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James Madison: A Life Reconsidered

Page 63

by Lynne Cheney

Republicans in, see Republican Party

  and right of assembly, 251–52

  roads and canals, 426, 443–44

  and secession threats, 216–17

  Second Congress, 227, 231, 238, 242–43

  Seventh Congress, 302–3

  and slavery, 212–15

  and taxes, 189, 216, 375, 389, 444–45

  Third Congress, 243, 253, 261

  Thirteenth Congress, 388–94, 395–96

  and Treaty of Ghent, 419, 421

  Twelfth Congress, 371–74, 384, 388

  and War of 1812, 372–78, 385, 388–90, 392, 394–96, 414, 416–18

  and XYZ Affair, 273, 279

  Connecticut, and Constitutional Convention, 139, 141

  Constitution, U.S.:

  amendments to, 8, 155–56, 168, 169, 174, 176, 177, 183, 185, 188, 193, 194–201, 234, 283, 310, 458

  and bill of rights, 8, 150, 155–56, 159–60, 177, 180, 182, 183–84, 185, 188, 191, 195–96, 197–200, 458

  checks and balances in, 221, 228, 312

  commerce clause, 444

  and congressional powers, 230, 426

  development of, see Constitutional Convention

  final form of, 8, 164

  First Amendment, 197–98

  Fourteenth Amendment, 200, 458

  general welfare clause, 163, 220, 230, 283, 434

  interpretation of, 310–11

  and national stability, 228, 425

  necessary and proper clause, 163, 220–21, 434

  opposition to, 149–51, 154–56, 166, 167–72, 174–77, 195, 212, 234–35

  preamble to, 150

  ratification of, 8, 150, 153–80, 181–82, 185, 190, 212, 230, 434

  signers of, 150–51, 451

  and slavery, 212–14, 458

  and state powers, 153–54, 196, 199, 200, 228, 324, 443–44, 445, 446, 458

  supporters of, 156–58, 167, 169, 172

  as supreme law of the land, 142

  Twelfth Amendment, 318

  and war, 145, 163, 378

  writing of, 61–62, 149, 150, 434

  Constitutional Convention, 125–51

  agenda of, 7

  and bill of rights, 150

  Committee of Style, 149, 150

  Committee on Postponed Parts, 145–46, 148

  and compromise, 133–34, 137, 138, 139–40, 142

  on congressional veto, 131, 132, 142, 143, 151

  Council of Revision, 145, 312

  creating a nation, 4–5, 126, 129, 164

  delegates to, 127, 140, 141–42, 150–51

  dissenters in, 149–51, 171

  on elections, 130–31, 143–48

  on enumeration of powers, 143, 163, 183

  on executive branch, 129, 134–35, 142–48, 149, 150, 166, 188

  filibuster in, 136

  Grand Committee of, 139–40, 141

  on judicial branch, 129, 142, 143

  on legislative branch, 129–32, 140, 141, 142, 143, 145–46, 147, 434

  Madison’s notes on, 8, 127, 128, 134, 139, 140, 141, 150, 151, 154, 166, 449–50

  Madison’s roles in, 7–8, 126, 142, 144, 145, 146–47, 149, 157

  and New Jersey Plan, 133, 134, 135

  on proportional representation, 128, 129–30, 132–33, 137, 139, 140, 141

  proposals for, 118–20, 121–22, 126, 128–31

  rules of, 127–28

  secrecy of, 128

  and slavery, 137, 148–49

  and small vs. large states, 129–30, 131–39, 141, 144–45

  and supremacy clause, 142

  and vice presidency, 147–48, 150

  and Virginia Plan, 128–31, 134, 135, 136, 142, 143, 149

  on war powers, 145, 163

  Washington as presiding officer of, 127, 128, 136–37

  Continental army:

  inadequate provisioning of, 66, 75–81, 86–87, 90

  mutinies of, 86–87, 95, 100–101

  at Newburgh winter quarters, 95

  pay owed to, 86–87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 100–101, 209, 210, 387

  at Valley Forge, 66, 79

  and Washington, 48, 56, 58, 63, 66, 75, 95, 209

  Continental Association, 46, 48

  Continental Congress:

  and Constitutional Convention, 129

  and Continental army, 75–81, 93, 95

  delegates to, 27, 44, 46, 58, 60, 64, 73, 77, 95

  and events leading to Revolution, 44–46

  inadequate information of, 77–78

  and independence, 57, 62

  Madison as member of, 2, 6, 73, 75, 76–77, 84, 85–86, 97, 101, 120–22

  Madison’s notes on, 97

  Madison’s retirement from, 103–5

  and Mississippi River navigation, 84–85, 120–21, 122–23, 174–75, 182

  and money matters, 76–77, 91, 92, 116, 117

  in New York, 123, 154, 155

  in Philadelphia, 45, 47, 48, 60, 75, 101, 121

  secrecy of, 45

  and state constitutions, 60–61

  and states’ powers, 89, 90, 117

  and Virginia Resolutions, 57, 58, 62

  Convention of Mortefontaine, 297

  Conway, Francis, 16

  Cooper, Thomas, 275

  Corbin, Francis, 430–31

  Cornwallis, Charles, 79, 87, 90, 91

  Corps of Discovery, 308, 335

  Cosway, Maria, 205

  Cowpens, Battle of, 87

  Craig, Sir James, 375

  Crillon, comte de, 376

  Cullen, William, 87–88, 390

  Cutler, Rev. Manasseh, 140, 210, 306

  Cutts, Anna Payne, 322, 323, 327–28, 332, 345, 358, 438, 439, 450; see also Payne, Anna

  Cutts, James Madison, 438

  Cutts, Mary Estelle Elizabeth, 322, 438

  Cutts, Richard, 322, 332, 358, 439

  Cutts, Richard D., 438

  Dartmouth, 43

  Davie, William, 286

  Davis, Matthew Livingston, 316

  Dawson, John, 286, 291

  Dayton, Jonathan, 337

  Dearborn, Henry, 382, 386, 392

  Decatur, Stephen, 300, 386, 395, 423

  Declaration of Independence, 61, 62, 110, 126, 129, 139, 164, 402, 437, 443

  Delaplaine, Joseph, 425

  Delaware:

  and Constitutional Convention, 132, 139, 141

  embargo defeated by, 90

  Delaware River, Washington crossing, 65, 91

  de Retz, Cardinal, Memoirs, 32–33

  Devinsky, Orrin, 51

  Dexter, Samuel, 253

  Dickinson, John, 131, 132, 133–34, 146

  Dinsmore, James, 359

  Donald, Alexander, 174

  Dorchester, Lord, 246

  Downie, George, 413

  Duane, James, 80

  Duane, William, 275

  Duer, William, 157, 226, 230–31

  Dulany, Lloyd, 117

  Dunglison, Robley, 443

  Dunlap’s American Daily Advertiser, 235

  Dunmore, Lord, 44, 46, 47, 49–51, 56

  East India Company, 43

  Edinburgh Review, 420–21

  Einstein, Albert, 5, 7

  Eleanor, 43

  Electoral College, 144, 146–47, 182–83, 237, 264, 284, 290, 291, 318, 385

  Ellsworth, Oliver, 137, 138, 139, 144–45, 286

  Elsworth, Vandine, 123, 155

  Embuscade, 240

  Engelbrecht, Jacob, 433

  England, see Great Britain

  Enlightenment, 17, 31, 59, 162

  epilepsy:

  as “the falling sickness,” 32

  and heredity, 271

  and Madison’s “sudden attacks,” 4, 6, 17–18, 29–30, 31–32, 38, 40, 51–52, 88, 328

  popular assumptions about, 37–38

  religious prejudices against, 6, 30–32, 36, 40, 72

  treatments for, 17, 18, 88, 390–91

  Eppes, Francis, 18, 441

  Eppes, John, 366, 391<
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  Erskine, David, 339–40, 356, 358, 359–60, 361, 362

  Eugene of Savoy, Prince, 19

  Eustis, William, 377, 386–87

  Evans, Robert J., 432

  Eve, George, 185

  executive branch:

  cabinet members, 190

  Constitutional Convention on, 134–35, 137, 142–48, 149, 150, 166

  powers of, see president

  Federalist, The, 157–66

  authors of, 8, 157, 164, 165, 179, 208, 246, 347

  Constitution defended in, 8, 163, 347, 426

  distribution of, 169

  on government as experiment, 187–88

  importance of, 164, 180

  No. 10, 160–61, 228

  No. 11, 246

  No. 14, 161–62

  No. 18, 162

  No. 19, 162

  No. 37, 164

  Nos. 37–58, 165

  No. 41, 163

  No. 44, 163, 221

  No. 49, 164–65

  No. 51, 162, 224

  No. 62, 165

  No. 63, 165

  use in curriculum of, 437

  Federalists:

  and Adams presidency, 273, 274–76, 278, 279, 285

  and amendments, 194, 198, 199

  “Blue Light Federalists,” 395

  and British provocations, 246, 255

  in Congress, 186, 194, 198, 246, 247–48, 252, 257, 275, 279–80, 287, 291

  demise of, 222

  and elections, 186–87, 263–65, 287, 288, 290–92, 295, 316, 318, 349–50, 384, 416

  and immigration, 253, 274

  and Jay Treaty, 255, 261

  and Jefferson presidency, 303, 305

  and Madison presidency, 366–67, 376, 396

  and military expansion, 285

  and peace negotiations with France, 279–80

  as pro-Constitution forces, 156, 172

  and ratification, 172, 175, 178

  and Report of 1800, 284

  vs. Republicans, 236, 241, 279

  and taxes, 302–3

  and War of 1812, 379–81, 384, 389, 395–96, 421

  and Whiskey Rebellion, 251

  Federal Republican, 380, 381, 391, 416

  Fenno, John, 223, 234, 241

  Ferguson, Adam, 45

  Few, William, 451

  financial panic (1792), 230–31, 242

  Findley, William, 261

  First Amendment, 197–98

  Fithian, Philip, 25

  FitzSimons, Thomas, 251

  Floyd, Catherine (Kitty), 99–100, 101–3, 158

  Floyd, Hannah, 99

  Floyd, Nicoll, 103

  Floyd, Polly, 100

  Floyd, William, 80, 81, 99, 100, 102–3, 224

  Force Bill (1809), 351–52

  Formicola, Serafino, 105–6

  Fort Erie, 400

  Fort George, 394

  Fort McHenry, 413

  Fort Niagara, 394–95, 398, 400

  Fort Stanwix, 111, 112–13

  Fort Ticonderoga, 63

  Fort Warburton, 392, 410

  Foster, Augustus John, 313, 371

  Fourteenth Amendment, 200, 458

  Fourth of July, 308, 370, 424

  Fox, Charles James, 339

  France:

  and American Revolution, 67, 68, 82–83, 86, 88–91, 111, 191, 205

  Berlin Decree, 343, 365, 366, 370, 371, 376

  and Britain, 174, 240–42, 262, 269, 301, 304, 307, 319, 323, 332, 340, 343, 359, 364–65, 366, 398, 422

  debts of, 116, 205

  Declaration of the Rights of Man, 206

  French Revolution, 205–6, 239–40, 379–80

  and Louisiana Territory, 301–2, 304, 305, 307–8, 310–11, 330

  Madison as honorary citizen of, 239

  Milan Decree, 365, 366, 370, 371, 376

  and Mississippi River, 111, 113, 305

  as monarchy, 183, 205

  and Napoleon, see Bonaparte, Napoleon

  peace negotiations with, 279–80, 286, 287, 288, 297

  and Spain, 84–85, 111–13, 329, 367, 376

  treaties with, 191, 240–41

  undeclared war with U.S., 262, 264–65, 269, 273, 278, 303, 356, 365, 370

  and XYZ Affair, 273, 279, 331

  Franklin, Benjamin, 48, 80, 98, 192, 433

  and Constitution, 154

  and Constitutional Convention, 127, 136–37, 138, 139, 150–51

  death of, 215

  in Paris, 67, 83, 111

  and slavery, 212, 213, 215

  Franklin, William Temple, 127

  Frederick the Great, 78

  French and Indian War, 48

  French West Indies, trade with, 246

  Freneau, Philip, 24–25, 222–23, 226, 229, 232–33, 234, 235, 241

  Gage, Thomas, 49

  Galen, 17

  Gallatin, Albert, 310, 316, 372, 422

  and Jay Treaty, 260

  and Russian peace talks, 390, 392, 395

  and trade embargo, 350, 351

  as Treasury secretary, 293, 302, 355–56, 368–69

  and war with Britain, 397–98

  and Yazoo landgrab, 324, 325

  Gallatin, Hannah, 302, 314, 400, 417, 421

  Gálvez, Bernardo de, 66

  Gardoqui, Don Diego de, 122

  Gates, Horatio, 66, 79

  Gazette of the United States, 223, 234, 241

  Genêt, Edmond-Charles (Citizen Genêt), 240, 241–42

  George III, king of England, 60

  Georgia:

  British occupation of, 84

  and Constitutional Convention, 139, 141

  and Mississippi River, 84, 85

  and slavery, 148, 212–13, 214

  and Yazoo landgrab, 324–27

  Georgia Repeal Act, 325

  Gerry, Elbridge, 197, 199

  and Constitutional Convention, 120, 130, 145, 147, 150, 151

  death of, 416

  and gerrymandering, 377

  as vice president, 377, 415

  Ghent, Treaty of, 419, 421

  Giles, William Branch, 238, 253, 355, 368, 374, 444, 445–46

  Goldwin, Robert, 149

  Goodhue, Benjamin, 201

  Gordon, James, Jr., 184

  government:

  accountability in, 283

  checks and balances in, 5, 45, 143, 221, 228, 236, 258, 312

  by consent of the governed, 62, 445

  democracy, 134

  enumerated powers of, 155, 183, 277, 426

  as experiment, 187–88, 217

  factions in, 160–61, 224

  and individual freedom, 45, 426

  limits on power of, 222, 228, 319, 444

  Madison’s visions of, 4–6, 7, 8, 42, 124, 126, 130, 146–47, 155, 159, 162, 183–84, 211, 221, 229, 239, 277, 366, 452, 458

  majority rule in, 5, 124, 130, 183

  military strength of, 247, 256

  monarchy, 4, 134–35, 143, 149, 172, 211, 283, 285

  opposition as subversive, 266, 274–77

  and political parties, 222, 224, 228–29, 233, 235–36

  and religion, 41, 45, 64

  as republic, 5, 8, 41–42, 96, 124–25, 127, 161, 183–84, 217, 221, 236, 283, 285, 426

  self-government, 5, 8, 61, 62, 129, 188, 236

  separation of powers in, 162, 333

  size of, 41, 124–25, 130–31, 161–62

  and states’ authority, 67, 123–24, 276–78, 282–83, 351, 380

  strong central government, 93, 117, 121, 128–29, 132, 134, 135, 162–63, 174, 221, 232, 238, 266

  as union of individual states, 5, 105

  Grand Union flag, 58

  Granger, Gideon, 345

  Grasse, François Joseph Paul de, 91

  Grayson, William, 184

  Great Britain:

  boycott of trade from, 26, 46, 90, 246–47, 333, 334, 343–44, 349–50, 351, 360, 366, 394, 396

  bread riots in, 262

  and Chesapeake, 341–44, 370, 372
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  East India Company, 43

  economic system of, 211, 229–30

  and France, 174, 240–42, 262, 269, 301, 304, 307, 319, 323, 332, 340, 343, 359, 364–65, 366, 398, 422

  impressment of American seamen by, 243, 254, 255, 256, 319, 330, 332–33, 339–40, 341–42, 343, 366, 370, 372, 373, 378, 385, 398

  independence from, 4, 27, 52, 57, 60, 62, 72

  Indian allies of, 52, 66, 68, 246, 372, 373–74, 375–76, 378, 381–82

  Jay Treaty, 252–53, 254–62, 269

  Monroe/Pinckney treaty, 339–41, 369

  Orders in Council of, 243, 246, 343, 356, 358, 359, 364, 365, 371, 377, 378, 384–85

  provocative actions of, 174, 243, 245–47, 255, 260, 332–33, 341–44, 347–48, 356, 359–66, 370–71, 372–73, 378

  and Revolution, see American Revolution

  Royal Navy, 254, 319, 330, 359, 384

  and Spain, 323, 332, 367

  taxes levied by, 22, 26, 43, 45

  and trade, 191–92, 243, 245–47, 254–57, 262, 356, 398

  Treaty of Paris, 246

  and War of 1812, see War of 1812

  Greene, Nathanael, 78–79, 87, 90

  Green Mountain Boys, 63

  Gregg, Andrew, 333, 334

  Griswold, Roger, 311

  Grotius, Hugo, 32

  Grundy, Felix, 372, 373–74, 378

  Guilford Courthouse, Battle of, 90

  Hackett, Mary, 9

  Hamilton, Alexander, 10, 173, 175, 179, 265, 266, 423

  and Adams, 288–89

  and Articles of Confederation, 118

  and Constitutional Convention, 120, 133, 134–35, 140, 157

  death of, 318, 325

  and The Federalist, 8, 157, 164, 165, 208, 246, 347

  and Jay Treaty, 255, 257, 258

  Jefferson attacked by, 234–35

  and military expansion, 278–79, 280, 287, 288

  and national bank, 220–22, 226, 227, 231

  and national finances, 91–93, 95, 208–11, 215–19, 220, 227

  as Pacificus, 241

  and political parties, 223, 224, 231, 232–33, 287

  and presidency, 234, 236, 263–64, 292

  as Publius, 157

  and ratification, 181–82

  Report on Manufactures, 229–31, 242

  Report on Public Credit, 209, 228

  and Revolution, 91–92

  and scandals, 237–38, 272

  and social life, 181–82

  and speculation, 211, 226, 231, 242, 272

  as Treasury secretary, 208, 216, 218, 220–22, 231, 232–33, 238, 257, 302

  and Washington, 91, 234, 278

  and Whiskey Rebellion, 250–51

  Hamilton, Henry, 67, 68–69

  Hamilton, Paul, 363, 387

  Hammond, George, 255

  Hancock, John, 182

  Hanson, Alexander, 380, 416

  Harle, Jonathan, 31

  Harlem Heights, Battle of, 63

  Harrison, Benjamin, 75, 76

  Harrison, William Henry, 373, 393, 397

  Hartford Convention, 415–16, 417–18, 420

  Hay, George, 337

  Heald, Nathan, 381

 

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