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Acknowledgments
Little by li
ttle, over the last 40 years, much has been learned about how
colonies of honey bees live in the wild. Much of the knowledge that is
summarized in this book comes from studies made by me and by my stu-
dents, often in collaboration with biologists based at various universities.
I thank everyone involved. In temporal succession, my collaborators are
Roger A. Morse, Richard D. Fell, John T. Ambrose, D. Michael Burgett,
David De Jong, Daniel H. Seeley, P. Kirk Visscher, Paul W. Sherman, H.
Kern Reeve, Scott Camazine, Susanne Kühnholz, Anja Weidenmüller,
Susanne C. Buhrmann, Philip T. Starks, Caroline A. Blackie, Alexander S.
Mikheyev, Stephen C. Pratt, Jürgen Tautz, David C. Gilley, David R. Tarpy,
Brian R. Johnson, Adrian M. Reich, Kevin M. Passino, Jun Nakamura,
Heather R. Mattila, Katherine M. Burke, Madeleine B. Girard, Barrett A.
Klein, Juliana Rangel, Sean R. Griffin, Kathryn J. Montovan, Nathaniel
Karst, Laura E. Jones, Michael L. Smith, Madeleine M. Ostwald, J. Carter
Loftus, Deborah A. Delaney, Ann B. Chilcott, David T. Peck, Hailey N.
Scofield, and Robin W. Radcliffe. Many of these people are continuing their
work with the bees, and I am sure they will never run out of material for
study.
I also take here the opportunity to express my immense gratitude to the
late Professor Roger A. Morse, the first director of the Dyce Laboratory
for Honey Bee Studies, at Cornell University, for helping me find my way
in life. He hired me to work in his lab every summer when I was a college
student, and he provided what I needed—a pickup truck, chain saw, lab
space, and help from an ex- logger from Maine, Herb Nelson—when I
investigated the natural nests of honey bees. Roger let each of his students
find his or her own project; he helped us obtain the wherewithal for our
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338 Acknowledgments
studies, and then he let us work freely. I very much regret that he cannot
read this book and see what has come of his support of me.
When it came time to go to graduate school, the two famous “ant men”
at Harvard University, Bert Hölldobler and Edward O. Wilson, welcomed
me to their program. I am greatly indebted to these gentlemen, because
in joining their research group, I interacted with people doing behavioral
and evolutionary studies on all sorts of social insects, and this broadened
my scope as a biologist. In the fall of 1976, I shared an office in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology at Harvard with Bernd Heinrich, who was
writing his wonderful book Bumblebee Economics, and I thank Bernd too for
being another hugely important teacher and role model.
Many others have helped make this book a reality, and I want to ac-
knowledge them as well. Herb Nelson taught me how to operate a chain
saw, fell large trees, and drive a pickup truck deep into the woods and get
back out . . . all invaluable skills for studying the nests of wild honey bee
colonies. Alfred Fontana and Donald Schaufler, along with Professors
Aaron Moen and Peter Smallidge, the managers and the directors, respec-
tively, of the Arnot Forest of Cornell University, allowed me to work freely
in this magnificent woodland over the past 40 years. Barbara Locke Grandér,
at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, has kept me informed
about the long- term experiment with honey bee colonies left to fend for
themselves on the island of Gotland. Bonnie and Gary Morse, organizers of
the Bee Audacious Conference in 2016, spurred me to collect my thoughts
on Darwinian beekeeping. Ann Chilcott, David Peck, Leo Sharashkin,
Michael Smith, Francis Ratnieks, and Mark Winston read drafts of various
chapters and gave me numerous suggestions for improvement.
Others have supported my work in indirect, but critical, ways. I am
thankful for institutional support from Yale University and Cornell Uni-
versity, and for financial support from the U.S. National Science Founda-
tion, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Alexander von Humboldt
Foundation in Germany, the North American Pollinator Protection Cam-
paign, the Eastern Apicultural Society, and, the Honeybee Capital Founda-
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Acknowledgments 339
tion. Over the years, this support has removed many financial obstacles,
and I give warm thanks to these institutions and organizations.
I am also grateful to Margaret C. Nelson for creating all the figures in
this book. Margy and I have worked together for more than 30 years, and
I rely heavily on her advice about the visual display of quantitative
information. I also thank the many individuals who have provided photo-
graphs for this book: Renata Borba, Laurie Burnham, Scott Camazine, Ann
Chilcott, Linton Chilcott, Jenny Cullinan, Megan Denver, Mary Holland,
Zachary Huang, Rustyem Ilyasov, Gene Kritsky, Kenneth Lorenzen, Åke
Lyberg, Andrzej Oleksa, Robin Radcliffe, Juliana Rangel, Michael Smith,
Armin Spürgin, Jürgen Tautz, Eric Tourneret, and Alexander Wild. Their
photos have helped me present a vivid account of the lives of the wild bees.
It is a pleasure to express my warm thanks to Alison Kalett, executive
editor of Biology and Earth Sciences at Princeton University Press, for
encouraging me to write this book and for providing valuable guidance
after I took up the challenge. I am also grateful to Amy Hughes, who
helped me with her thoughtful editing, and to Brigitte Pelner, who skillfully
shepherded the manuscript through the production process.
Finally, I want to give special thanks to my wife, Robin Hadlock Seeley,
a fellow field biologist, who understands my passion for studying the
honey bees living in the woods, and to our two daughters, Saren and Maira,
for their encouragement and for their help in finding the right title for this
book.
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Illustration Credits
Fig. 1.1. Left: photo by Thomas D. Seeley. Right: photo by Felix Remter.
Fig. 1.2. Modified from fig. 2.2 in Ruttner, F., 1992, Naturgeschichte der
Honigbienen, Ehrenwirth, Munich.
Fig. 1.3. Modified from fig. 1 in Kritsky, G., 1991, Lessons from history:
The spread of the honey bee in North America, American Bee Journal 131:
367–370.
Fig. 1.4. Modified from fig. 4 in Mikheyev, A. S., M.M.Y. Tin, J. Arora, and
T. D. Seeley, 2015, Museum samples reveal rapid evolution by wild
honey bees exposed to a novel parasite, Nature Communications 6: 7991,
doi:10.1038/ncomms8991.
Fig. 1.5. Photo by Thomas D. Seeley.
Fig. 2.1. Aerial photo from Google Earth.
Fig. 2.2. Photo by Thomas D. Seeley.
Fig. 2.3. Photo provided by Rustem A. Ilyasov.
Fig. 2.4. Top: aerial photo from Google Earth, with boundary lines added
by Michael L. Smith. Bottom: photo by Thomas D. Seeley.
Fig. 2.5. Photo by Thomas D. Seeley.
Fig. 2.6. Original drawing by Margaret C. Nelson.
Fig. 2.7. Photo by Juliana Rangel.
Fig. 2.8. Photo by Andrzej Oleksa.
Fig. 2.9. Photos by Thomas D. Seeley.
Fig. 2.10. Photo by Alex Wild.
Fig. 2.11. Original drawing by Margaret C. Nelson, based on data in Loper,
G., 1997, Over- winter losses of feral honey bee colonies in southern
Arizona, 1992–1997, American Bee Journal 137: 446; and Loper, G. M.,
D. Sammataro, J. Finley, and J. Cole, 2006, Feral honey bees in southern
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342 Illustration Credits
Arizona 10 years after Varroa infestation, American Bee Journal 134:
521–524.
Fig. 2.12. Photo by Mary Holland.
Fig. 2.13. Original drawing by Margaret C. Nelson.
Fig. 2.14. Photo by Thomas D. Seeley.
Fig. 2.15. Photo by Thomas D. Seeley.
Fig. 3.1. Photo provided by Laurie Burnham.
Fig. 3.2. Reproductions by Margaret C. Nelson. Left: based on drawing in
Hernández- Pacheco, E., 1924, Las Pinturas Prehistóricas de Las Cuevas de
la Araña (Valencia), Museo Nacional de Ciencas Naturales, Madrid. Right:
based on drawing in Dams, M., and L. Dams, 1977, Spanish rock art
de picting honey gathering during the Mesolithic, Nature 268:
228–230.
Fig. 3.3. Reproduction by Margaret C. Nelson of fig. 20.3a in Crane, E.,
1999, The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting, Routledge, New
York.
Fig. 3.4. Photo provided by Gene Kritsky.
Fig. 3.5. Photo provided by Rustem A. Ilyasov.
Fig. 3.6. From Münster, S., 1628, Cosmographia, Heinrich Petri, Basel,
Switzerland.
Fig. 3.7. Photo by Thomas D. Seeley.
Fig. 3.8. From Cheshire, F. R., 1888, Bees and Bee- Keeping; Scientific and
Practical, vol. 2: Practical, L. Upcott Gill, London.
Fig. 4.1. Photo provided by Eric Tourneret.
Fig. 4.2. Photo provided by Jenny Cullinan.
Fig. 4.3. Photo from PhD thesis of Lloyd R. Watson: Watson, L. R., 1928,
Controlled mating in honeybees, Quarterly Review of Biology 3:
377–390.
Fig. 4.4. Original drawing by Margaret C. Nelson, based on data in
Rothenbuhler, W. C., 1958, Genetics and breeding of the honey bee,
Annual Review of Entomology 3: 161–180.