The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life
Page 102
Dysgenesis, 341-368
in America in the early 1990s, 348-357
defined, 342
demographic transition and, 343-345
fertility and: see Fertility, differential
immigration and: see Immigration
importance of, 364-368
regression to the mean and, 357
state of knowledge about, 343-348
Earles, James, 76
“Educated person” 442-445
Education, 417-445
affirmative action in: see Affirmative action: in higher education
policy agenda for, 435-445
raising IQ with, 393-402, 407, 408, 414, 568, 573
trends in
average high school students, 419-425
college-bound students, 425-427
dumbing down, 429-434
gifted students, 427-428, 434-435
Educational attainment
affirmative action and, 502-503
assortive mating by, 110-112
child maltreatment and, 211
crime and, 250-251
divorce probability and, 175-176
employment problems and
labor force dropouts, 157, 160-161
unemployment, 164-165
ethnic differences in, 319-320, 324-325, 353-354
fertility and, 349-350, 353-354
illegitimacy and, 184
income stratfication and, 94-98
IQ and, 568, 571
marriage rates and, 171-172
occupational stratification and, 52, 57-60, 64
parenting and
developmental problems, 229
home environment for child development, 225
low-birth-weight infants, 217
poverty throughout childhood, 220
poverty and, 135-137, 220
as predictor of job productivity, 81, 89
school dropouts: see School dropouts
socioeconomic status and, 151-153, 560, 569
voting behavior and, 259-261
welfare dependency and, 193, 196-197, 198-199
Educational standards, 429-433, 437, 439-440
Educational stratification
college degree and, 30-32, 35-36, 45-50
effects of, 49-50
elite colleges and, 37-49
extent of, 45-50
growth of college population and, 30-32
high school diploma and, 32-35
Egalitarianism, 9, 107, 500, 527, 532-534, 554
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965, 398, 434
Elliott, Delbert, 250
Ellwood, David, 555
Employment, 155-166
affirmative action and: see Affirmative action: in the workplace
labor force dropouts: see Labor force dropouts
low-IQ prevalence and, 372-375, 575
physical disability, 161-163, 365, 367
unemployment: see Unemployment
Employment tests, 481-484, 502, 679-687
Environmental factors in intelligence, 8-9, 106, 108, 298-299, 303-304, 309-315, 342-343, 410, 554, 574, 668; See also IQ: raising
Epstein, Richard, 555
Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC), 679-682, 684, 685
Ethnic differences
in aptitude test scores, affirmative action and, 451-458, 565-566
in educational attainment, 319-320 324-325, 353-354
in fertility, 352-357
immigration and, 359-360
in income, 322-327
on indicators of social problems, 327-340
cognitive outcomes for children, 337-338
crime, 338-339
developmental outcomes for children, 336-337
home environment for children, 334, 336
illegitimacy, 330-331
labor force dropouts, 327-328
low-birth-weight infants, 332-333, 334
marriage rates, 329, 330
poverty, 326-327, 333-334
unemployment, 327-329
welfare dependency, 331-332
in IQ, 269-315
affirmative action and: see Affirmative action Asian American and white, 272-276, 299-301
black and white: see Black and white differences: in IQ
cultural explanations of, 304-307
genetics and, 295-311
Jews and gentiles, 275
Latinos and non-Latino whites, 275
in Middle-Class Values Index, 339-340
in occupational status, 320-322
in reproductive strategies, 666-667
Eugenic Hypothesis, 346
Eysenck, Hans, 561
Factor analysis, 3-4, 18-19, 558-560
Family structure, 167-190; See also Divorce; Illegitimacy; Marriage
crime and, 249-250
single mothers: see Single mothers
traditional, deterioration of, 190
trends in, 173
Feminism, 112-113
Fertility, differential, 342-357
demographic transition and, 343-345
ethnicity and, 352-357
mother’s age and IQ and, 351-352, 354-355
number of children born and, 349-351, 353-354
Fertility policy, 548-549
Finch, Frank, 145
Fletcher, Ronald, 12
Fluid intelligence, 15
Flynn, James, 273, 307, 308, 348
Flynn effect, 307-309, 346-347, 391, 397, 422
Founding Fathers, 530-532
Frank, Robert, 42-43
Frequency distributions, 577-579
Galton, Sir Francis, 1-2, 26, 284
Garber, Howard, 408
Gardner, Howard, 18-19, 21, 22, 555, 558, 574, 661
Gates, Bill, 114
GED (General Educational Development), 147-148, 153-154, 372
Gender differences in IQ, 275
General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), 72-73, 504
General factor (g) of intelligence, 3-4, 557-562, 575
analysis of, 560
biological phenomenon, 560
challenges to, 14-15, 18
classicists and, 14, 15, 22-23
defined, 4
importance of, 561
job productivity and, 71, 75-79, 560
negation of, 558-559
“pseudoscience” of, 557-562
reaction time and, 283-284, 561
Spearman’s hypothesis, 301-303, 655, 660
Genetic factors in IQ, 23, 105-110, 295-311, 554, 555, 557, 562-566
controversy over, 8-12
demography of intelligence and: see Dysgenesis
estimation of, 105-108
Herrnstein’s syllogism and, 105, 108-110
role of genes in individuals and groups, 298-299
Spearman’s hypothesis and, 301-305
Ghiselli, Edwin, 72
Gillie, Oliver, 11
Goddard, H. H., 6, 241
Goldberger, Arthur, 571
Gordon, Robert, 338
Goring, Charles, 241
Gottfredson, Linda, 321
Gould, Stephen J., 12, 296, 555, 558-560, 561, 564, 569, 570
Graduate Record Examination (GRE), 457-458, 665-666
Griggs v. Duke Power(1971), 70, 85, 482, 485, 486, 490, 491, 681-684, 687
Guilford, Joy, 15
Gustafsson, Jan-Eric, 304
Hacker, Andrew, 497-498, 555
Hamilton, Alexander, 531
Hartigan Committee, 74-75, 85, 484
Harvard University, 28-29, 38, 40, 41, 43, 66, 451-454
Haverman, Robert, 555
Head Start, 403-404, 414-415, 434
Heath, Shirley Brice, 206-207
Heber, Richard, 408
Heckman, James, 147-148, 151, 485, 570
Heritability of IQ: see Genetic factors in IQ
Herrnstein, Richard, 10, 553
Herrnstein’s syllogism, 105, 108-110
Higham, John, 358
High Sch
ool and Beyond survey, 183-184
High school dropouts: see School dropouts
High school graduates
divorce probability and, 175-176
dropouts compared with, 148-150
ethnic differences and, 319
fertility of, 349, 350
GED graduates compared with, 150-151
illegitimacy and, 184
income of, 94, 95
low-birth-weight infants and, 217
marriage probability and, 172
median overlap with college graduates, 48-49
parenting and
cognitive outcomes, 232
developmental problems, 229
home environment for child development, 225, 571
poverty throughout childhood, 220
poverty and, 136-137, 220
probability of college enrollment by, 32-35
unemployment among, 164-165
welfare dependency and, 196-197, 198-199
Hindelang, Michael, 242
Hiring decisions: see Affirmative action;Job productivity
Hirsch, Jerry, 9-10
Hirschi, Travis, 242
Hobbes, Thomas, 528-529
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 5
Home environment for child development, 220-225
adoption and, 410-413, 415-416
cognitive outcomes and, 232
educational attainment and, 225
ethnic differences in, 334, 336
low-cognitive-ability prevalence and, 381-381
poverty and, 223-224
socioeconomic status and, 222-223
welfare and, 223-224
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) index, 220-225, 232, 381-382, 571
Homogamy, 111-113
Humphrey, Hubert, 500, 683
Hunt, Earl B., 16
Hunter, John, 71-73, 85
Hunter, Ronda, 85
Idiot savants, 22
Illegitimacy, 177-190
broken homes and, 184-186
developmental problems and, 229-230
educational attainment and, 184
ethnic differences in, 330-331
family structure and, 184-186, 571-572
IQ and, 179, 181, 200-201, 567
low IQ prevalence and, 386-389, 568
poverty and, 186-190
as precursor of child maltreatment, 210
socioeconomic status and, 182-183, 186, 188-189
trends in, 178-179
welfare and, 186-190
Illiteracy, 420, 436
Immigration, 5, 6, 342, 343, 356-364
ethnicity and IQ as they apply to, 359-360
policy and, 549
self-selection and, 361-364
trend in, 356-358
Immigration Restriction Act of 1924, 6, 343
Income, 93-101
black, affirmative action and, 485-486
educational attainment and, 94-98
elite college attendance and, 41
ethnic differences in, 322-327
growth of affluent class and, 515-517
high school achievement and, 438
IQ and, 93-94, 98-100, 567, 571
occupational stratfication and, 97, 98, 100-101
redistribution issues, 547-548
residual characteristics of workers and, 96-98
Independent variable, 122
Infants
illegitimate: see Illegitimacy
low-birth-weight: see Low-Birth-weight infants maternal IQ and well-being of, 213-218
mortality, 217-218
motor and social development in, 226, 383
temperament in, 226, 383
Intelligence: See also IQ
brain size and, 564
concept of, 1
definitions of, 4, 557-558
general factor (g) of: see General factor (g) of intelligence
as information processing, 15-17
structures of, 14-15
theory of multiple, 17-21
triarchic theory of, 17
Iowa Test of Educational Development (ITED), 423, 424
IQ; See also Intelligence
affirmative action and: see Affirmative action, 98-100
behaviorists and, 8-9
classical tradition, 23
controversies over, 4-13, 572, 573
development of concept, 4
dysgenesis and: see Dysgenesis
education and, 568, 571
environmental factors in, 8-9, 106, 108, 298-299, 303-307, 309-315, 342, 410, 554, 572
ethnic differences in: see Ethnic differences
heritability of: see Genetic factors in IQ
importance of, 21-22, 572
low: see Low cognitive ability
raising, 388-416, 572, 573, 574
adoption and, 410-413, 415-416
education and, 393-402, 414
nutrition and, 391-393, 414
policy agenda for, 413-416, 572
pre-school programs, 403-410, 414-415, 572, 573, 574
stability over life span of, 129
stratification by: see Cognitive classes and social behavior; Cognitive elite
Jefferson, Thomas, 530-531
Jencks, Christopher, 53, 555
Jensen, Arthur, 9-10, 13, 15, 283-284, 302-304, 308, 561
Jewish and gentile differences in IQ, 275
Job productivity, 63-89
affirmative action and, 492-498
contemporary evidence on test scores as predictors of, 70-71
economic costs of not testing and, 85-87
economic value of IQ and, 65, 82-86, 88, 560
experience vs. IQ and, 79-80
high school performance and, 439
measurement of, 72
meta-analysis and, 71-73
specific skills vs. general factor g and, 75-79
test scores compared with other predictors of, 81-82, 562
test validity and, 72-75, 81, 84, 85, 682, 684, 685
Joynson, Robert, 12
Jungeblut, Ann, 401
Kael, Pauline, 513
Kamin, Leon, 11, 304, 311, 555, 564, 565, 566, 568, 571
Katz, Lawrence, 94
Kaufman Assessment Battery of Children (K-ABC), 290
Kaus, Mickey, 512
Kinsey Report, 553
Klitgaard, Robert, 459
Kohn, Melvin, 205-206
Labor force participation, 157-162
by cognitive class, 158
defined, 157
educational attainment and, 160, 161
ethnic differences in, 327-328
low-IQ prevalence and, 373-374
socioeconomic status and, 158, 158-160
Lane, Charles, 564, 565, 566
Latino(s)
affirmative action and, 451-458, 472, 503
AFQT scores, 667-668
cognitive outcomes for children, 337-338
crime and, 338, 339
developmental outcomes for children, 336
differences in IQ with non-Latino whites, 275, 643-644
educational attainment of, 319-320
fertility in, 353-354
foreign-born, 668
home environment for children, 334, 336
illegitimacy and, 330-331
immigrants, 358-360, 362
income of, 322, 323
IQ scores, 668
language, 667-668
low-birth-weight infants of, 326, 332-333, 334
marriage rates of, 329, 330
in Middle-Class Values Index, 339-340
NLSY, 668
occupational status of, 320-322
poverty of children, 333-334
unemployment of, 327, 328