Old Masters, New World

by Cynthia Saltzman

  ———. “Important Rembrandts in American Collections.” Art News 28, no. 30 (April 26, 1930): 3–4.

  Walsh, John. “Paintings in the Dutch Room.” Connoisseur 198, no. 795 (May 1978): 50–61.

  Warren, Jeremy. “Bode and the British.” Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen. Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1996, 124–42.

  Weinberg, H. Barbara. “The Career of Francis Davis Millet.” Archives of American Art Journal 17, no. 1 (1977): 2–18.

  ———. “Late-­Nineteenth-­Century American Painting: Cosmopolitan Concerns and Critical Controversies.” Archives of American Art Journal 23, no. 4 (1983): 19–26.

  Wilson-­Bareau, Juliet. “Goya and the X Numbers: The 1812 Inventory and Early Acquisitions of ‘Goya’ Pictures.” Metropolitan Museum Journal 31 (1996): 159–74.

  Zerbe, Richard. “The American Sugar Refinery Company, 1887–1914: The Story of a Monopoly.” Journal of Law and Economics 12, no. 2 (October 1969): 339–75.

  archival material

  Berenson Archive, Villa I Tatti, The Harvard University Center for Italian Re­nais­sance Studies, Florence, ­Italy—­Berenson Correspondence

  P. & D. Colnaghi and Co., Ltd., London

  The Frick Collection and Frick Art Reference Library, New ­York—Curatorial Files, Henry Clay Frick Art Collection Files, Henry Clay Frick Papers and Helen Clay Frick Papers

  Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Archives, ­Boston—Isabella Stewart Gardner Correspondence and Painting Files

  Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles—Duveen Brothers Rec­ords

  Knoedler & Company, New York

  The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New ­York—Department of American Dec­orative ­Arts—Frances Weitzenhoffer Files; Department of Eu­ro­pe­an ­Paintings—Henry G. Marquand Correspondence and Roger Fry Correspondence; Museum ­Archives—Mary Cassatt Letters to Louisine Havemeyer, Henry G. Marquand Files

  The Morgan Library and Museum, New York—The Pierpont Morgan Papers—ARC 1196, House inventory, Princes Gate 1912; Morgan Collections Correspondence, ARC 1310, Duveen and Glaenzer folders, ARC 01914, Sedelmeyer folder; ARC 1444, 1456, 1496, Satterlee Family Papers, Photograph Albums

  National Gallery, London—Archives—Board Minutes

  National Gallery of Art, Washington, ­D.C.—Curatorial Rec­ords

  Princeton University Library, Princeton, New Jersey—Rare Books and Special Collections, Allan Marquand Papers

  Staatliche Museen zu Berlin ­Zentralarchiv, Berlin—SMB-­ZA Bode 2268

  Index

  Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

  Adoration of the Magi (Botticelli), 259

  Adoration of the Shepherds (El Greco), 115, 141–142

  Agnew, Lockett, 104, 170, 244–245, 255

  Agnew, Morland, 104, 228–229

  Agnew, Thomas (the elder), 103–104

  Agnew, Thomas (the younger), 103–104

  Agnew, William, 102–104

  Agnew’s, London, 71, 84, 102–104, 182–183, 202, 223, 226, 229, 233

  Alba Madonna (Raphael), 259

  Alexander, John White, 12, 24

  Allegory of Virtue and Vice (Veronese), 195

  Allegory of Wisdom and Strength (Veronese), 195

  Allen, Elizabeth Love: see Marquand, Elizabeth Allen

  Alma-Tadema, Lawrence, 29–30, 42

  Altman, Benjamin, 6, 173, 194, 201–203, 210, 213–215, 224, 226–227, 229, 232, 266

  America: art collectors in, 1–4, 214; artistic tastes of, 17, 46–47, 75–76, 125, 168; culture of, 1, 12, 16, 19; Dutch paintings and, 38–39; English portraits and, 106–107, 263; fine arts courses in, 40; Gilded Age of, 7, 25, 230; Impressionist art and, 112, 133–134; industrial era and, 1, 6, 16, 19, 43, 101, 107, 145–146, 150, 155–157, 179, 230, 243; nudes in art and, 75–76; Old Master collectors in, 173; promotion of art and, 13; railroads and, 23; tariffs on art by, 35, 82, 95, 99, 187, 215; wealth of, 215–216; World War I and, 242–243

  American Scene, The (James), 92

  American School of painting, 13

  American, The (James), 52

  Andrea del Castagno, 6–7, 202, 263

  Angelico, Fra, 219

  Angerstein, John Julius, 29

  Anne, Countess of Clanbrassil (van Dyck), 246

  Annunciation (Fiorenzo di Lorenzo), 86–87

  Annunciation (van der Weyden), 202

  Ansidei Madonna (Raphael), 29, 93, 97–98, 102

  Anslo and His Wife (Rembrandt), 69

  Antwerp: Van Goyen Looking Out for a Subject (Turner), 192

  Arbuckle, John, 129–130

  architecture, 19, 25, 42–44, 90, 99

  Aristotle with the Bust of Homer (Rembrandt), 200, 202, 266

  Armory Show, New York, 243

  Arrangement in Black and Gold: Comte Robert de Montesquieu-Fezensac (Whistler), 246–247

  Arrangement in Brown and Black: Portrait of Miss Rosa Corder (Whistler), 246

  art auctions, 4, 26–27, 42, 45–46, 68, 102, 233, 236–237

  art collectors, 2–3, 6–7, 214, 216–217; see also individual names

  art dealers, 5–7, 75, 170; commissions charged by, 57, 222; competitiveness of, 222–223; techniques of, 46, 178, 193, 213–214; see also individual names

  Art Fund, England, 217–218

  Art Institute of Chicago, 7, 142

  art market, 34, 35, 69, 84, 96; in America, 67, 71, 146, 166, 177–179, 214, 263; connoisseurs and, 64; decline of, 232–234, 242; Dutch painting and, 174; in England, 27, 177–178, 216; in Europe, 41, 166, 215–216; flourishing of, 4–6; and French Impressionsim, 133–134, 166; New York Stock Exchange and, 237, 259; value of art and, 188, 196; World War I and, 248

  Art of Painting, The (Vermeer), 38, 118

  Art Treasures of Great Britain exhibition, 27

  Arthur Tooth & Sons, 145–146, 159, 161–162, 170

  Ashburnham, Lord, 45, 57, 67, 69

  Assumption of the Virgin (El Greco), 114, 137–138, 140, 142

  Atlantic Monthly, 15, 65

  Avery, Samuel, 126, 142

  Bacchanal (Bellini and Titian): see Feast of the Gods, The (Bellini and Titian)

  Baker, Samuel, 27

  Ball at the Opera (Manet), 112

  Ballet Rehearsal (Degas), 122–123

  Banks of the Seine (Sisley), 112

  Barbizon school, 132, 145, 164, 168, 174

  Baroque art, 4, 26, 32

  Bellini, Giovanni, 6, 74, 78, 182, 208, 233–235, 244, 247, 250, 253–259

  Bellows, Henry, 16

  Benois Madonna (Leonardo), 4, 230

  Berenson, Bernard, 6, 7, 170, 178; appearance and personality of, 58–59, 64–65; as art dealer, 71, 74–75, 78, 141, 145, 248, 253–255, 259, 264–265; as art expert, 45, 61–67, 97, 207–208, 214, 230, 264; Botticelli’s Death of Lucretia and, 45, 57, 67; childhood and education, 58, 60–61; deceives Gardner, 77, 82–85; Duveens and, 207–209, 217; finances of, 80, 242; Gutekunst and, 67, 69–71, 75–77, 86, 105, 264; I. S. Gardner and, 45, 47, 49, 57–62, 64, 67–68, 71–72, 76–86, 88–89, 97–98, 119, 189, 195, 205–206, 210, 255–256; travels of, 61, 64–65, 78, 89; Villa I Tatti and, 65, 67, 208, 264; writings by, 45, 61–63, 65–66, 74, 119

  Berenson, Mary, 64–67, 80, 82–84, 208–209, 214, 234, 255, 258, 264

  Berlin Gemäldegalerie, 16, 40, 214

  Betrayal of Christ, The (van Dyck), 12, 14–15, 34

  Bigelow, William Sturgis, 79

  Birth of Venus, The (Botticelli), 253

  Blodgett, William Tilden, 18

  Blue Boy, The (Gainsborough), 72, 75–77, 263

  Boating (Manet), 112, 137

  Bonheur, Rosa, 164

  Boston Evening Transcript, 36

  Boston, Massachusetts, 37, 48–49, 54, 58, 60, 92, 261

  Botticelli, Sandro, 7, 45, 47, 57, 67, 69, 81, 86, 208, 253, 259

  Boucher, François, 118, 180

  Boughton, George, 36, 104

  Bouguereau, William, 164

  Bourgeois, Stephen, 46


  Bredius, Abraham, 219–220

  Breton, Jules, 164, 191

  Bridge, The (Maris), 245–246

  Bronzino, Agnolo, 13, 203, 234, 237–238, 242, 251

  Brown, Henry Kirke, 22

  Bruegel (Pieter), 7

  Bryant, William Cullen, 16

  Bull Fight, The (Manet), 245–246

  Burial of the Count of Orgaz (El Greco), 116

  Burlington Magazine, 94, 175, 264

  Burton, Frederick, 26, 28–29, 31, 97–98

  Byers, Alexander, 146

  Cabbage Gatherers, The (Pissarro), 123

  Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi), 7, 13

  Carfax gallery, 219, 222

  Carlisle, Earl of, 70, 78, 162

  Carnegie, Andrew, 146, 148–160, 164, 171–172, 215

  Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, 164

  Carstairs, Carroll, 264

  Carstairs, Charles, 233–234; appearance and personality of, 162–163, 167–169; competes with Duveen, 199, 209, 211; Frick and, 6, 163, 167–170, 173–181, 184–185, 187–196, 205–207, 213, 217–218, 222, 224–227, 229–230, 235–238, 244–245, 248, 251–252, 258, 264; Gutekunst and, 177–178, 180–181, 183, 185–186, 188, 190, 204–205, 223–229, 234, 238, 244, 252; Knoedler and, 167–168, 170, 176, 184–194, 231–232, 247; World War I and, 242, 248

  Cassatt, Alexander, 117, 120, 133

  Cassatt, Mary, 1, 142, 241; advises Havemeyers, 109, 111–112, 114–119, 123, 130, 136–138, 140; art by, 112, 120–123, 130, 133, 263; art training of, 19, 110, 120; artistic tastes of, 117–118; childhood of, 119–120; Durand-Ruel and, 132–133, 135–139; friendship with L. Havemeyer, 109, 121–123, 142; I. S. Gardner and, 124–125; Impressionist art and, 112, 117; travels to Spain, 110, 131

  Cassatt, Robert, 119–120

  Catherine the Great, 160

  Catholic Church, 13, 114

  Cattaneo, Marchesa Elena Grimaldi, 204–207

  Cattaneo, Marchesa Giovanna, 206

  Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista, 62

  Cavendish, William: see Devonshire, 5th Duke of

  Cazin, Jean-Charles, 164

  Cellini, Benvenuto, 90, 92

  Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance (Berenson), 66

  Cesnola, Luigi P. di, 41, 43, 126

  Cézanne, Paul, 110, 112, 130, 182, 243

  Charles I, 13, 33, 77

  Charlotte, Lady Milnes (Romney), 211

  Chase, William Merritt, 19

  Chicago Art Institute, 142

  Chigi, Agostino, 99

  Choate, Joseph C., 17, 41

  Christ Before Pilate (van Leyden), 35

  Christ Carrying the Cross (El Greco), 115, 130

  Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee (Rembrandt), 82, 261

  Christie, James, 26–27

  Christie’s, 4, 26–27, 102, 233, 236–237

  Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan (Holbein), 216–218

  Christus, Petrus, 41, 42

  Church, Frederick, 25, 51

  Clifton, Arthur, 219

  Clinton-Hope, Francis Pelham, 82

  Clovio, Giulio, 114

  Cole, Thomas, 25

  Collector, The, 40

  Colman, Samuel, 25, 113

  Colnaghi (P. & D. Colnaghi), London, 67, 69, 224, 234–235, 261; B. Berenson and, 84–85, 178; Frick and, 161, 170–171; Gutekunst and, 71–72, 242; Hermitage sale and, 259; history of, 67, 69; Holbein’s Christina of Denmark and, 217–218; I. S. Gardner and, 81, 84–88; Ilchester Rembrandt and, 181, 185–187, 190–191; Titian’s Europa and, 74–75, 77, 175; van Dyck’s Cattaneo portraits and, 204–205

  Colnaghi, Dominic, 69

  Colnaghi, Paul, 69

  Cologne: Arrival of a Packet Boat: Evening (Turner), 235, 244

  Colonna Madonna (Raphael), 93–94, 205, 226, 249, 266

  Concert, The (Vermeer), 46, 261

  Constable, John, 264

  Cook, Herbert, 182

  Corner of the Loge, A (Cassatt), 120–121

  Corot, Jean-Baptiste-Camille, 112, 130, 162, 164–165

  Corsham Court, England, 11–15, 26, 28–29, 32, 35, 266

  Cossio, Manuel B., 116, 135, 138, 140

  Costelloe, Frank, 65, 67

  Costelloe, Mary Smith, 64

  Count-Duke of Olivares (Velázquez), 230

  Counter-Reformation, 114

  Courbet, Gustave, 25, 111, 125

  Couture, Thomas, 120

  Cowper, Earl of, 100

  Cox, Kenyon, 25, 160

  Creelman, Alice, 247–248

  Crivelli, Carlo, 81, 208

  Cromwell, Thomas, 235–237

  Crowe, Joseph Arthur, 62

  Curtis family, 55

  Cuyp, Aelbert, 173, 202, 233

  Daisy Miller (James), 52

  Dancers (The Rehearsal) (Degas), 245–246

  Dante Society, 54

  Darnley, 4th Earl of, 72, 74–75, 77

  David and Abigail (Ruben), 28

  David, Gerard, 234, 251

  David, Jacques-Louis, 16

  de Hooch, Pieter, 202

  Death of Lucretia, The (Botticelli’s The Tragedy of Lucretia), 45, 47, 57

  decorative arts, 200–203, 209, 249–250

  Degas, Edgar, 110–112, 117, 120–123, 130, 245–246

  Delmé, Lady Elizabeth, 105–106

  Denbigh, Earl of, 246

  Denon, Dominique Vivant, 18

  Deposition (David, G.), 234, 251

  Deprez, Edmond, 68, 170, 179–180, 186–187, 190, 205

  Derby, Earl of, 102, 107

  Desborough, Lady Ethel, 228

  Deschamps, Charles, 12, 18, 29–31, 34–37

  Devonshire, 5th Duke of, 101

  Devonshire, Duchess of (Georgiana Spencer), 101–102

  Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 54

  Don Balthasar Carlos with a Dwarf (Velázquez), 70

  Doña Narcisa Barañana de Goicoechea (Goya), 137

  Donatello (Donato di Niccolodi Betto Bardi), 208

  Dordrecht: Sunrise (Cuyp), 173

  Douglas, R. Langton, 234

  Drawbridge, The (Monet), 123

  Drawings of the Florentine Painters (Berenson), 66

  Driver, Sarah Anne, 234

  Duccio di Buoninsegna, 4

  Dunn, James Hamet, 234, 237–238, 244–245

  Durand, Asher B., 13

  Durand-Ruel, Charles, 134

  Durand-Ruel, Joseph, 134, 139

  Durand-Ruel, Paul, 111–112, 118, 131–143

  Dürer, Albrecht, 7, 43, 86

  Duret, Theodore, 131, 141–142

  Dutch painting, 38–39, 46, 110, 125, 160, 173, 200, 203

  Duveen, Benjamin, 207

  Duveen Brothers, 200, 202, 228, 230, 251, 253

  Duveen, Ernest, 5, 207–208

  Duveen, Henry, 200–204, 207–210, 214, 217, 227, 242, 248

  Duveen, Joel Joseph, 200

  Duveen, Joseph, 6, 167, 199–202, 207–211, 249–250, 253–255, 263

  Duveen, Louis, 207–208

  Duveen, Rosetta Barnett, 200

  Eakins, Thomas, 19

  Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, 19

  Edward VII, 108

  Elder, Adaline, 121

  Elder, Anne, 121

  Elder, George (the elder), 121

  Elder, George (the younger), 121

  Elder, J. Lawrence, 124, 127

  Elder, Louisine Waldron, 3; see also Havemeyer, Louisine

  Elder, Mary Louise, 124

  Elder, Mathilda Waldron, 121

  Elena Grimaldi (van Dyck), see Marchesa Elena Grimaldi Cattaneo (van Dyck)

  Elizabeth Farren (Lawrence), 107–108, 249, 262, 266

  Elizabeth, Lady Taylor (Reynolds), 211

  Elkins, William L., 206

  England, 19, 34, 257; American artists in, 30–31; American collectors and, 3; auctions in, 199; country estates of, 26–28, 78; Old Masters lost to America, 218–219; private art collections and, 13, 15, 26–29, 80, 233, 235; taxes and, 216

  Eng
lish portraits, 103–108, 125, 145, 168–169, 173–175, 199, 211, 246–247, 249, 263

  Europa (Titian), 72–77, 79–81, 85, 90, 92, 104

  Farren, Elizabeth, 107–108

  Feast of the Gods, The (Bellini and Titian), 6, 78, 253–259

  Fenway Court: see Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston

  Ferdinand, Archduke Franz, 236

  Ferdinand I, king of Naples and the two Sicilies, 97

  Filippo Cattaneo (van Dyck), 206

  Fiorenza di Lorenzo, 86–87

  Florentine Painters of the Renaissance (Berenson), 66

  Forge, The (Goya), 245–246

  Fortnightly Review, 63

  Forum, 150

  Fourment, Suzanne, 174

  Fowles, Edward, 200–202

  Fox-Strangways, Giles, 180–183; see also Ilchester, 6th Earl of

  Fox-Strangways, Henry (5th Earl of Ilchester), 181

  Fragonard, Jean-Honoré, 118, 249–250

  Franco-Prussian War, 18, 97, 120

  Fray Hortensio Félix Paravicino (El Greco), 138–140

  Frederick-William II, 16

  French Revolution, 3, 27, 120, 242

  Frick, Adelaide Childs, 153–154, 156–157, 159, 165, 168, 176, 222, 231, 247, 249, 258, 263

  Frick Collection, The, New York, 263–264; see also Frick, Henry Clay

  Frick, Helen Clay, 148, 156, 166, 173

  Frick, Henry Clay, 3, 6–7, 87; appearance and personality of, 146–148, 153–154, 158–159, 168, 188, 243; as art collector, 145–146, 152, 174, 176, 177–178, 195–196, 234–238, 244–245, 249, 258; artistic tastes of, 173, 185, 195, 243, 249; business interests of, 145–146, 148–159, 171–172, 206, 215, 238, 245–246; Andrew Carnegie and, 146, 148–160, 171–172; Carstairs and, 163, 167–171, 173–181, 183, 185, 235–238, 244–245, 248, 251–252, 258; collecting ambitions of, 213–214, 225; decorative art and, 209, 250; Dutch paintings and, 224–227, 229; Duveens and, 201–202, 209–211, 222, 250; English portraits and, 246–247, 249; erects picture gallery, 243–245; extravagance of, 149, 156, 173, 196; family of, 153–154, 156, 158; French paintings and, 164, 246; Roger Fry and, 219–220, 222; Gutekunst and, 175, 177–181; Knoedler and, 163–167, 174, 176–177, 185, 223, 225, 251; loans to museums, 168, 182, 194; mansions of, 149, 156, 162, 172–173, 175–177, 189, 196, 213, 243–245; J. P. Morgan and, 150, 249–250; Old Masters and, 159–162, 168–170, 173–180, 185, 188, 196, 205–207, 209–211, 216–217, 230, 248, 250–251; Prides Crossing mansion, 209, 222, 224–225, 243–244; Rembrandt’s The Polish Rider and, 219–222; Rembrandt’s Portrait of a Young Artist and, 159, 161–162, 170; Rembrandt’s Self-Portrait (1658) and, 180–194, 213; travels abroad, 145, 151, 153–154, 159, 163–164, 168, 231, 235; World War I and, 243, 245–246