Demands Recognition as Legitimate Nuclear State,” Guardian, September 11, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/11/north-korea-demands-recognition-as-legitimate-nuclear-state-pyongyang (accessed November 14, 2017).
49. Merrit Kennedy, “Pence Tells North Korea: ‘The Era Of Strategic Patience Is Over’” (April 17, 2017), http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/17/524316419/pence-tells-north-korea-the-era-of-strategic-patience-is-over (accessed November 16, 2017).
50. Franz-Stefan Gady, “Time to Go ‘Huge’? What Will Trump's Defense Policy in Asia Be?” Diplomat, November 10, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/11/time-to-go-huge-what-will-trumps-defense-policy-in-asia-be/ (accessed May 30, 2017).
51. Harry J. Kazianis, “Why China Could Declare a South China Sea ADIZ Right about Now,” National Interest, February 1, 2017, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/why-china-could-declare-south-china-sea-adiz-right-about-now-19273 (accessed May 30, 2017).
52. See realistic pre-war scenario: Michael Auslin, “How China Could Respond to Trump Call,” CNN, December 5, 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/05/opinions/china-relations-after-trumps-taiwan-call-auslin/index.html (accessed May 30, 2017).
CHAPTER 8: SYRIA AND WIDENING WARS IN THE “WIDER MIDDLE EAST”
1. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, http://www.syriahr.com/en/ (accessed November 11, 2017). For a skeptical view of death toll estimates, see Alex Ray, “The Death Toll in Syria: What Do the Numbers Really Say?” Counterpunch, May 26, 2016, https://www.counterpunch.org/2016/05/26/the-death-toll-in-syria-what-do-the-numbers-really-say/ (accessed November 11, 2017).
2. UN OCHA, “About the Crisis,” http://www.unocha.org/syrian-arab-republic/syria-country-profile/about-crisis (accessed October 30, 2017).
3. See the Global Coalition official website: http://theglobalcoalition.org/en/home/.
4. Hall Gardner, “The Geopolitical Convolutions of Fighting the Global War on Terror (GWOT),” in A New Global Agenda: Priorities, Practices, and Pathways of the International Community, ed. by Diana Ayton-Shenker (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2018); Hall Gardner, “The Russian Annexation of Crimea: Regional and Global Ramifications,” European Politics and Society 17, no. 4, Ukraine in Crisis, ed. by Nicolai Petro (March 15, 2016): 490–505, DOI: 10.1080/23745118.2016.1154190.
5. Jordan Fabian, “Trump Hits Obama after Syrian Gas Attack,” Hill, April 4, 2017, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/327259-trump-hits-obama-after-syrian-gas-attack (accessed May 30, 2017).
6. The Tomahawk strike took place after national-populist ideologue Steve Bannon was removed from National Security Council staff and after heavy consultation between Trump and his National Security Advisor, H. R. McMaster. Jordan Fabian, “McMaster Shows Clout in Trump's First Crisis,” Hill, April 8, 2017, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/327882-mcmaster-shows-clout-in-trumps-first-crisis (accessed May 30, 2017).
7. Gabriel Sherman, “Trump's Syria Strike Is Latest Sign of Steve Bannon's Waning Influence,” New York Magazine, April 7, 2017, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2017/04/trumps-syria-strike-is-sign-of-bannons-waning-influence.html?mid=twitter-share-di (accessed October 30, 2017).
8. Claudia Assis, “Here's How Much It Costs to Replace the 59 Tomahawk Missiles Trump Fired on Syria,” MarketWatch, April 15, 2017, http://www.marketwatch.com/story/this-is-how-much-it-will-cost-to-replace-the-tomahawks-used-in-syria-2017-04-07 (accessed May 22, 2017).
9. White House, “Press Briefing by Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and National Security Advisor General H. R. McMaster,” Office of the Press Secretary, June 4, 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/04/06/press-briefing-secretary-state-rex-tillerson-and-national-security (accessed November 11, 2017).
10. Brian Barrett, “The US Strike on Syria Underscores Trump's Media-Fueled Worldview,” Wired, April 7, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/04/us-strike-syria-underscore-trumps-media-fueled-worldview/?mbid=nl_4717_p3&CNDID=49332341 (accessed May 30, 2017).
11.
Mary Atkinson, “Latest US Arms Sales to Saudi Arabia Raise Eyebrows about IS War,” Middle East Eye, October 2, 2014, last updated May 11, 2015, http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-arabia-1295679323 (accessed November 14, 2017).
12. “Daesh Launches New Palmyra Push after US Strike,” PressTV, April 7, 2017, http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2017/04/07/517062/Syria-Daesh-Palmyra-US-Russia-airbase (accessed May 30, 2017).
13. Jonathan Steele, “US-Russia Talks: No Love-In, but No Break-Up Either,” Middle East Eye, April 13, 2017, http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/us-russia-tillerson-putin-lavrov-trump-moscow-959468392 (accessed October 30, 2017).
14. Euan McKirdy, Jason Hanna, and Barbara Starr, “Syria Strikes: Site of Chemical Attack Hit Again,” CNN, April 8, 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/08/middleeast/syria-strikes-russia-donald-trump/ (accessed May 30, 2017). “ISIL Takes Advantage of US Attack on Government to Storm Western Palmyra,” MEMPSI, April 7, 2017, http://www.mempsi.net/2017/04/07/isil-takes-advantage-of-us-attack-on-government-to-storm-western-palmyra/ (accessed October 30, 2017).
15. Emma Graham-Harrison, “Syria Nerve Agent Attack: Why It Made Sense to Assad,” Guardian, April 7, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/07/syria-nerve-agent-attack-why-it-made-sense-to-assad (accessed May 30, 2017).
16. “Seventh Report of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons–United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism,” October 25, 2017, https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByLPNZ-eSjJdcGZUb0hqalFOa0hhdEZ3WlBvZmRnajFRV3pr/view (accessed November 14, 2017).
17. Robert Parry, “Did Al-Qaeda Dupe Donald Trump on Alleged Syrian Sarin Gas Attack on April 4, 2017,” Consortium News, November 9, 2017, https://www.newcoldwar.org/al-qaeda-dupe-trump-alleged-syrian-sarin-gas-attack-april-4-2017/ (accessed November 14, 2017); Daniel Lazare, “Luring Trump into Mideast Wars,” Consortium News, April 8, 2017, https://consortiumnews.com/2017/04/08/luring-trump-into-mideast-wars/ (accessed May 30, 2017); Robert Parry, “UN Team Heard Claims of ‘Staged’ Chemical Attacks,” Consortium News, September 8, 2016, https://consortiumnews.com/2016/09/08/un-team-heard-claims-of-staged-chemical-attacks/ (accessed May 30, 2017).
18. Human Rights Watch, “Syria: Barrage of Barrel Bombs: Attacks on Civilians Defy UN Resolution,” July 30, 2014, https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/30/syria-barrage-barrel-bombs (accessed November 14, 2017); Wikipedia, s.v. “List of Syrian Civil War Barrel Bomb Attacks,” last edited October 9, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Syrian_Civil_War_barrel_bomb_attacks (accessed November 14, 2017).
19. Hamidreza Azizi, “Will US Missile Strike Shift Iran-Russia Partnership in Syria?” Al-Monitor, April 12, 2017, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/04/iran-russia-syria-partnership-us-missile-strike-impact.html#ixzz4eKCz40hj (accessed May 30, 2017).
20. Iran and Russia have had a legal battle over payments involving the S-300 antimissile system. But Moscow proposed the S-400 as an option in 2015. “Russian S-400 Missiles for Iran,” Investmentwatchblog, March 20, 2015, http://investmentwatchblog.com/russian-s-400-missiles-for-iran/ (accessed November 11, 2017).
21. Alec Luhn, “Russia Sends Missile Cruiser to Mediterranean as Syria Tension Mounts,” Guardian, September 12, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/12/russia-sends-ships-mediterranean-syria (accessed May 30, 2017).
22. Senator Joni Ernst, who is on the Senate Armed Services Committee, stated that “this was a one-time attack on the assets that were used in a chemical weapons attack against the people of Syria,” and “not an on-going operation.” Todd Beamon, “Joni Ernst on Syrian Strike: ‘This Was a One-Time Attack,’” Newsmax, April 7, 2017, http://www.newsmax.com/Politics/joni-ernst-syrian-strike-one-time/2017/04/07/id/783224/ (accessed November 14, 2017).
23. Rebecca Savransky, “Top Trump Officials Turn Up Heat on Russia,” Hill, April 9, 2017, http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/328019-top-trump-officials-turn-up-heat-on-russia (accessed May 30, 2017).
24. Ibid.
25. AFP, Reuters, “Trump Strikes on Syria: How World Leaders Reacted,” Khaleej Times, April 7, 2017, http://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/mena/trump-strikes-on-syria-how-world-leaders-reacted (accessed May 30, 2017).
26. White House, “Press Briefing by Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and National Security Advisor General H. R. McMaster,” June 4, 2017. Peter Baker, Neil MacFarquhar, and Michael R. Gordon, “Syria Strike Puts US Relationship with Russia at Risk,” New York Times, April 7, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/world/middleeast/missile-strike-syria-russia.html?emc=edit_th_20170408&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=70196410&_r=0 (accessed May 30, 2017).
27. Parvez Jabri, “China Warns of Deterioration in Syria with Xi in US,” Business Recorder, April 7, 2017, http://www.brecorder.com/2017/04/07/342347/china-warns-of-deterioration-in-syria-with-xi-in-us/ (accessed November 11, 2017).
28. Liu Jieyi, China's permanent representative to the United Nations, said military actions will only worsen the suffering of the Syrian people and called for all countries to support the efforts of UN Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura to implement a “political solution.” “Political Solution Only Way Out for Syrian Issue: Chinese Envoy,” Xinhua, April 8, 2017, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-04/08/c_136191497.htm (accessed November 14, 2017).
29. “Secretary-General Urges ‘Restraint’ after United States Air Strikes against Syria, Stressing Risk of Escalation, Need for Renewed Commitment to Political Solution,” UN Press Release, April 7, 2017, https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sgsm18487.doc.htm (accessed November 14, 2017).
30. “World Leaders React to the US Attack on Syrian Military Bases,” Gulf News Syria, April 7, 2017, http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/syria/world-leaders-react-to-the-us-attack-on-syrian-military-bases-1.2007394 (accessed May 30, 2017).
31. Ibid.
32. Tom Miles, “Yemen's Cholera Epidemic Hits 600,000,” Reuters, September 5, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-cholera/death-toll-in-yemen-cholera-outbreak-hits-nearly-700-who-idUSKBN18X1LG (accessed November 14, 2017).
33. “Death Toll in Yemen Conflict Passes 10,000,” Al Jazeera, January 17, 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/death-toll-yemen-conflict-passes-10000-170117040849576.html (accessed November 14, 2017).
34. Patrick W. Ryan, “The Yemen Crisis and the Bab el-Mandeb Maritime Chokepoint,” Saudi-US-Relations Information Service (SUSRIS), April 14, 2015, http://susris.com/2015/04/14/the-bab-el-mandeb-maritime-chokepoint/ (accessed November 14, 2017).
35. “Djibouti Naval Base,” sinodefence.com, August 20, 2017, http://sinodefence.com/djibouti-naval-base/ (accessed November 14, 2017).
36. Ramin Mostaghim and Shashank Bengali, “Syrian Ally Iran Blasts U.S. Missile Strikes as ‘Dangerous, Destructive and a Violation of International Law,’” LA Times, April 5, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-iran-syria-20170407-story.html (accessed November 14, 2017).
37. Jonathan Stempel, “Saudi Arabia Faces $6 Billion US Lawsuit by Sept. 11 Insurers,” Reuters, March 24, 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-sept-idUSKBN16V1ZP (accessed October 30, 2017).
38. Thomas Gibbons-Neff, “Trump's First Arms Sales, Holdovers from the Obama Era, Are Business as Usual,” Washington Post, January 24, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/01/24/trumps-first-arms-sales-holdovers-from-the-obama-era-are-business-as-usual/?utm_term=.de21160e81f6 (accessed May 30, 2017).
39. Aaron Mehta, “Revealed: Trump's $110 Billion Weapons List for the Saudis,” Defense News, June 8, 2017, https://www.defensenews.com/breaking-news/2017/06/08/revealed-trump-s-110-billion-weapons-list-for-the-saudis/ (accessed November 14, 2017).
40. Baker, MacFarquhar, and Gordon, “Syria Strike Puts US.”
41. Michael Flynn, “Transcript: Michael Flynn on ISIL,” Al Jazeera, January 13, 2016, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/headtohead/2016/01/transcript-michael-flynn-160104174144334.html (accessed November 14, 2017).
42. “US Missile Strike on Syria: Timeline of Reactions,” Pre
ssTV, April 7, 2017, http://www.presstv.com/Detail/2017/04/07/517085/US-military-attack-Syria-timeline (accessed October 30, 2017).
43. Ibid.
44. Patrick Kingsley, “Erdogan Claims Vast Powers in Turkey After Narrow Victory in Referendum,” New York Times, April 16, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/16/world/europe/turkey-referendum-polls-erdogan.html?mtrref=fr.search.yahoo.com&gwh=D4531B929DC49A1CFB7B39524DD062DF&gwt=pay (accessed November 14, 2017).
45. Zeina Karam and Sarah El Deeb, “Trump Launches US Missile Strike against Syria,” CTVNews, April 7, 2017, http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/trump-launches-u-s-missile-strike-against-syria-1.3358473 (accessed May 30, 2017).
46. For an outline of Kurdish parties in the region: Rodi Hevian, “The Main Kurdish Political Parties in Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey: A Research Guide,” Rubin Center, August 19, 2013, http://www.rubincenter.org/2013/08/the-main-kurdish-political-parties-in-iran-iraq-syria-and-turkey-a-research-guide/ (accessed May 29, 2017).
47. Ryan Browne and Elise Labott, “US ‘Deeply Concerned’ after Turkey Bombs Allies in Iraq and Syria,” CNN, April 25, 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/25/politics/turkey-bombs-kurds-iraq-us-concerned/index.html (accessed November 14, 2017).
48. Michael R. Gordon and Eric Schmitt, “Trump to Arm Syrian Kurds, Even as Turkey Strongly Objects,” New York Times, May 9, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/09/us/politics/trump-kurds-syria-army.html?emc=edit_na_20170509&nl=breaking-news&nlid=70196410&ref=cta&_r=0 (accessed May 29, 2017).
49. Staff, “Iraqi Kurdish Leader Calls for Non-Binding Independence Referendum,” Reuters, February 2, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-kurds-idUSKCN0VB2EY (accessed May 30, 2017).
50. Nikolai Pakhomov, “Russia and Turkey: The Arms Deal That Signals the Age of Pragmatism,” LobeLog, September 9, 2017, http://lobelog.com/russia-and-turkey-the-arms-deal-that-signals-the-age-of-pragmatism/ (accessed October 30, 2017).