The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History
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Fishbourne, palace, 36
Flavianus, Nicomachus, son-in-law of Symmachus, 217
Fliehburgen (refuge centres), 410, 414
Florence, siege, 205
food supplies: African, 15, 273, 275, 276, 277, 292, 296; for Goths, 163, 172; grain for Rome, 15, 218, 273, 275, 289–90, 292; Hunnic army, 341
forts, 172
Fortunatus, Venantius, 441
Franks: classes of society, 94–5; defeat (428), 261; forces, 446; in Gaul, 418, 446; hairstyles, 89; kingdom, 452; laws, 431; leadership, 336, 394, 418; raids, 281; relationship with Alamanni, 84; relationship with Romans, 394, 416, 452; relationship with Vandals, 264; Roman campaigns against, 285, 288; rulers, 89, 94; Salian, 416, 425; territories, 81, 84, 86, 283, 363, 418; treaty with Constantine III, 211; unification, 453; unrest, 263
Fredibald, king of the Siling Vandals, 264
freeman class, 94–5, 96
Frigidus, battle of the river, 212, 213
Fritigern, leader of Tervingi: dinner party with Lupicinus, 164–5, 167; Hadrianople battle, 177–9; invasion of Macedonia and Thessaly, 184; leadership, 145, 182–3, 185, 213; peace overtures, 179, 182–3, 185, 213; seeking asylum at Danube, 152, 154; strategy, 172, 173, 184
Fulvius, marriage of, 136
Gainas, general, 214–15, 216
Galatia, 190
Galerius, emperor, 65
Galla Placidia, sister of Honorius, wife of Athaulf, wife of Flavius Constantius: capture by Goths, 191, 239; children, 240, 251; exile, 259, 265; marriage to Athaulf, 239–40, 292, 335; marriage to Constantius, 251, 255, 257; rank of Augusta, 258; regency, 260–1, 370; return to Rome, 241; son’s accession, 259–60
Gallaecia, province, 208, 241, 265, 288, 344
Gallia Belgica, province, 113
Gallia Narbonensis, province, 9, 36–7
Gallienus, emperor, 65
Gallus, nephew of Constantius II, 24, 130
garrison troops: disbanding, 412; eastern empire, 385, 387; limitanei, 62, 63; in Noricum, 409; regraded, 247, 434; relationship with Goths, 211–12; role, 172, 199, 447; training, 172
Gaudentius, father of Flavius Constantius, 281
Gaudentius, son of Aetius, 289, 372, 379
Gaul: Aetius’ campaigns, 286, 287; after Roman rule, 437–8; Alans in, 208, 221, 287, 434; army, 382; Burgundians in, 348, 382, 394, 396, 417–18 (map), 424; Caesar’s wars, 7–8, 12–13; council, 250; Franks in, 418, 446; Gothic presence, 250; Hunnic attack, 335–6, 337–9, 343; invasion (406), 194, 206–9; landowners, 382, 395, 419–23, 435, 438; regime (259), 66; revolt (69), 45; Rhine invaders in, 207 (map); Roman forces, 447; Roman losses, 245–6, 247; Suevi in, 208, 221, 434; Vandals in, 208, 221, 434; Visigothic rebellion, 287–8; Visigoths in, 348, 415–17, 418–23, 424, 446
Geiseric, king of Vandal-Alan coalition: accession, 266; Aetius’ campaign against, 285–6; appearance and character, 266, 398; attacks on Sicily, 290, 395; capture of Carthage, 288–9, 295, 344; conquest of North Africa, 288–9, 298; defeat of Roman fleet, 403, 404, 406; invasion of Italy, 378–9; invasion of North Africa, 267–72, 281; peace treaty (435), 286, 388; peace treaty (442), 292–3; political strategy, 396, 425; relationship with Attila, 336; sack of Rome (455), 379, 382, 395, 396; Spanish raid (461), 399; status of client king, 292
Georgia, 73
Gepids, 330, 354–5, 357, 358, 363
Germani, Germania, Germanic: burials, 88–90, 94, 332, 364–5, 454; cities, 302–3; confederations of the fourth century, 81 (map); cultures, 56–8, 200; in early Roman period, 50–1 (map); economy, 67, 89, 91, 93, 456; elite in fourth century, 90–1; languages, 48, 53, 78, 84, 263, 265, 329; limits of Roman expansion, 55–8, 67; literacy, 49; migrations, 201–2, 204–5; political units, 54, 67, 451, 454–5; raids, 451; relationship with Roman empire, 455, 457–9; religion, 75–6, 92–3, 96; threat to Rome, 97–8; warfare, 54, 67
Germania Inferior, province, 113
Germanicus Caesar, 46, 55
Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, 345
Germanus, general, 290
Germany, 9, 46–7, 52
Gerontius, general, 237, 238, 256
Gesimund, brother of Thorismund, 357
Getica, see Jordanes
Gibbon, Edward: on Attila, 300; on Christianity, 14, 119, 121, 122–3, 443; on corruption, 101; on eastern empire, 431; on fall of Roman empire, x, 443
Gildas, chronicler, 346–7
Gildo, commander in North Africa, 217, 218
Glabrio Faustus, praetorian prefect, 124
gladius (sword), 7
glass, 88
Glycerius, emperor, 426
Goffart, Walter, 424
gold: crown gold for emperor, 22; grave goods, 332, 364–5, 454; taxation and confiscations, 399–400; tribute, 301, 304, 307–8, 312, 327, 360, 368, 388, 454
Gordian, emperor, 58–9, 63
Gothic language, 76, 77
Goths: Alaric’s leadership, 211–16, 237–8, 265, 453, 454; Amal-led, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358–9, 363, 367, 368, 369, 388; Ammianus’ account, 151–3; in Aquitaine, 242, 263, 265, 451; Athaulf’s, 238–41; classes of society, 94; conflict with Sciri, 368–9; conflict with Valens (365–9), 73–5; culture, 200; drinking, 75, 422–3; forces, 446; in Gaul, 303; groups, 352–3, 356; invasion of Italy under Radagaisus, 194–8, 205–6, 451; migrations, 98, 151–4; peace treaty (332), 73; peace treaty (369), 72–3, 75–6; peace treaty (382), 184–5, 211, 212, 213; peace treaty (418), 263; refugees, 145–6, 151–4, 158–64, 169, 436; relationship with Huns, 195, 327, 329–30, 352, 356; relationship with Romans, 80, 190, 241–3, 451; revolts, 212–14; Roman prisoners, 77; in Spain, 241–2; support for Jovinus, 237–8; in Thrace, 353, 388; unification, 213; war with Roman empire (377–382), 167–9 (map), 188; see also Greuthungi, Ostrogoths, Tervingi, Visigoths
Gratian, emperor: appointment of Theodosius, 187; conflict with Goths, 175, 177–8, 181, 185; defeat of Lentienses, 177, 178; education, 36; encounter with Alans, 195–6; forces, 181; relationship with Valens, 163, 176–8, 181, 196
Gratian, usurper, 209
grave goods: Danubian style, 332, 364–5; Germanic burials, 88–90, 94, 332, 364–5, 454, 455; Sarmatian, 98
Great Eurasian Steppe: geography, 146–7, 194; Hunnic migration, 328; Hunnic presence, 149–50, 158; population movements, 450
Great Hungarian Plain: armed groups, 358; cemeteries, 330–1; grazing, 328; Hunnic presence, 203, 204, 351, 367, 433; Sarmatian presence, 450
Greece: Gothic invasion, 214; rural prosperity, 113
Greek language, 77, 78, 80, 117, 440
Gregory, bishop of Tours, 206, 264, 282, 453
Gregory Nazianzus, 133
Gregory of Nyssa, 133
Greuthungi: conflict with Huns, 151, 329; Danube asylum seekers, 145, 152, 158, 162, 213, 361, 433; Danube crossing, 164; defeated by Gratian, 183; flight from Huns, 152, 153, 158, 361, 433; forces, 445; Hadrianople battle, 179; leadership, 151, 154, 213; relationship with Romans, 162; relationship with Tervingi, 164, 167, 213, 451, 453; territory, 145; in Thrace (376), 194; treaty (382), 213; war with Rome, 171, 179, 183; see also Goths, Tervingi
Gunderic, king of the Hasding Vandals, 264, 265, 266
Gundioc, king of Burgundians, 426
Gundobad, king of the Burgundians, 425–6 Guptas, 150
Hadrianople: battle, ix, 167, 178–81, 183, 190, 249, 329, 384; city, 172, 177, 310
Hadrian’s Wall, 13, 40, 44, 106
Haemus mountains: geography, 168, 170; Gothic presence, 172, 173–5, 177–8, 185; Hunnic presence, 308, 311; Roman presence, 174–5, 176, 195, 311
hairstyles, 88–9, 149
Hasding Vandals: alliances, 206, 264–5, 452, 453, 454; language, 263; origins, 263; Rhine crossing (406), 194, 206; in Spain, 241, 243, 244, 264
Hatra, city, 60
Helion, master of offices, 259, 260
Helpidius, praetorian prefect, 116
Hephthalite Huns, 150
Heracleia, city, 310
Heraclianus, general, 256–
7
Heraclius, general, 400
Heraclius, head of emperor’s household, 372–3
Herculianus, senator, 335
Hereka, wife of Attila, 314, 318
Hermann the German, see Arminius
Hermenduri, 54, 93
Hermeric, king of the Suevi, 265
Hermopolis, 104
Hernac, son of Attila, 354, 359–60
Heruli, 330, 355, 367, 413, 414, 445
Hippo Regius, city, 267, 269–70, 271, 272
honorati (imperial bureaucrats), 116
Honoria, Iusta Grata, daughter of Galla Placidia, 251, 335–6, 370
Honorius, emperor: accession, 205, 216–17; army, 247; British policy, 245, 345; British revolt, 209, 210; Constantine III’s threat, 236, 237; court, 234; death, 258, 259, 266; Gothic policy, 225–7, 229, 248, 255–6, 378; Gothic sack of Rome, 191, 227, 229; marriages, 257; reign, 305; relationship with Constantinople, 243, 388; relationship with Constantius, 251, 253, 256; relationship with Huns, 244; relationship with Stilicho, 205, 210, 216–18, 222–3, 252–3; sister, 191, 239, 240, 251; succession, 251; taxation, 246
Hormidac, Hunnic leader, 368, 388
horses, 71, 105, 155, 157, 328
hostages, 67, 75, 83, 162, 281, 292
Hsien-Pi, 148–9
Hsiung-Nu, 148–9, 303
Huneric, son of Geiseric, king of Vandal-Alan coalition, 292, 293, 371, 395–6, 425
Hungarian steppe, see Great Hungarian Steppe
Hunimund, Gothic ruler, 357
Huns: arrival (376), 151, 204–5; burials, 203, 301, 331–2; comparison with Romans, 138–9; court of Attila, 317–19, 325; crisis (405–8), 204–5; embassies to, 203, 313–23, 324–5, 333–4; embassies to Constantinople, 314, 323–4; empire, 329–32 (map), 360–6; fall of empire, 351–60, 363, 366, 427, 435; horses, 328; impact on Alans, 190; impact in Black Sea region, 152 (map); impact on Goths, 151–3, 166, 170, 204; impact on Roman empire, 146, 166, 343–8, 433–4, 435, 445, 450, 454–5, 459; invasions, 298–9, 301–4, 307–12, 333, 335–42, 356, 433–4; leadership, 300, 308, 325–6, 356, 365, 366; mercenary service, 327; migration, 149–50, 450; military strength, 154–5, 332; nomadism, 147–8, 326; origins, 146–9; peace treaty (442/3), 307–8; peace treaty (447), 312; raid (395), 202, 387; relationship with Aetius, 259, 261, 262, 281, 286–8, 303, 327, 330, 343, 374, 378, 435; relationship with Alans, 151, 155, 190, 195–6, 330; relationship with Constantinople, 300–1, 323–4, 333–4, 336; relationship with Goths, 175, 327, 329–30, 352, 356; siege warfare, 301–3; sources, 304–6, 307, 351–4, 356; territory, 202–3, 286–7; territory in 465, 355 (map); trade, 326–7; tribute, 301, 304, 307–8, 327–8, 360, 366, 368; Uldin’s invasion, 196, 202, 204; wealth, 364–5, 366; weapons, 155–8; western campaigns, 338 (map)
Hunt, A. S., 104
Hydatius, bishop and chronicler: on Aetius, 288; on Bagaudae, 282; on Burgundian losses, 287; on Gotho-Roman campaigns, 241–2, 265–6; on Huns, 340–1; on Rhine invaders in Spain, 208, 264; on Vitus’ campaign, 345
Hypatius, saint, 309–10
Iberia, 161, see also Spain
Illyrian language, 407
Illyricum: army in, 382, 411, 447; control of, 219; Goths in, 219, 220
immigrants, Roman policy, 159–60, 204
Indus, river, 59
Indutiomarus, leader of Treveri, 3, 13, 22, 38
Inobindus, general, 290
inscriptions, decline in number, 111, 115
invaders, numbers, 445–6
Iol Caesarea, tribal centre, 279
Ioviacum, destruction, 414
Iranian language, 49, 68, 147, 265, 329, 330
Iron Gates, 170, 435
iron production, 87–8
irrigation, 278
Isauria, bandits, 134
Islam, rise of, 431
Italy: departure of Huns (425), 286; economic decline, 114; Gothic invasions, 246, 434; Hunnic invasion, 339–41, 343; landowners, 382, 438; Odovacar’s regime, 428–30; Radagaisus’ invasion, 194, 197, 205–6, 433, 445, 451; revenue from, 406; Roman army, 382, 447; Roman control, 426; taxation, 246
Iuthungi, 285
Jastorf culture, 56–8, 93
Jerome, St, 191, 195, 198, 229, 232, 239
John, general, 405
John, usurper, 259–60, 261, 266, 281, 286, 374
John of Antioch, 372
Jones, A. H. M., 14, 444
Jordanes, historian: on Attila, 319, 342; on Bigelis, 368; career, 351–2; on Geiseric, 266; Getica, 266, 351, 352–6, 358–9, 416; historical perspective, 352–6, 358–9; on Hun army, 337
Jovian, emperor: accession, 29, 70–1; peace treaty with Persia, 70–1, 73, 293, 386; rule, 24; son, 28, 258; successor, 28
Jovinus, usurper, 237–8, 241, 254
Jovius, praetorian prefect, 225, 255–6
Julian, emperor: conduct as emperor, 252; death, 70; defeat of Persian expedition, 70, 386; relationship with Alamanni, 455–6, 458; religion, 127; rule, 24, 127, 130, 253, 385; Strasbourg battle, ix, 82, 85, 92, 458; uncle, 73
Julius Caesar: African campaigns, 275; Alesia siege, 7–8; campaigns in Gaul, 8, 9, 12–13, 54, 55; career, 22–3, 26–7; death, 27; Gallic War, 56; literary skills, 20; reputation, 5; response to Germanic revolt, 4; winter quarters, 3
Justinian I, emperor, 400, 431
Jutland, sacrificial goods, 91–2
Kalkriese Berg, 47
Kamenka-Antechrak, villa, 91
kings, 95–6
Komarov, glass foundry, 88
Kossinna, Gustav, 52–3, 57
Kostrewszki, Vladimir, 53
Kouridachus, king of the Akatziri, 325, 360–1
La Tène culture, 56–8
Lampadius, senator, 221
Lampridius, acquaintance of Sidonius, 423
landowners: activities, 138; in Africa, 293–4, 429; careers, 111, 117–18, 133; confiscations, 139, 293–4, 428–9; curials, 111, 117, 133; defences, 449; education, 132–3; estate management, 135–6, 189; in Gaul, 382, 395, 419–23, 438; houses, 137, 189; impact of Hunnic invasions, 343; in Italy, 382; labour force, 114, 118; letter writings, 138; lifestyles, 134–8, 140, 262; loyalty to Roman state, 140, 422, 434–5; marriage settlements, 136; numbers, 133, 138; property law, 139; property qualification, 132; relationship with barbarians, 249–50; rights of, 138–9; taxation, 136–7, 140, 297; wealth, 132–3, 134–5; wills, 136
languages: Celtic and Germanic, 49, 53; Indo- European, 53; nomadic groups, 147–8; Rhine invaders, 263; Romance and Germanic, 48
Latin language: in Gaul, 36–7; in Germania, 48; Sidonius’ style, 376; social role, 17–18, 36, 44, 439, 440; traditional Roman education, 17–19, 117, 376, 439, 440; Ulfilas, 77, 80
Latin rights, 111, 115, 439
Lauriacum: defences, 411; legionary base, 409, 411; refugee settlers, 414
Lavant-Kirchbichl, refuge centre, 410
law: Burgundian, 423, 431; education in, 133; emperor’s role, 24; enforcement, 439; Frankish, 431; in Germanic kingdoms, 96; jurisconsults, 24; on labour, 114; legal innovation, 24; on military readiness, 308, 315; Ostrogothic, 431; on property, 138–9; religious, 125; Theodosian Code, 128–32; town constitutions, 39; Visigothic, 431
Lentia, legionary base, 409
Lentienses, 177
Leo I, emperor: accession, 393; African policy, 399, 400, 406, 426–7; death, 406; nomination of Anthemius, 392; recognition of Majorian, 391
Leo VI, emperor, 305
Leo I, pope, 340
Leo of Narbonne, poet and lawyer, 421, 423
Leontius, steward to Placidia, 258
Lepcis Magna, town, 100–1, 103–4, 254, 275, 276
letter writing, 19–20
Lex Irnitana, 39
Libanius, rhetor, 102, 116–17
Liberius, senator, 428
Libius Severus, emperor, 391–2, 393
liburnarii (river police), 409
Libya: Roman defences, 387; rural prosperity, 113
Licinia, Eudoxia, daughter of The
odosius II, 260
Licinius, emperor, 130
Life of St Germanus, 346
Life of Severinus, 409–14, 415
Limes Transalutanus, 152
Limigantes, 159–61
limitanei (frontier garrison troops), 62, 63, 308, 385, 409, 447, see also garrison troops
literacy, 49, 56, 80, 441
Livy, historian, 228, 230
Loire, river, 416, 418, 438
Lombards, 94, 95
Lucius Verus, emperor, 30
Lupicinus, comes Thraciae, 159, 161, 164–7, 172, 174
Lusitania, province, 208, 209, 344
Lyon: capture, 394; Majorian’s visit, 397
Macedonia: Gothic settlement, 185, 215, 220; government, 44; invasion of Tervingi, 184; Roman conquest, 8, 169; Roman life, 171; Stilicho’s aims, 219, 220; Theodosius’ campaign, 187–8
Macedonian plain, 168
Macrianus, over-king of Alamanni, 83, 86, 459
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J., 307
Magdalensburg, royal residence, 408
Maghreb, 274–5
Magnentius, usurper, 303
Magnus Maximus, usurper, 212, 254
Magyars, 148, 150
Mainz, sack, 206
Majorian, emperor, 379, 384, 390–5, 397–9, 400, 402
Mama, Hunnic fugitive, 321, 326
maps, 272
Maratacupreni, bandits, 134
marble, 121, 137
Marcella, Christian lady, 227
Marcellinus, count, 391, 393, 399, 400, 426
Marcellus, emperor, 253
Marcian, emperor, 157, 341, 369, 371, 391
Marcianople: fall, 310; garrison, 174; Gothic camp, 159, 163, 167; Gothic presence near, 171, 172; regional headquarters, 159, 170, 309
Marcomanni, ix, 81, 97–8, 195
Marcomannic war, 98, 408
Marcus, usurper, 209
Marcus Aurelius, emperor, ix, 15
Margus, city: bishop, 301; Hun control, 301, 304; meeting, 300–1; site, 203
Maria, daughter of Stilicho, wife of Honorius, 218
Maria, exile, 294
Maroboduus, Germanic leader, 54
marriage settlements, 136
Marseille, Visigothic control, 416
Mascezel, brother of Gildo, 218
Mauretania: control of, 382; imperial expedition plans, 399
Mauretania Caesarensis, province, 292, 295
Mauretania Sitifensis, province, 275, 292, 295, 296, 298
Mauretania Tingitana, province, 270, 271–2, 275